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Naval Intelligence Division
Division overview
Formed	1912
Preceding Division	Naval Intelligence Department;
Dissolved	1964
Superseding Division	Defence Intelligence;
Jurisdiction	Government of the United Kingdom
Headquarters	Admiralty Building; Whitehall; London
Parent department	Admiralty Naval Staff

The Naval Intelligence Division (NID) was created as a component part of the Admiralty War Staff in 1912. It was the intelligence arm of the British Admiralty before the establishment of a unified Defence Intelligence Staff in 1964. It dealt with matters concerning British naval plans, with the collection of naval intelligence. It was also known as "Room 39", after its room number at the Admiralty.^[1]

History

The Foreign Intelligence Committee was established in 1882^[2] and it evolved into the Naval Intelligence Department in 1887.^[3]

The NID staff were originally responsible for fleet mobilisation and war plans as well as foreign intelligence collection; thus in the beginning there were originally two divisions: (1) intelligence (Foreign) and (2) Mobilisation. In 1900 another division, War, was added to deal with issues of strategy and defence, and in 1902 a fourth division, Trade, was created for matters related to the protection of merchant shipping. The Trade Division was abolished in October 1909 in the wake of the Committee of Imperial Defence inquiry into the feud between the First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir John Fisher and former Commander-in-Chief Channel Fleet, Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, when it was discovered that the captain heading the Trade Division had been supplying the latter with confidential information during the inquiry.^[4]

In 1910, the NID was shorn of its responsibility for war planning and strategy when the outgoing Fisher created the Navy War Council as a stop-gap remedy to criticisms emanating from the Beresford Inquiry that the Navy needed a naval staff—a role the NID had been in fact fulfilling since at least 1900, if not earlier. After this reorganisation, war planning and strategic matters were transferred to the newly created Naval Mobilisation Department and the NID reverted to the position it held prior to 1887—an intelligence collection and collation organisation.^[5]

In 1912 the division was established as a component part of the new Admiralty War Staff organisation when that body was abolished in 1917 it continued as a division of the new Admiralty Naval Staff until 1964 when the Admiralty Department was abolished.

World War I

During World War I the NID was responsible for the Royal Navy's highly successful cryptographic efforts, Room 40.^[6] The interception and decoding of the Zimmermann Telegram played a role in bringing the United States into the War. It has described as the most significant intelligence triumph for Britain during World War I,^[7] and one of the first occasions on which a piece of signals intelligence influenced world events.^[8]

World War II

Naval Ultra messages were handled differently from Army and Air Force Ultra because the Admiralty was an operational HQ and could give orders during a battle; while the Imperial General Staff (Army) and Air Staff would give commanders general orders such as, "clear the enemy out of Africa" without telling them how to do it. Hence verbatim translations of naval decodes were sent by Hut 4 to the NID and nowhere else (except for some naval intelligence sent directly from Bletchley Park to Commanders-in-Chief in the Mediterranean).^[9]

Hut 8 which decrypted Enigma messages for Hut 4 to translate and analyse had less information for Ultra as the Kriegsmarine operated Enigma more securely than the German Army and Air Force. Hut 4 also broke various hand cyphers and some Italian naval traffic.^[10]

The NID also initiated the 30th Assault Unit whose role was information gathering, reconnaissance and sabotage. Members of the unit, including Ralph Izzard, are acknowledged as inspirations for Ian Fleming (who also worked for the NID) in the creation of his fictional spy, James Bond.^[11]

Geographical section

The Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty, produced a series of Geographical Handbooks from 1917 to 1922 to provide information for the British Armed Forces. The Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series was produced between 1941 and 1946 to provide information for the British Armed Forces.^[12]

Amalgamation

In 1965, the three service intelligence departments were amalgamated in the new Defence Intelligence Service at the Ministry of Defence.^[13]

However, well before the mid-1990s another Royal Naval branch existed, namely the Directorate of Naval Security & Integrated Contingency Planning (DNSyICP), which is based at HM Naval Base Portsmouth under the staff command of the Second Sea Lord & C-in-C Naval Home Command.^{[citation needed]}

Directors of Naval Intelligence

Directors of Naval Intelligence included:^[14]

Rear-Admiral Lewis Beaumont, 1895–1899
Rear-Admiral Reginald Custance, 1899–1902
Rear-Admiral Prince Louis of Battenberg, 1902–1905
Rear-Admiral Charles Ottley, 1905–1907
Rear-Admiral Edmond Slade, 1907–1909
Rear-Admiral Alexander Bethell, 1909–1912
Captain Thomas Jackson, 1912–1913
Rear-Admiral Henry Oliver, 1913–1914
Rear-Admiral Sir Reginald 'Blinker' Hall, 1914–1919
Rear-Admiral Hugh 'Quex' Sinclair, 1919–1921
Rear-Admiral Maurice Fitzmaurice, 1921–1924
Rear-Admiral Alan Hotham, 1924–1927
Rear-Admiral William Fisher (Acting), 1926–1927
Rear-Admiral Barry Domvile, 1927–1930
Rear-Admiral Cecil Usborne, 1930–1932
Rear-Admiral Gerald Dickens, 1932–1935
Vice-Admiral James Troup, 1935–1939
Rear-Admiral John Godfrey, 1939–1942
Rear-Admiral Edmund Rushbrooke, 1942–1946
Vice-Admiral Edward Parry, 1946–1948
Rear-Admiral Eric Longley-Cook, 1948–1951
Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Buzzard, 1951–1954
Vice-Admiral Sir John Inglis, 1954–1960
Vice-Admiral Sir Norman Denning, 1960–1964
Rear-Admiral Patrick Graham, 1964–1965

Deputy Directors of Naval Intelligence

Deputy Directors of Naval Intelligence included:^[15]

Raymond A. Nugent, 1918–January 1919
William M. James, January 1919–March 1920
Geoffrey Hopwood, March 1920–April 1922
Edward O. Cochrane, April 1922–August 1923
George K. Chetwode, August 1923–May 1925
Kenneth G. B. Dewar, May 1925–June 1927
Cecil B. Prickett, June 1927–June 1929
Alfred E. Evans, June 1929–April 1930
Gerald C. Harrison, April 1930–April 1932
W. E. Campbell Tait, April 1932–November 1933
George A. Scott, November 1933–December 1935
the Hon. Claude P. Hermon-Hodge, December 1935–February 1938
Geoffrey C. Cooke, February 1938–February 1940
William D. Stephens, February 1940–January 1941
Ian M. R. Campbell, February 1941–April 1942
Charles A. G. Nichols, April 1942–May 1944
Ian M. R. Campbell, May 1944 – 1945
A. Joe Baker-Cresswell, March 1948–March 1951
Thomas J. N. Hilken, March 1951–November 1953
Charles E. Keys, November 1953–January 1956
George F. M. Best, January 1956–January 1958
Nigel H. G. Austen, January 1958–September 1959
Anthony Davies, September 1959–October 1962
William P. B. Barber, October 1962 – 1965

References

^ Dorril, Stephen (2002). MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service. Simon & Schuster. p. 137. ISBN 0-7432-1778-0.
^ Allen. The Foreign Intelligence Committee. p. 68.
^ "Obituary". Obituaries. The Times. No. 34523. London. 13 March 1895. col F, p. 10.
^ Hurd, Archibald (1921). "The Merchant Navy". John Murray. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
^ Strachan, Hew (2003). The First World War: Volume I: To Arms. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199261918.
^ "The Room 40 Compromise" (PDF). U.S. National Security Agency. 1960. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
^ "Why was the Zimmerman Telegram so important?". BBC. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017. It was, many believed, the single greatest intelligence triumph for Britain in World War One.
^ "The telegram that brought America into the First World War". BBC History Magazine. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
^ Top Secret Ultra by Peter Calvocoressi p16,17 (1980, Cassell Ltd, London) ISBN 0-304-30546-4
^ Briggs, p. 67
^ ^a ^b Pearson, p. 194-195
^ Gosme, Cyril (2000). "The Naval Intelligence Geographical Handbook Series (Great-Britain, 1941-46) : a description and a call for comments". Cybergeo. doi:10.4000/cybergeo.4460. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
^ Dylan, p. 184
^ "Senior Royal Navy appointments" (PDF). Retrieved 7 November 2015.
^ Mackie, Colin. "Senior Royal Navy Appointments from 1865". gulabin.com. Retrieved 3 February 2017.

Sources

Allen, Matthew (February 1995). "The Foreign Intelligence Committee and the Origins of the Naval Intelligence Department of the Admiralty". The Mariner's Mirror. 81 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1080/00253359.1995.10656533.
Briggs, Asa (2011). Secret Days: Code-breaking in Bletchley Park. Frontline Books, London. ISBN 978-1-84832-615-6.
Dylan, Huw (2014). Defence Intelligence and the Cold War: Britain's Joint Intelligence Bureau 1945-1964. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199657025.
Pearson, John (1966). The Life of Ian Fleming. Jonathan Cape, London. ISBN 978-1-85410-898-2.