Montpelier was chartered as a town by proprietors from Massachusetts and western Vermont on August 14, 1781, and the Town of Montpelier was granted municipal powers by the "Governor, Council and General Assembly of the Freemen of the State of Vermont".[11][12] The first permanent settlement began in May 1787, and a town meeting was established in 1791.[12] The city received a French name because the Franco-American alliance during the Revolutionary War had sparked widespread Francophilia. Montpelier was selected as state capital in 1805, and citizens of the town donated funds to build the first state house.[13] The legislature chartered the City of Montpelier in 1894, and it was organized at a town meeting the next year.[13]
Montpelier is in the north-central area of the state.[14] The Winooski River flows by the south side of the city, passing by the state house and continuing northwest into Chittenden County. The North Branch River, a tributary of the Winooski, also flows through the city. Flooding is a periodic problem in Montpelier, with three serious floods occurring in 1927, 1992, and 2023.[15] In 1875, fires destroyed 38 buildings in the city, and the commercial area was rebuilt with brick to avoid a repeat of the disaster.[13] The state government contributes to the city's economy, which also relies on insurance and tourism.[12] The insurance industry in Montpelier dates back to the early 19th century.[13] Historically, tradesmen shops and mills along the North Branch also fueled the economy, and sheds for finishing granite from Barre operated along the Winooski.[13] Ski areas are also located near the city.[12][16]
The meadows and flats of the Winooski River were well known among natives for their corn-raising capacities.[18] The natural site of Montpelier made it a favorite residence for the natives who first inhabited the land.[18] The level plain of nearly two hundred acres of the rich farmland, sheltered from winds by the surrounding valley made the area comparatively warm and comfortable.[18] Its position near the confluence of many streams allowed for favorable hunting, fishing, and trading.[18] Native mounds, tombstones, and other memorials of aboriginal life and death were found in Montpelier, or in the vicinity, by the first settlers, and traces of some of them still remain.[18]
Between 1600 and 1800, European settlers began to arrive in the region.[19] Soon after, war, disease, and dispersal virtually destroyed the Native American settlements. However, evidence suggests some Native Americans remained in the area as late as the mid-1800s.[19]
Originally chartered on August 14, 1781, the Town of Montpelier was granted municipal powers by the "Governor, Council and General Assembly of the Freemen of the State of Vermont".[11] The first permanent settlement began in May 1787, when Colonel Jacob Davis and General Parley Davis arrived from Charlton, Massachusetts. General Davis surveyed the land, while Colonel Davis cleared forest and erected a large log house on the west side of the North Branch of the Winooski River. His family moved in the following winter.
Colonel Davis selected the name "Montpelier" after the French city of Montpellier, capital of the department of Hérault.[20] There was a general enthusiasm for things French as a result of the country's aid to the American colonies during the Revolutionary War.[21] The settlement grew quickly, and by 1791 the population reached 117.
The configuration of the early village was strongly influenced by geography. As early as 1799 a bridge was constructed across the Winooski River to Berlin.[19]
The Town's Charter was reissued on February 6, 1804, to include a boundary description of the lands granted to the Town's inhabitants and proprietors.[11] The confluence of the Winooski, North Branch and Dog Rivers provided a central point for the local population and commerce.
By 1805, the town had a population of 1,200. In that year, the state legislature sought a permanent home. Montpelier was selected because of its central location and accessibility, and because local residents provided land and money. A humble State House was soon constructed on State Street.[19]
In 1825, the Marquis de Lafayette visited Montpelier on a triumphal tour of the United States, 50 years after the Revolutionary War.
The town developed into a center for manufacturing, especially after the Central Vermont Railway opened in Montpelier on June 20, 1849. In response to Montpelier's growth and changing demographics, on November 9, 1848, the General Assembly divided the original Town into two district municipal corporations. The towns of East Montpelier and Montpelier were created. Later, in an attempt to modernize its form of government, the town was reconstituted as the Village of Montpelier.[11]
By 1858, the layout of the main streets paralleling the rivers was in place. The downtown street pattern has changed little since that time.[19]
Ten thousand people turned out to greet Major General Philip Sheridan in 1867 when he visited to address the fourth annual meeting of Vermont former Union officers. He particularly thanked Vermont veterans of the Civil War for their performance at the Battle of Cedar Creek.[22][23]
In 1875, a large fire destroyed many downtown buildings.[19]
The village had the first municipal water driven hydro system in Vermont in 1884. Water pressure generated sufficient electricity for streetlights.[24]
The first charter of Montpelier was granted in 1894 and was amended shortly thereafter in 1898, and again in 1900 and 1912. The first amendment permitted the city to annex a part of the Town of Berlin; the latter enactments amended the 1898 charter to deal with such matters as water works, the relationship between the city and the Washington County Grammar School, and composition of the City Council.[11]
The state proclaimed October 12, 1899, as "Dewey Day" to honor native son George Dewey, the hero of Battle of Manila Bay in the Spanish–American War. Thousands turned out from the state to his hometown of Montpelier for the celebration.[25] In 1899, Hubbard Park was established with a donation of land, known as "Hubbard Hill", bequeathed to the City of Montpelier by John Erastus Hubbard (1847–1899) with the intent to "preserve wilderness" for future generations. In 1911, additional land was donated and from 1915 to 1930 an observation tower was constructed on this donated land.
In 1927, after a particularly wet summer and fall, heavy rains began on the evening of November 2 that continued until the morning of November 4. The heaviest rain fell on November 3, when more than seven inches fell in a six-hour period. The prolonged heavy rains on top of the already saturated soil from the summer and fall proved to be more than the watercourses could handle. Brooks and rivers overflowed, carrying trees and logs in their wake. Dams, bridges and embankments were destroyed. Buildings were submerged, farm animals drowned, and homes and barns were swept away. Rivers reached 13 feet or more above their normal depths. Flood waters gradually receded, leaving behind silt, gravel and debris. At least a foot of mud was left on the floors of downtown stores.[26]
At the time, only two stores in Montpelier carried flood insurance. The staggering loss represented an average of $400 for every man, woman, and child in town—equivalent to roughly $5,760 in 2018 dollars. In the days following the flood, Vermont was widely praised for its recovery efforts. President Calvin Coolidge, in particular, hailed the “indomitable spirit” of Vermonters, of whom he was one.[26]
In response to the damage suffered by Montpelier and surrounding communities in the Great Flood of 1927, the Civilian Conservation Corps built the Wrightsville Dam during a period from 1933 to 1935. The resulting reservoir, Wrightsville Reservoir, required the disbandment and flooding of the village of Wrightsville, which contained at least 30 built structures at the time.
The City of Montpelier grew slowly in the late 19th and early 20th centuries during the period of intensive out-migration from the state to new lands in the West, or to industrial centers elsewhere in New England. Montpelier was already established as a government, market, service and industrial center in the region. When the automobile arrived, new state highways were routed to the city limits, and traffic then circulated through the original streets of the city. In 1954, a new bridge was constructed at Bailey Avenue which linked to an extension of Winooski Avenue, now Memorial Drive, and diverted some of the traffic from the downtown area.[19]
An early spring thaw in March 1992 caused an ice jam to form in the Winooski River downstream of the Bailey Avenue bridge in Montpelier. In less than an hour, water levels in the Winooski and North Branch rivers rose upstream of the ice jam and flooded downtown Montpelier. The damage shut down 120 businesses, left 50 residents without homes, disrupted the operations of state government, and caused upwards of $5 million in damage.[27]
Heavy rains on July 10-11, 2023, resulted in catastrophic flooding in Montpelier and many other parts of Vermont. In addition to many residences, the waters severely affected multiple downtown businesses as well as the city's fire department, police department, and City Hall.[28]
Montpelier is located in the north-central area of Vermont.[14] The city center is a flat clay zone (elevation 520 ft; 160 m), surrounded by hills and granite ledges. Towne Hill runs in a 2-mile (3.2 km) ridge (~900 ft; 270 m) along the northern edge of the city.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.3 square miles (27 km2), of which 10.2 square miles (26 km2) is land and 0.10% is water. The Winooski River flows west along the south edge of downtown village and is fed by several smaller tributaries that cut through residential districts. Montpelier has been subject to periodic flooding in the flat city center, with two major floods occurring in 1927 and in 1992.[15]
On its borders are the towns of Middlesex to the west, Berlin to the south, and East Montpelier to the north and east. Montpelier lies near the geographic center of the state.[29] Though it does not share a border, Montpelier is frequently associated with the nearby city of Barre, and the two are often referred to together as "Barre-Montpelier".
Climate
Montpelier features a humid continental climate (KöppenDfb), with long, cold, and snowy winters, short springs and autumns, and warm, humid summers. From January to July, daily means range from 16.4 to 67.3 °F (−8.7 to 19.6 °C). In winter, lows fall below 0 °F or −17.8 °C on 24 mornings and daytime highs stay below freezing for the majority of afternoons from December to February. Snow is also frequent and remains on the ground for long stretches throughout the winter, though thaws are by no means infrequent. Average annual snowfall is 94.2 inches or 2.39 metres.[30] Summers are warm and often humid, with 2 or 3 days above 90 °F or 32.2 °C, but rarely reaching 95 °F or 35 °C.
Extremes have ranged from −34 °F or −36.7 °C in January 1981 to 97 °F or 36.1 °C, most recently recorded in July 1977.
Along with Barre, the city forms a small micropolitan area in the center of the state; together they are known as the twin cities.
At the 2019 American Community Survey, an estimated 7,852 people lived in the city.[36] At the census[5] of 2010, there were 7,855 people, 3,739 households, and 1,940 families residing in the city. The population density was 784.0 people per square mile (302.7 people/km2). There were 3,899 housing units at an average density of 380.4 per square mile (146.9/km2).
At the 2010 census, there were 3,739 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 years living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.1% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.84.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,513, and the median income for a family was $51,818. Males had a median income of $35,957 versus $29,442 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,599. About 7.2% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.9% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.
In 2019, there were 3,668 households with an average of 2.03 persons per household. The city had an owner-occupied housing rate of 55.6% and median value of owner-occupied housing rate of $252,600. The median monthly cost of an owner-occupied housing unit was $1,827 and without a mortgage $822. The city had a median gross rent of $1,022.
Race and ethnicity
In 2019, the racial and ethnic makeup of Montpelier was 92.2% non-Hispanic white, 1.6% Black or African American, 1.5% Asian, 2.4% two or more races, and 2.3% Hispanic or Latin American of any race. Among the population in 2019, 4.1% were foreign-born persons.[36] In 2010, the racial makeup of the city was 93.7% White, 1.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.2% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.39% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.
Economy
Downtown shops
Government, higher education, insurance and tourism are principal businesses in Montpelier.[37]
Industry
Since the city's establishment as capital in 1805, the primary business in Montpelier has been state government. By the mid-19th century, Montpelier was also the home of life and fire insurance companies including National Life Group.[38]
The majority of businesses in the downtown area, mostly retail, are locally owned.[39] These include antiques, books, handmade toys, crafts, kitchenware, jewelry, and Vermont-themed gifts.[39]
The Savoy Theater, which was opened in 1905, is an eclectic art house with a main theater that holds 120 and a smaller room that holds 35.[40] It specializes in documentaries, independent features, and international films.[40] The annual Green Mountain Film Festival is held in Montpelier, and is hosted by the Savoy.[41]
An annual local vernacular culture phenomenon, the Valentine Phantom, a tradition of covering downtown storefronts and public buildings with red hearts each February 14, began in Montpelier in the 1990s.
The city has three city nature centers. Hubbard Park rises behind the state capitol building and extends along the ridge line towards the north past the pool to the stump dump.[50] Accessible from Cummings Street off State Route 12, the North Branch River Park is the second-largest park in the city.[51] The Mill Pond Park is located along State Route 12 approximately 0.25 miles (0.40 km) from the cemetery and features boat access to the North Branch river, as well as benches and short-term parking.[52] The North Branch Nature Center is located at the northern end of town and includes 17 acres (6.9 ha) of protected land as well as a community nature center. A bridge from the North Branch Nature Center connects the land to the North Branch River Park on the opposite side of the North Branch River.[53] In recent years, North Branch River Park has significantly expanding its mountain biking trails, making it a hub for area mountain bikers of all ages. The first mountain bike trail in North Branch River Park was constructed and opened in 2005 as part of a partnership between the Montpelier Area Mountain Bike Association and the Montpelier Parks Department. Since that time, 4 additional miles of trails have been added. A pump track is also currently under construction.
Montpelier's government maintains a city council, city manager, and mayor. The city council consists of a mayor and six members. Council members are elected on a nonpartisan ballot from three districts, with councilors serving staggered two-year terms. The mayor is elected to a two-year term in each even-numbered year on a nonpartisan ballot in a citywide election. The council appoints the city manager who is the chief administrative officer of the city.
The city provides municipal services for its residents and businesses. These include local law enforcement, firefighting, planning and zoning regulation, and provision for potable drinking water and wastewater.
Vermont College of Fine Arts is a low-residency graduate school offering Masters of Fine Arts degrees in visual arts, writing, and writing for children and young adults[58]
Media
The Barre Montpelier Times Argus is a daily newspaper that serves Montpelier and Washington County. The Montpelier Bridge is a semi-monthly paper covering the Montpelier area. The broadcast television station WNNE (The CW) is licensed to the city. ORCA Media is a non-profit community media center that serves Montpelier and surrounding communities, including Randolph and Waterbury.[59]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Main Street in downtown Montpelier
Montpelier has become one of Vermont's most readily accessible cities and towns, as Vermont's founders deliberately placed the capital near the geographic center of the state.[60][61]
Roads
The city is located along Interstate 89. East–west U.S. Route 2 and north–south Vermont Route 12 are two other principal routes that intersect in Montpelier. Both I-89 and U.S. 2 provide a direct link to Burlington and the populous Lake Champlain Valley in the northwestern corner of the state. U.S. Route 302 has its western terminus in Montpelier, connecting it with the nearby city of Barre and points east.
Two shared-use paths for walking and bicycling connect to Montpelier: the Cross Vermont Trail and the Central Vermont Regional Path. Montpelier's downtown is relatively compact and pedestrian-friendly, with sidewalks and crosswalks throughout the downtown area.
^"Montpelier". Virtual Vermont. Archived from the original on July 13, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2015. Montpelier's proximity to the geographic center of the state was a principal deciding factor.
^"Station: Barre Montpelier AP, VT". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
Municipality in Saxony, GermanyGroßpösna Municipality Coat of armsLocation of Großpösna within Leipzig district Großpösna Show map of GermanyGroßpösna Show map of SaxonyCoordinates: 51°16′N 12°30′E / 51.267°N 12.500°E / 51.267; 12.500CountryGermanyStateSaxonyDistrictLeipzig Subdivisions4Government • Mayor (2022–29) Daniel Strobel[1]Area • Total41.41 km2 (15.99 sq mi)Elevation150 m (490 ft)Po...
Deep Space Climate Observatory Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) (sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Triana, secara tidak resmi dikenal sebagai GoreSat) adalah satelit observasi dan cuaca NOAA Earth diluncurkan oleh SpaceX pada kendaraan peluncuran Falcon 9 pada 11 Februari 2015 dari Cape Canaveral. DSCOVR mulai mengorbit di sekitar L1 pada Juni 8, 2015, lebih dari 100 hari setelah peluncuran. Referensi Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai DSCOVR. DSCOVR website at NOAA.gov DSCOVR at eoPo...
Kereta api Sindang MargaKereta api Sindang Marga saat tiba di Stasiun KertapatiInformasi umumJenis layananKereta api antarkotaStatusBeroperasiDaerah operasiDivisi Regional III PalembangMulai beroperasi6 April 1972Operator saat iniPT Kereta Api IndonesiaLintas pelayananStasiun awalKertapatiJumlah pemberhentianLihatlah di bawah.Stasiun akhirLubuklinggauJarak tempuh304,9 kmWaktu tempuh reratarata-rata 6 jam 35 menitFrekuensi perjalananSekali pergi pulang sehariJenis relRel beratPelayanan penumpa...
Type of knot Overhand knotThe overhand knotNamesOverhand knot, thumb knotCategoryStopperEfficiency50%OriginAncientRelatedSimple noose, overhand loop, figure-eight knot, angler's loop, reef knot, fisherman's knot, water knot, half hitchReleasingJammingTypical usefishing, climbing, shoelaces, making other knots.CaveatSpills if the standing part is pulled forcibly in the wrong directionABoK#514, #515, #519Conway Notation3A/B notation31 The use of a half hitch and an overhand knot, the last used ...
كيت أدي Kate Adie in 2017آدي في مهرجان جبل طارق الأدبي الدولي في 2017 معلومات شخصية الميلاد 19 سبتمبر 1945 (العمر 78 سنة)Whitley Bay، نورثمبرلاند, انجلترا مواطنة المملكة المتحدة الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة نيوكاسل المهنة صحفية اللغة الأم الإنجليزية اللغات الإنجليزية موظفة ف...
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Daftar episode BoBoiBoy – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Oktober 2015) BoBoiBoy adalah sebuah serial animasi Malaysia yang diproduksi oleh Animonsta Studios. Animasi ini menceritakan seora...
Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (décembre 2022). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ?...
Virginia Slims of Philadelphia 1973 Sport Tennis Data 2 aprile – 8 aprile Edizione 2a Superficie Cemento indoor Campioni Singolare Margaret Court Doppio Margaret Court / Lesley Hunt 1974 Il Virginia Slims of Philadelphia 1973 è stato un torneo femminile di tennis giocato sul cemento indoor. È stata la 2ª edizione del torneo, che fa parte del Virginia Slims Circuit 1973. Si è giocato nella città di Filadelfia, negli USA dal 2 all'8 aprile 1973. Indice 1 Campionesse 1.1 Singolare 1.2 Do...
9th-century Italian prince SicardPrince of BeneventoContemporary effigy of Prince Sicard, from one of his solidiReign832–839PredecessorSico ISuccessorRadelchis IDied839 Sicard (died 839) was the Prince of Benevento from 832. He was the last prince of a united Benevento which covered most of the Mezzogiorno. On his death, the principality descended into civil war which split it permanently (except for very briefly under Pandulf Ironhead from 977 to 981). He was the son and successor of the S...
Australian TV series or program Everybody Dance NowLogo for Everybody Dance Now (The dancer shown in the logo differs in each eyecatch)GenreDance competitionCreative directorJason Gilkison[1]Presented bySarah MurdochJudgesJason DerüloKelly RowlandTheme music composerRobert Clivillés & Freedom WilliamsOpening themeGonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) by Justice CrewCountry of originAustraliaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes4ProductionExecutive producer...
Nissan Cedric adalah mobil berukuran besar yang diproduksi oleh Nissan Motors, Jepang sejak tahun 1960. Bentuk Cedric yang paling umum adalah Sedan, dan bentuk lainnya adalah Station wagon dan Hardtop 4 pintu. Pada tahun 1970-an juga dibuat Cedric Hardtop Coupe 2 pintu. Saudara kembar Cedric adalah Nissan Gloria. Untuk pasar di luar Jepang, Cedric disebut Datsun 200C, 220C Diesel, 260C, dan 280C. Nissan Cedric Y31 taxi di Jepang. Cedric yang masuk ke Indonesia adalah Datsun 260C dan 280C anta...
The Paget Gorman Sign System, also known as Paget Gorman Signed Speech (PGSS) or Paget Gorman Systematic Sign Language is a manually coded form of the English language, designed to be used with children with speech or communication difficulties. Development PGSS was originally developed in Britain by anthropologist Sir Richard Paget in the 1930s, [1] and later by his wife Lady Grace Paget and Dr Pierre Gorman.[2] The system is founded on the notion that the original form of al...
PEN InternationalTanggal pendirian1921 (1921)TipeNGOTujuanmendorong persahabatan dan kerja sama intelektual di antara semua penulisKantor pusatLondonWilayah layanan InternasionalPresidentJohn Ralston SaulSitus webwww.pen-international.org PEN International atau PEN Club adalah organisasi internasional untuk para penulis yang didirikan di London pada tahun 1921.[1] Bertujuan untuk menggalakkan kerja sama para penulis.[1] Pada tahun 1951 Indonesia masuk sebagai anggota, diw...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Military ranks of Belize – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Military ranks of Belize are the military insignia used by the Belize Defence Force and Belize Coast Guard. Belize shares a r...
Geologic formation in Ohio Liberty FormationStratigraphic range: Late OrdovicianLiberty Formation (Upper Ordovician) exposed north of Brookville, IndianaTypeFormationUnderliesSaluda Formation and Whitewater FormationOverliesWaynesville FormationLocationRegion Ohio IndianaCountry United States The Liberty Formation is a geologic formation in Ohio and Indiana. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ordovician period. Carbonate hardground from the Liberty Formation of southern Oh...
Japanese figure skater Yuka NagaiNagai in 2015Native name永井 優香Born (1998-11-30) November 30, 1998 (age 25)Tokyo, JapanHeight1.62 m (5 ft 4 in)Figure skating careerCountryJapanCoachMakoto NakataSkating clubWaseda UniversityBegan skating2005RetiredDecember 15, 2020 Yuka Nagai (永井 優香, Nagai Yūka, born November 30, 1998) is a Japanese former figure skater. She is the 2015 Skate Canada International bronze medalist and 2016 Bavarian Open champion. She has finis...
Artistic, cultural, and theoretical movement This article is about the artistic, cultural, and theoretical movement. For the condition or state of being, see Postmodernity. For other uses, see Postmodernism (disambiguation). PostmodernismCarlton Bookcase, with a complex structure in many colours and a stylized human figure at the top, by Ettore Sottsass for the Memphis Group, 1981, Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris; Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany, by James Stirling, 1984,[1] sh...
Unit of syntax and morphology A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In linguistics, a catena (English pronunciation: /kəˈtiːnə/, plural catenas or catenae; from Latin for chain)[1] is a unit of syntax and morphology, closely associat...
For the 20th-century movement, see Scottish Renaissance. RenaissanceThe School of Athens (1509–1511) by Raphael Aspects Architecture Dance Fine arts Greek scholars Humanism Literature Magic Music Philosophy Science Technology Warfare Regions England France Germany Italy Poland Portugal Spain Scotland Northern Europe Low Countries History and study Age of Discovery Continuity thesis High Renaissance vte Part of a series on the History of Scotland Eras Prehistoric (timeline) 12,000 BC–700 B...
28°N 45°E / 28°N 45°E / 28; 45 الشرق الأوسطخريطة الشرق الأوسط (باللون الأخضر)الدول18اللغاتالشرق الأوسط: العربية، التركية، الفارسية، الكردية، العبريةالتوقيتUTC +3:30 (إيران) إلى UTC +2:00 (مصر)أهم المدن والعواصم العربيةمكة المكرمة، المدينة المنورة، أبو ظبي، الإسكندرية، البصرة،...
.jpg)
