The system was developed by Kamco (Keane Australia Micropayment Consortium) and is used by Public Transport Victoria. The initial 10-year contract was worth approximately A$1.5 billion,[2] described by The Age as "the [world's] biggest for a smartcard ticketing system".[3] The Myki contract was extended in July 2016 for a further seven years.
Ticketing requirements for trains, trams and buses in Melbourne are mainly contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) (Ticketing) Regulations 2017[4] and the Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual.[5]
The original Myki agreement with the Victorian government expired in November 2023. On 15 May 2023, the Victorian government announced it had signed a contract with Conduent, an American company, that will take over the Myki system for the next 15 years. The new system will reportedly be rolled out by 2025.[6]
Passengers can purchase a rechargeable Myki smartcard from the ticket office at a staffed railway station, Myki machines at railway stations and major bus and tram interchanges (full fare only), the PTV Hub at Southern Cross railway station, from a retailer (including most 7-Eleven outlets) displaying the Myki sign, online at ptv.vic.gov.au, or by phoning Public Transport Victoria. Cards cannot be bought onboard trams or buses. A full fare card costs $6, and a concession or child card costs $3.[7]
After acquiring a Myki, the passenger needs to add value onto the card, in a process called "topping up". The value stored on the card is called "Myki money". Top up is available at the same places as card purchase, or "auto top up" can be set up to recharge the card from a linked credit card or bank account automatically when the Myki money balance falls to a set threshold. Top up is also available using the PTV app.[8]
To use Myki when travelling, a passenger holds the card against a reader (called "touching on" or "touching off"). Passengers touch on at the start of a trip and (except for a tram trip within Zone 1[9]) touch off at the end of the trip, at which point the appropriate fare is assessed and deducted from the stored Myki money value on the card. If the fare for a trip is greater than the stored Myki money balance remaining, the card will show a negative Myki money balance, in which case it cannot be touched on again until it has been topped up to reach a positive amount of money. Passengers do not need to touch on or off for tram trips entirely within the city's "Free Tram Zone", which covers roughly the CBD.
Mobile Myki
Mobile Myki is a virtual Myki card on an Android phone using Google Wallet. Stored value and fares calculation works in the same way as a normal Myki, and the phone is held against a Myki reader to touch on or off.
Note: Mobile Myki cards need to be registered in the same process as regular Myki Cards and are not automatically linked to the user. Mobile Myki on the iPhone has yet to be released.
Regional buses in major towns within the commuter belt (e.g., Ballarat, Bendigo, Geelong and the Latrobe Valley).[10]
Card types
There are Myki cards for full fare, concession, child and Victorian seniors passengers.[11]
Myki cards were originally issued with a green front, featuring different designs showing a selection of playful symbols on the front, and with different city-related photographs on the back depending on the type of card. After a redesign in late 2014, Myki cards now have a predominantly grey/black design on the front,[12] meaning it is no longer possible to visually distinguish between full fare and concession cards.
A "Myki Explorer" pack is available, intended for use by interstate and overseas visitors (or an option for users from outside metropolitan Melbourne). Full fare packs cost $16 and child, concession and seniors packs cost $8. The pack includes a Myki card pre-loaded with $10 (full fare) or $5 (concession), which is enough for one day's worth of travel in Zones 1 and 2; the pack also includes vouchers for discounts at major tourist attractions, instructions on how to use Myki, and a protective Myki wallet. Users can reclaim any unused balance on their Myki when they no longer need it, but not the $6 or $3 purchase price.[13] The pack is sold from locations such as Melbourne Airport, hotel concierge desks, backpacker and bed & breakfast accommodation facilities, tourist information centres, Station Pier, Melbourne, Southern Cross station and other outlets.[14][15]
Card registration
Myki cards and Mobile Myki can be "registered" with Public Transport Victoria (PTV), which protects the card holder against loss of the card and enables the holder to view their travel history online. It also enables "auto top up" to be set up, enables the card holder to view the card expiry date online and allows PTV to contact the registered card holder of an imminent card expiry date.
Fare calculation and default fares
Myki is a multi-modal fare and ticketing system based on zones. Metropolitan Melbourne is divided into two zones (Zones 1 and 2). Outside of metropolitan Melbourne there are a further fourteen zones (Zones 3–16).[16] There are areas of overlap between some zones (notably Zones 1 and 2), where locations exist within both zones.
The Myki system calculates the cheapest fare for a passenger based on the time and zone(s) travelled in on a given day. Fares are assessed on the basis of a two-hour fare or a daily fare.[17] Longer periods, of 7 days or 28–365 days, can be pre-loaded into the card as a Myki pass giving unlimited travel within a nominated zone or zones for the relevant period. If a 365-day pass is purchased, the days above 325 are free of charge. Myki fares are based on the time and zone fares used under the previous Metcard system (with zones expanded to cover the V/Line commuter belt), with the exception of the single trip "City Saver" fare which was not made available under the Myki system.[18]
If a Myki card is not touched off at the completion of a journey the system will charge a default fare, which for Melbourne travel is equal to the most expensive journey that could have been undertaken by a passenger, based on the location of touch on. Passengers do not need to touch off when alighting a tram unless their travel is only within Zone 2. Prior to the introduction of Myki, a separate fares and ticketing system existed for all V/Line (country) services, based on paper tickets. This system still operates on V/Line services that run outside of the commuter belt area and where reserved seating is required.
Following the 2022 Victorian state election promise, a daily fare cap has been introduced where regardless of the number of zones travelled, the fare cap applied would be the same as a Zone 1+2 fare. This change was made to encourage public transport use and reduce the burden for people living in regional Victoria, as well as boosting regional tourism.[19] However, there are criticisms due to the lower frequency of services in regional Victoria, where it is unknown whether the demand would be too big for the current system to handle and the unwillingness of the government to increase the service frequency.[20]
Card expiry
A Myki card has a limited validity period, but the expiry date is not printed on the card. A physical card expires four years after the date on which it is purchased. Mobile Myki expires after two years. If the card is registered, the holder can see online the date on which the card expires. PTV also contacts the registered card holder shortly before the expiry date to remind them of the card's imminent expiry. Holders of anonymous cards must use a card vending machine or Myki Check machine to find out when their card will expire.[21]
A Myki card that has expired or is expiring in the next 60 days can be replaced for free at staffed metropolitan railway stations, Myki-enabled V/Line stations or a PTV Hub, with any balance from the expired/expiring card being transferred to the new card instantly.[22] Alternatively, users can post their expired/expiring Myki card to PTV and wait up to 10 working days for a new card to be posted to them. If the expired/expiring card was registered, the replacement card will be automatically registered. Auto top-up will not be transferred to the new Myki and, if desired, needs to be set up again. Users can also request a replacement on the PTV website or through the call centre.[23]
Bus – Driver's Console (used for topping up myki on a bus prior to July 2021)
Myki replaced the Metcard ticketing system in metropolitan Melbourne, and various ticketing systems used by buses in some major regional cities. Work on the new public transport ticketing system for Victoria commenced in late 2002.[24] In June 2003, the Transport Ticketing Authority (TTA) was established to procure and manage the new system.[25] On 12 July 2005, the Kamco consortium was awarded the $494 million contract to develop the system, with the completion date being 2007. The consortium was made up of Keane Inc, Ascom, ERG, and Giesecke & Devrient Australasia.[26]
A pilot program was due to begin in early 2007,[27] but was delayed by approximately a year.[28] In February 2008, Public Transport Minister, Lynne Kosky, announced that the full roll-out of the system would not begin until the end of the year.[29] By March the same year, the minister said that the system would not be operational until 2010.[30] In April 2008, the TTA announced that it had stopped making service payments to the Kamco consortium after April 2007, because the project had not been delivered on schedule.[31]
The first field trial of the new Myki system was held on the Geelong bus network in late 2007, which identified problems. In August 2008 testing began on the Melbourne suburban train and tram networks.[32][33]
On 12 December 2008, Myki went on sale to the general public on four bus routes in Geelong,[34] and on 2 March 2009 all bus routes in the Geelong and Bellarine Peninsula area were completely switched to Myki.[35] In April 2009, all bus services in Ballarat, Bendigo and Seymour were converted to Myki.[36][37][38] In May 2009, all bus services in the Latrobe Valley towns of Moe, Morwell, Traralgon and Warragul were operating with Myki equipment, making it the last regional bus system to be converted.[39]
Melbourne roll-out
A Metcard gate at Flinders Street station that has been modified to accept Myki. Myki and Metcard were allowed to coexist with each other, but Metcard was eventually phased out in favour of Myki.
The Melbourne roll-out began in July 2007 with the installation of Myki readers.[40] Myki became valid for travel on all metropolitan train services, but not trams and buses, from 29 December 2009,[41][42] though the system of purchasing cards was still cumbersome. On 25 July 2010, Myki coverage was extended to Melbourne metropolitan bus and tram services.[43]
During 2012, the government progressively shut down the Metcard system:
from the start of 2012, yearly Metcards became unavailable
from 26 March 2012, monthly and weekly Metcards became unavailable
from 30 June 2012, "value" Metcards, such as 10x2 hour, 10xEarly Bird, 5xDaily, 5xWeekend Daily, 5xSeniors Daily, 10xCity Saver, Sunday Saver and Off-Peak Daily became unavailable. Only single-use 2-hour, Daily, City Saver and Seniors Daily Metcards continued to be available.
All Metcard ticket vending machines on railway stations were removed or switched off. The only Metcard vending machines still in operation were on trams. The limited remaining range of Metcards could only be purchased from staff at premium stations, from bus drivers, or from a PTV Hub. The sale of Metcards at Premium (staffed) Metro railway stations was progressively phased out, and ceased entirely during October. The removal of Metcard validators from railway stations started on 12 November 2012.[44] Also from November, passengers with unused Metcards were able to transfer the value onto a Myki card as Myki money at premium Metro railway stations.[45]
On 29 December 2012, Metcard was switched off, and Myki became the only form of ticket valid on Melbourne public transport.[46] On the same day, all Metcard equipment remaining on the system became inoperative.
It was intended that the SkybusMelbourne Airport shuttle bus service (with its own, premium fares) would also accept Myki once the system was fully operational, but this did not happen.[citation needed]
In May 2014, the first Myki electronic gates with a touch screen became operational.[47]
Regional implementation
Myki logo 2014Original Myki retail signage
Myki came into use on regional "commuter" (short-haul) rail services in July 2013,[48] in a staged process: between Melbourne and Seymour on 24 June, on the Traralgon line on 8 July, the Bendigo line on 17 July, the Ballarat line on 24 July, and the Geelong-Marshall line on 29 July.[48] Paper family tickets are available to families travelling within the Myki zone with children below 17 years of age.[49] On 10 November 2013, Myki was introduced on Wallan and Kilmore town buses.
On 25 February 2014, paper tickets for passengers on V/Line commuter services were abolished, and passengers were required to use Myki. Paper tickets remain for travel outside the Myki zone, such as to Warrnambool, Bairnsdale, Swan Hill, Shepparton or Albury. Passengers with Myki Pass who want to travel beyond the Myki area can purchase paper "extension tickets" to cover the rest of their journey.[50]
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant changes to public transport in Victoria during periods of lockdown. Decreased patronage[51] and public health concerns resulted in some changes being made to myki.
On 10 July 2021, the facility to top up on buses was halted and was decided to be completely dropped even after the pandemic to push for topping up on their PTV app.[52]
Several temporary changes to fares were also introduced. A 30% discount for off-peak travel ran from 31 January to 24 August 2021 (defined as trips made between 9:30am and 4pm or after 7pm on weekdays). The stated aim was to decrease overcrowding on public transport vehicles by encouraging people to travel during less busy times of the day wherever possible.[53] Vouchers were released for one day of free public transport travel to encourage more people to visit the central city area. In December 2021, 250,000 vouchers were offered for use.[54] The facility to 'pause' or receive a refund of myki passes previously purchased was made available for periods of lockdown where most travel was banned.[55]
Change of operator
A prototype of a new Conduent myki reader on board a G-class tram mockup at Alstom warehouse in Melbourne, Tullamarine
In May 2023, the Public Transport Minister Ben Carroll announced that Conduent, a US ticketing company will take over from NTT Data and operate the Myki ticketing system for 15 years with a A$1.7 billion contract. The changeover will occur on 1 December 2023.[56] In the 18-month tender process, Conduent was chosen as the preferred operator over NTT data and Cubic due to the calls to have a change and Cubic's preference of installing their own ticketing machines, rather than utilising the current Vix Technology card readers and other infrastructure.[57]
Several new features will be introduced as mandated in the contract, including enabling payment via credit card and debit card cards, moving the card-based ticketing system to an account-based system and expanding myki to the regional areas that are currently paper-ticketed.[58] Trials will commence in 2024, where new features will be added progressively but at the same time not rushed in order to prevent the heavily criticised initial introduction filled with technical problems in 2008.[59]
Issues and criticisms
An out of service Myki machine in 2010. The early years of Myki's rollout was characterised by technical issues
The Myki ticketing system has been criticised on a number of grounds:
Necessity: Critics, such as the Public Transport Users Association, questioned why a new ticketing system was needed when Melbourne already had an adequate one. The Metcard validating equipment already had built-in support for a contactless ticket (the yellow circles on the front of the former Metcard validators, as well as on Ticket Vending Machines.[60]
Extended delivery timeframe. The project began in May 2005 with a scheduled delivery date of March 2007.[63] Full delivery eventually took until 2013.[62][64][65][66]
Lack of a short-term ticket: The decision not to proceed with the planned introduction of short-term tickets in Melbourne, and to abolish them on regional town bus services, meant that Myki is now one of the world's few ticketing systems on which visitors and occasional users cannot buy a short-term ticket.[67] A total of 50 million short-term tickets, costing $15 million, were pulped.[68]
The lack of ticket sales or top up facilities on board trams, a facility which was available under previous ticketing systems.[69] As a result, tram passengers must have bought and topped up a myki before they board the vehicle. Options to do this through the retail network are limited, particularly in the outer suburbs and after hours where Myki retailers (except 7-Eleven) have closed while trams can still be running.
Privacy: In 2010 the Opposition expressed concern over the data collection and sharing used by Myki, claiming that the Government was breaching its own Information Privacy Act.[70]
Problems
Controversies over the tendering process. A staff member of the TTA left a USB flash drive in a room with representatives of one of the bidders. The TTA said this was an accident and that there was no confidential information on the flash drive.[71] Also, the company hired by the TTA early in the process to give it technical advice was part of the winning consortium.[72]
Increased dwell times: Tests commissioned by the Government in 2007 suggested longer stationary times for trams compared to the Metcard system as a result of passengers needing to touch on and off when boarding and disembarking. As a result, when Myki was made available on trams in 2009 the requirement to touch off was removed.[73]
Potential for a higher fare to be charged if a user forgets to touch off: The cost of a trip after which the user has not touched off (deliberately or accidentally) may be higher than the fare the passenger would have paid if they had touched off.
Ticket vending machines receipt issuing: Topping up a Myki using EFTPOS or credit card displays a screen asking the user if they would like a receipt to be printed. If "no" was selected, an EFT transaction record was printed anyway, which contained the credit card user's full name, expiry date and 9 of 16 credit card digits. This was subsequently changed to show only the last four digits of the credit card with the card holder's name no longer printed, and eventually to prevent the printing of receipts when "no" had been selected.
Newsagents initially refused to sell Myki cards because lower commissions were being offered by the government in comparison to Metcard.[74]
Disability Access: Disability groups claimed that several elements of the Myki program would be problematic for users with a disability (particularly people in wheelchairs, or those with cognitive limitations or who lack dexterity) due to the placement of several pieces of equipment.[75][76] On low-floor trams, Myki readers have been installed at various heights to cater for this. The Government introduced a free Access Travel Pass for users who are unable to use Myki ticketing equipment as a result of a permanent disability.[77]
On 29 December 2009, the reputation of Lynne Kosky, the Public Transport Minister at the time, was put into question when Kosky was unable to recall the phone number for commuters to buy a ticket,[78] and a computer error resulted in over 1,600 people receiving new Myki cards with their name incorrectly spelled or printed as 'anonymous'.[79]
Rules covering faulty cards: The TTA originally stated that passengers who had a faulty Myki card would need to buy a replacement Myki card if they wanted to travel and seek reimbursement later. This replicated the rule for faulty Metcards.[80] Users are now able to go to a staffed railway station to have a faulty Myki replaced on the spot.
Auto top-up failure problem: Originally, when the auto top-up feature of Myki failed due to insufficient funds, the card was blocked and had to be posted to Myki to be reactivated. Now the auto top-up request is removed from the card, and the original top up amount is reversed from the Myki.
On 11 June 2015, a Melbourne commuter found her card showed a negative balance of $2,684,350.00.[81]
Vandalism: Particularly in the early days of myki, there were widespread reports of damage to Myki equipment, with up to 60% of machines being targeted by vandals.[82] Display screens on fare payment devices and card vending machines could be smashed by heavy objects, rendering the displays unusable, or by marker pen, paint or scratching obscuring information.[83][84] In mid-2013 it was reported that Myki machines at some railway stations had been broken into using portable power tools, in order to raid their cash boxes.[85] While Myki readers will often still work despite surface vandalism, passengers might not be able to read the information displayed on the reader's screen.
Notes
^Myki valid for trips between Melbourne and Geelong, Ballarat, Bendigo, Traralgon or Seymour
^Myki valid for regional town bus trips in Ballarat, Bendigo, Eaglehawk, Epsom, Geelong, Kangaroo Flat, Kilmore East, Moe, Morwell, Seymour, South Geelong, Traralgon, Wallan and Waurn Ponds
^Victoria, Public Transport. "Where to buy and top up". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
^Ferguson, John (15 April 2008). "myki payment withheld". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
^Ashley Gardiner (8 August 2008). "myki smartcard put to test". Australian IT. australianit.news.com.au. Archived from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
^Lucas, Clay (6 January 2010). "myki stumbles over names". The Age. Melbourne. p. 5. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2010.
1942 novel by John Dickson Carr The Emperor's Snuff-Box First edition (US)AuthorJohn Dickson CarrCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenreMystery, Detective novelPublisherHarper (US)Hamish Hamilton (UK)Publication date1942 (US), 1943 (UK)Media typePrint (Hardback & Paperback) The Emperor's Snuff-Box is a non-series mystery novel (1942) by mystery novelist John Dickson Carr.[1] The detective is psychologist Dr. Dermot Kinross. The novel takes place in France and concerns a jew...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Josef Zwierzicki adalah seorang ahli geologi yang berasal dari Polandia.[1] Ia lahir pada tanggal 12 Maret tahun 1888 di Krobia dan meninggal pada tanggal 1 Mei 1961 di Wroclaw.[2] Ia merupakan anak tertua dan juga anak satu-satu di dal...
The Sydney New Year's Eve fireworks attracts more than 1.5 million visitors to Sydney Harbour each year. Vivid Sydney, an annual light and music festival attracts more than 3 millions visitors each year. It is the largest festival of its kind in the southern hemisphere. Tourism in Sydney, forms an important part of the city's economy. The city received 12 million domestic visitors and 4.1 million international visitors in year ending June 2019.[1][2] The most famous attractio...
Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Pavia. Associazione Calcio Pavese Luigi BelliStagione 1937-1938Sport calcio Squadra Pavese Luigi Belli Allenatore Engelbert König Presidente Agostino Rimaroli Serie C3º nel girone C. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Bondioli (30) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Corsico (7) StadioStadium Pavese 1934-1935[1] 1938-1939 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Associazione Calcio Pavese Luigi Belli nel...
Policy on permits required to enter Azerbaijan Politics of Azerbaijan Constitution Constitutional court Human rights Head of state President Ilham Aliyev Vice President: Mehriban Aliyeva Office of the President Executive Prime Minister Ali Asadov Cabinet of Ministers National Assembly National Assembly Speaker: Sahiba Gafarova Judiciary Judiciary Administrative divisions Administrative divisions Elections Presidential: 201320182024 Parliamentary: 20152020 Political parties Foreign relations M...
Incisione di Alfonso I di Braganza e Beatrice Pereira de Alvim (Domenico Duprà, Parco Ducale di Vila Viçosa) Beatrice Pereira de Alvim (1380 – Lisbona, 1412) è stata una nobildonna portoghese[1]. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Matrimonio 3 Note 4 Bibliografia 5 Altri progetti Biografia Era l'unica figlia superstite di Nuno Álvares Pereira, e di sua moglie, Leonor de Alvim. Aveva due fratelli ma morirono durante l'infanzia rendendola unica erede della fortuna del padre. Alla morte del padr...
Charter high schoolSturgis Charter Public SchoolLocation427 Main Street (East)41°39′07″N 70°17′07″W / 41.651837°N 70.285178°W / 41.651837; -70.285178125 West Main Street (West)41°38′46″N 70°18′03″W / 41.646051°N 70.300759°W / 41.646051; -70.300759Hyannis, MassachusettsInformationTypeCharter high schoolMottoInternational Baccalaureate for All(Independence of Thought, Generosity of Spirit (1998-2004) Student Learning is Why...
Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Associazione Sportiva Melfi. Associazione Sportiva MelfiStagione 2009-2010Sport calcio Squadra Melfi Allenatore Paolo Rodolfi Presidente Giuseppe Maglione Seconda Divisione9º posto nel girone C. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Chiaria, El Kamch, Mitra (30) Miglior ...
Model of electric multiple unit operated by the MTR This article is about the train operating on the Tseung Kwan O and Tung Chung lines. For the train operating on the East Rail line since 2021, see MTR Hyundai Rotem EMU. For the train operating on the Canada Line in Vancouver, Canada, see SkyTrain (Vancouver) rolling stock § Hyundai Rotem EMU. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced ma...
Currency of Virginia until 1793 This article is about the colonial currency. For the actress, see Virginia Pound. For the river in Virginia, see Pound River. For the town in Virginia, see Pound, Virginia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Virginia pound – news · newspapers · books · scholar · J...
伊斯兰合作组织Organisation of Islamic Cooperation（英語）Organisation de la Coopération Islamique（法語）منظمة التعاون الإسلامي（阿拉伯語） 旗帜格言：To safeguard the interests and ensure the progress and well-being of Muslims 成员国 观察国 暂停会籍行政总部 沙地阿拉伯吉达 官方语言阿拉伯语英语法语类型宗教成员国57个在籍成员国（英语：Member states of the Organisation ...
Statistical sampling technique Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is a statistical method for generating a near-random sample of parameter values from a multidimensional distribution. The sampling method is often used to construct computer experiments or for Monte Carlo integration. LHS was described by Michael McKay of Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1979.[1] An independently equivalent technique was proposed by Vilnis Eglājs in 1977.[2] It was further elaborated by Ronald L. ...
Assedio di PaviaCavalleria carolingia. Illustrazione del salmo 60 nel Golden Psalter of St. Gallen, c. 890.Datasettembre 773 - 5 giugno 774 LuogoPavia EsitoVittoria decisiva franca Modifiche territorialiAnnessione del regno longobardo da parte dei Franchi SchieramentiRegno francoRegno longobardo ComandantiCarlo MagnoBernardoDesiderio Effettivi10 000 - 40 0002 500 - 10 000 Voci di battaglie presenti su Wikipedia Manuale L'assedio di Pavia fu condotto dalle armate del re franco Carlo Magno&...
German politician Dagmar FreitagDagmar Freitag in 2008Member of the BundestagIn office1994–2021Preceded byCornelia Yzer Personal detailsBorn (1953-03-03) 3 March 1953 (age 71)Iserlohn, West Germany(now Germany)Political partySPDAlma materRuhr University Bochum Dagmar Freitag (born 3 March 1953) is a German teacher and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1994 to 2021.[1] Early life...
MNC Trijaya FMNama sebelumnyaTrijaya FMSindo RadioSindo Trijaya FMJenisJaringan radioSloganThe Real News and InformationMore Than Just News and TalkNegara IndonesiaBahasaBahasa IndonesiaTanggal peluncuran1 Desember 1970; 53 tahun lalu (1970-12-01)Kantor pusatiNews Center, Lantai 5Jalan Wahid Hasyim No. 28,Kompleks MNC Center,Kebon Sirih, Jakarta PusatWilayah siaranNasionalPemilikiNews Media GroupInduk perusahaanGlobal MediacomKelompok usahaMNC Asia HoldingAnggota jaringanlihat ...
For an account of the club's history before 1966, see History of Arsenal F.C. (1886–1966). The history of Arsenal Football Club from 1966 to the present day covers the third, fourth, and fifth periods of success in Arsenal's history, including three Doubles, a Cup Double, and success in European football, and an unbeaten league season. Following Bertie Mee's appointment in 1966, Arsenal won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, their first European trophy, in 1969–70, and their first League and FA...
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento nobili britannici non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Charles Stewart, III duca di Richmond e VI duca di LennoxCharles Stewart, III duca di Richmond ritratto da sir Peter LelyDuca di RichmondStemma In carica1660 –1672 PredecessoreEsmé Stewart, II duca di Richmond SuccessoreTitolo estinto Altr...
Claudia de Lorena Duquesa consorte de Lorena 17 de febrero de 1634-2 de agosto de 1648Predecesora Nicole de LorenaSucesora Beatriz de Cusance Información personalNombre en luxemburgués Claude Fransoise de Lorraine Nacimiento 6 de octubre de 1612 Palacio de los duques de Lorena, Nancy, Ducado de LorenaFallecimiento 2 de agosto de 1648 (35 años) Viena, Sacro Imperio Romano GermánicoCausa de muerte Fiebres puerperalesNacionalidad FrancesaFamiliaFamilia Casa de Lorena Padres Enrique II de Lor...
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
