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Ordnance QF 3-inch howitzer
"3in Howitzer Ordnance Quick Firing"
Ordnance QF 3-inch howitzer; "3in Howitzer Ordnance Quick Firing"
	Mk I Churchill tank with hull-mounted 3-inch howitzer on exercises on Salisbury Plain, January 1942
Type	Howitzer
Place of origin	UK
Service history
Used by	British tanks
Wars	Second World War
Production history
Variants	Mark I, Mark IA
Specifications
Mass	226 lb (103 kg)
Length	78.2 in (1.99 m)
Barrel length	75 in (1.9 m)
Calibre	3 inches (76.2mm)
Muzzle velocity	600 feet per second (180 m/s)
Effective firing range	2,000 yards (1,800 m)

Ordnance QF 3 inch howitzer was a howitzer fitted to British cruiser and infantry type tanks of the Second World War so they could fire a smoke shell in "close support" of other tanks or infantry. HE shells were also available.

Earlier British tanks were fitted with a 3.7 in howitzer, based on the QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer.

Use

The doctrine covering the CS tanks was to "smoke parts of the enemy force" and so isolate them from the battle^[1] so the gun tanks could deal with the remainder with a local, if temporary, numerical advantage^[2]

While on most tanks the howitzer replaced the turret armament, on the early marks of the Churchill tank, the howitzer was fitted in the front of the hull which, although it allowed the tank to retain its main gun, limited the range and arc of fire.

Usage

Matilda II Mark III CS, equipped at the HQ level, & by the Australians in the South Pacific^[3]
Churchill tank Mk I - mounted low in the front hull - with associated narrowed arc of fire - as supplement to its turret mounted 2-pdr gun. A few Churchill Mk IICS were produced with the howitzer in the turret and the 2pdr in hull.
Valentine tank Mk IIICS - a few produced in New Zealand by taking the howitzer from Matilda II Mk IVCS tanks
Covenanter tanks - a few of various marks were fitted with the howitzer.^[4]
Crusader Mk I CS and Mk II CS versions were equipped<^[5] (65 rounds)

A few Close Support versions of the Tetrarch light tank.^[6]

A field artillery version seems to have been developed or under development in 1941^[a]

Later in the war a larger QF 95 mm howitzer was employed for the same purpose.

Specification

Calibre: 3 in (76.2 mm)
Length of barrel ("tube"): 75 in (1,900 mm) (25 calibres)
Overall length: 78.2 in (1,990 mm)
Weight: 256 pounds (116 kg)^[6]
Muzzle velocity: 600 to 700 ft/s (180 to 210 m/s)
Ammunition
- Cartridge: 76.2x134R
- Smoke: 13+1⁄4 lb (6.0 kg) shot weight
- HE: 13+7⁄8 lb (6.3 kg) shot weight ^[6]
Range 2,000 to 2,500 yards (1,800 to 2,300 m)

Notes

^ Its ammunition codes are listed in Field Service Pocket Book, Pamphlet No. 9a, dated 29 October 1941. The ammunition is listed in both the anti-tank and field artillery sections.

References

^ Mobile Division Training Pamphlet No. 2, Notes on the Employment of the Tank Brigade, War Office, 1938, p. 31
^ Mobile Division Training Pamphlet No. 2, Notes on the Employment of the Tank Brigade, War Office, 1938, p. 29
^ Fletcher, p. 12.
^ Chamberlain & Ellis 1981, p. 36.
^ Chamberlain & Ellis 1981, p. 38.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chamberlain & Ellis 1981, p. 204.

Chamberlain, Peter; Ellis, Chris (1981), British And American Tanks Of World War II (Second US ed.), Arco, ISBN 0-668-04304-0
Fletcher, David (1994), Matilda Infantry Tank 1938–45, New Vanguard 8, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-85532-457-1.