Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent

Further information: norepinephrine releasing agent and dopamine releasing agent
Amphetamine, the prototypical NDRA.

A norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of norepinephrine (and epinephrine) and dopamine in the body and/or brain.[1][2][3][4][5]

Examples of NDRAs include phenethylamine, tyramine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, levoamphetamine, methamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, 4-fluoroamphetamine, cathine, cathinone, methcathinone, phentermine, phenmetrazine, aminorex, and benzylpiperazine.[1][2][5][3]

NDRAs have psychostimulant effects and are used to treat medical conditions like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), binge eating disorder, obesity, narcolepsy, and for other indications.[3][1][2] They are also used to increase motivation[6][7] and to enhance performance.[8][9][10]

A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), for instance bupropion, methylphenidate, and nomifensine.[11][12]

Mechanism of action

Main article: Monoamine releasing agent § Mechanism of action

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Rothman RB, Baumann MH (October 2003). "Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant drugs". European Journal of Pharmacology. 479 (1–3): 23–40. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.054. PMID 14612135.
  2. ^ a b c Rothman RB, Baumann MH (2006). "Therapeutic potential of monoamine transporter substrates". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 6 (17): 1845–1859. doi:10.2174/156802606778249766. PMID 17017961.
  3. ^ a b c Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ (June 2013). "Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (6): 479–496. doi:10.1177/0269881113482532. PMC 3666194. PMID 23539642.
  4. ^ Reith ME, Blough BE, Hong WC, Jones KT, Schmitt KC, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Rothman RB, Katz JL (February 2015). "Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on atypical agents targeting the dopamine transporter". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 147: 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.005. PMC 4297708. PMID 25548026.
  5. ^ a b Blough B (July 2008). "Dopamine-releasing agents" (PDF). In Trudell ML, Izenwasser S (eds.). Dopamine Transporters: Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology. Hoboken [NJ]: Wiley. pp. 305–320. ISBN 978-0-470-11790-3. OCLC 181862653. OL 18589888W.
  6. ^ Kjærsgaard, Torben (2 January 2015). "Enhancing Motivation by Use of Prescription Stimulants: The Ethics of Motivation Enhancement". AJOB Neuroscience. 6 (1): 4–10. doi:10.1080/21507740.2014.990543. ISSN 2150-7740.
  7. ^ Ray, Keisha Shantel (2 January 2015). "Motivation's Pick-Me-Upper: Enhancing Performance Through Motivation-Enhancing Drugs". AJOB Neuroscience. 6 (1): 50–51. doi:10.1080/21507740.2014.999888. ISSN 2150-7740.
  8. ^ Docherty JR (June 2008). "Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)". Br J Pharmacol. 154 (3): 606–622. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.124. PMC 2439527. PMID 18500382.
  9. ^ Daubner J, Arshaad MI, Henseler C, Hescheler J, Ehninger D, Broich K, Rawashdeh O, Papazoglou A, Weiergräber M (2021). "Pharmacological Neuroenhancement: Current Aspects of Categorization, Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Drug Development, Ethics, and Future Perspectives". Neural Plast. 2021: 8823383. doi:10.1155/2021/8823383. PMC 7817276. PMID 33519929.
  10. ^ Sharif S, Guirguis A, Fergus S, Schifano F (March 2021). "The Use and Impact of Cognitive Enhancers among University Students: A Systematic Review". Brain Sci. 11 (3): 355. doi:10.3390/brainsci11030355. PMC 8000838. PMID 33802176.
  11. ^ Heal DJ, Cheetham SC, Smith SL (December 2009). "The neuropharmacology of ADHD drugs in vivo: insights on efficacy and safety". Neuropharmacology. 57 (7–8): 608–618. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.020. PMID 19761781.
  12. ^ Heal DJ, Gosden J, Smith SL (December 2014). "Dopamine reuptake transporter (DAT) "inverse agonism"--a novel hypothesis to explain the enigmatic pharmacology of cocaine". Neuropharmacology. 87: 19–40. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.012. PMID 24953830.

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