The Government of India has designated official national symbols that represent the Republic of India. These symbols serve as the representation of the identity of the country.[1] When India obtained independence from the British Raj on 15 August 1947, the tricolour flag officially became the first national symbol of the Dominion of India.[2] The Indian Rupee which was in circulation earlier was adopted as the official legal tender after independence.[3] The official state emblem with the motto Satyameva Jayate was adopted later on 30 December 1947.[4] The national anthem and song were adopted two days before the Constitution of India was adopted on 26 January 1950.[5] After India became a republic following the enactment of the constitution, the national symbols officially came to represent the Republic of India.[1][6][7] The last to be adopted as a national symbol was the national microbe Lactobacillus delbrueckii in October 2012.[8]
The term Bharat (Bhārat), mentioned in the ancient Hindu literature, is used in several Indian languages. Though Vedic literature uses the word to mention the Bharatha tribe, the earliest usage of the word to represent a larger territory was in the first century BCE.[14] It is derived from the region Bharatavarsha ruled by king Bharatha, whose name literally means "the shining one".[15][16] A modern rendering of the historical name, Bharat became a native name for India in the mid-20th century after its mention in the constitution.[17]
The Indian flag is a horizontal rectangular tricolour with equally sized deep saffron at the top, white in the middle and India green at the bottom with the Dharma chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre.[9][19] The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three. Saffron indicates the strength and courage, white represents peace, green expresses fertility, growth and auspiciousness with the chakra symbolising truth.[1]
The national emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath consisting of four Asiatic lions standing back to back, symbolising power, courage, confidence and faith.[24] The lions are mounted on a circular abacus over a bell-shaped lotus. The abacus has a frieze carrying the reliefs of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion with a Dharma chakra in the middle.[23][1]
The motto "Satyameva Jayate" (English: Truth Alone Triumphs) is a quote taken from Mundaka Upanishad, the concluding part of the sacred Hindu Vedas.[25] It is inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script as a part of the state emblem.[23] The emblem was adopted by the constituent assembly on 30 December 1947.[4] The emblem in its present form was designed by Dinanath Bhargava when the Constitution of India was adopted on 26 January 1950.[7]
"Jana Gana Mana" is taken from Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata, composed in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore on 11 December 1911.[28] It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at Calcutta.[29] The first stanza of the song was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the national anthem on 24 January 1950.[5] The national anthem is played in approximately 52 seconds.[1][5]
Vande Mataram is a Sanskrit poem written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, first published in 1882 as part of the Bengali novel Anandmath.[32][1] The poem played a vital role in the Indian independence movement and gained political significance when it was recited by Tagore in 1896.[33] The first two verses of the song were adopted as the national song of India On 24 January 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of India.[1]
Republic Day commemorates the adoption of the Constitution of India and the country's transition to a republic on 26 January 1950.[40][41] The date was chosen as the Indian National Congress proclaimed Purna Swaraj (complete independence) on this day in 1930.[42][43]
Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated to mark the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi espoused the philosophy of nonviolent resistance, played a key role in Indian Independence movement and, is regarded as the "Father of the Nation".[44][45]
It was written in Telugu by Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in 1962.[48][49] The English version of the same was adopted as the national pledge.[50][46] The central advisory board on education directed that the pledge to be sung in schools from 26 January 1965.[51]
Indian rupee (ISO code: INR) is the official currency of India, the issuance of which is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India.[53] Rupee is derived from rupya or rūpiya, which was used to denote various coins in usage since 4th century BCE.[54] The Indian rupee symbol, adopted in July 2010, is a combination of Devanagari "Ra" and the Roman letter "R" with two parallel horizontal lines at the top which represent the national flag and indicate equality.[52]
The Bengal tiger was chosen as the national animal in a meeting of the Indian wildlife board in 1972 and was adopted officially in April 1973. It was chosen over the Asiatic lion due to the wider presence of the tiger across India.[57][58] Tiger is one of the big cats with prominent black stripes on a yellow coat and represents grace, strength, agility and power.[59] As of 2023, India is home to almost 75% of the world's wild tiger population.[60]
Indian peacock was designated as the national bird of India in February 1963.[61][62] A bird indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, the peacock is a colourful bird, with males being larger than females and consisting of blue neck and a spectacular long train made up of elongated upper-tail covert feathers with colourful eyespots, which it raises into an arched fan during courtship.[62][63][64]
Indian elephant is the largest terrestrial mammal in India and a cultural symbol throughout its range, appearing in various religious traditions and mythologies.[68][69] It is native to mainland Asia with nearly three-fourth of the population found in India.[70][71] It was declared as the national heritage animal of India on 22 October 2010.[65][67]
Indian banyan is a large tree native to the Indian subcontinent and produces aerial roots from the branches which grow downwards, eventually becoming trunks.[75] Because of this characteristic and its longevity, this tree is considered immortal and is an integral part of the myths and legends of India.[76] The tree's structure and deep roots symbolise unity and as the tree gives shelter to various organisms , it denotes India and its people from different backgrounds.[72]
Mango is a large fruit tree with many varieties, believed to have originated in northeast India.[79][80][81] It has been cultivated in India since ancient times and is known for its deliciousness.[72] It is considered an economically important fruit in India and the country is the largest producer of mangoes worldwide.[82]
The Ganges river dolphin is an endangered freshwater or river dolphin endemic to the Indian subcontinent and is found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers in India. It was announced as the national aquatic animal in May 2010 to raise awareness towards its conservation.[85]
King Cobra is the world's longest venomous snake and endemic to Asia.[86] The species has diversified coloration and possess a unique threat display, spreading its neck-flap and raising its head upright and hissing.[87][88] The snake occupies an eminent position in the mythology and folklore of India.[89][90]
The Ganges rises in the western Himalayas and flows south and east through the Gangetic plain of North India.[94] It has been important historically with many cities located on its banks and is a lifeline to millions of people who live along its course.[95] It is considered as a sacred river and worshipped as a goddess in Hinduism.[96][97] In November 2008, Ganges was declared as a national river due to its close association with the lives of millions of Indians.[91]
Lactobacillus bulgaricus is a gram-positivebacterium used for the production of yogurt and plays a crucial role in natural processes involving fermented products.[98] It is also considered a probiotic.[99] It was declared as the national microbe in 18 October 2012 and was selected by children through voting.[8]
Lotus is an aquatic plant adapted to grow in the flood plains. Lotus seeds can remain dormant and viable for many years, therefore the plant is regarded as a symbol of longevity.[102][103] It occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture.[104][105]
While the flower was stated to be declared as the national flower of India in 1950,[101] the government has declared that no national flower exists despite contrary claims made by government officials and ministers.[106][107]
Field hockey is a team sport in which India has won the gold at the summer olympics eight times, the most by any nation.[108] As per a 2012 reply from Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports to a RTI query, there was no declared national game in India.[109] But Field hockey continues to be listed as the national game in Indian Government websites and text books.[72][110]
^ abJha, Sadan (25 October 2008). "The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite". Economic and Political Weekly: 102–111. ISSN0012-9976. OCLC1567377.
^ abcOrders relating to National Anthem of India(PDF) (Report). Government of India. Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023. The composition consisting of the words and music of the first stanza of the late poet Rabindra Nath Tagore's song known as "Jana Gana Mana" is the National Anthem of India
^Muzaffar H. Syed; Anil Kumar; B.D. Usmani; Pramod Gupta (2022). Post Independence India. K.K. Publications. p. 355. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
^Goyal, Shankar (1999). "The Origin and Antiquity of Coinage in India". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 80 (1/4). Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute: 144. JSTOR41694581. Panini makes the statement (V.2.120) that a 'form' (rüpa) when 'stamped' (ahata) or when praise-worthy (prašamsa) takes the ending ya (i.e. rupya).
^Qureshi, Q.; Jhala, Y. V.; Yadav, S. P. & Mallick, A. (2023). Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2022(PDF) (Report). New Delhi, Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India. Archived(PDF) from the original on 5 May 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
^DeVito, Carole; DeVito, Pasquale (1994). India – Mahabharata. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminar Abroad 1994 (India). United States Educational Foundation in India. p. 4.
^"National fruit". Cultural India. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
^Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Mango (Mangifera indica L.)". In: Fruits of Warm Climates; New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. pp. 221–239. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^Bhattacharji, Sukumari; Bandyopadhyay, Ramananda (1995). Legends of Devi. Orient Blackswan. p. 54. ISBN978-81-250-0781-4. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
^Shen-Miller, J.; Schopf, J. W.; Harbottle, G.; Cao, R.-j.; Ouyang, S.; Zhou, K.-s.; Southon, J. R.; Liu, G.-h. (2002). "Long-living lotus: Germination and soil -irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring". American Journal of Botany. 89 (2): 236–47. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.2.236. PMID21669732.
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