Mexican cottontail

Mexican cottontail
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae
Genus: Sylvilagus
Species:
S. cunicularius
Binomial name
Sylvilagus cunicularius
(Waterhouse, 1848)
Mexican cottontail range
Synonyms[5]

Lepus cunicularius Waterhouse, 1848[2]
Lepus vera-crucis Thomas, 1890[3]
Lepus insolitus Allen, 1890[4]

The Mexicаn cottontail (Sylvilagus cunicularius) is a species of cottontail rabbit in the family Leporidae.[6] It is endemic to Mexico where its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical dry forests and pastureland.

Taxonomy

The Mexican cottontail was first described by the English naturalist George Robert Waterhouse in 1848 as part of his work in classifying specimens in the collection of the museum of the Zoological Society of London.[7] Three subspecies are recognized: Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius, S. c. insolitus, and S. c. pacificus.[1]

Description

The Mexican cottontail is one of the largest members of its genus at 1,800 to 2,300 grams (63 to 81 oz),[8] and is the largest Mexican rabbit.[9] It has coarse reddish-brown or greyish-brown fur and white underparts.[8] In maturity, the pelage becomes a paler, yellowish-gray color. External body measurements include a body length of 485–515 mm (19.1–20.3 in), a tail length of 54–68 mm (2.1–2.7 in), hind foot length of 108–111 mm (4.3–4.4 in), and an ear length of 60–63 mm (2.4–2.5 in). Populations from the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca tend to be slightly larger than those in other parts of the range.[5]

Behavior

The Mexicạn cottontail's breeding season occurs throughout the year, but especially during the warm and wet summer months (March to October).[9] Mothers dig a nursery burrow to contain a nest before they give birth. The burrows are short, shallow tunnels averaging 23 cm (9.1 in) long that end in a chamber about 17 cm (6.7 in) below the surface. Nests are constructed of several materials including dry grasses, pine needles, and bits of woody plants. Oat straw and alfalfa hay are used in the nest as additional food sources. Nursing occurs at the burrow entrance until the young are about 12 days old; after the offspring are weaned, the mother closes the burrow entrance. The burrowing behavior of the Mexican cottontail more closely resembles that of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and the pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) than other cottontail rabbits.[10]

Ecology, distribution and habitat

The Mexican cottontail is found only in Mexico where its range extends from the state of Sinaloa to the states of Oaxaca and Veracruz, including the mountainous regions of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. It ranges from sea level up to about 4,300 meters (14,000 feet). It occupies a wide range of habitats including tropical, temperate and dry deciduous forest, dense shrubland, grassland and cultivated or otherwise disturbed land.[1] In central Mexico it is quite common in pine and pine/oak forests with a ground cover of tussocky grasses such as Agrostis, Festuca and Muhlenbergia.[8] Predators of the Mexican cottontail include red foxes, coyotes, the long-tailed weasel, feral dogs, the great horned owl, and the red-tailed hawk.[11]

Status

The Mexican cottontail is common over its range and is classified by the IUCN in its Red List of Threatened Species as being of least concern. It is present in the La Malinche National Park at densities of about 27 individuals per square kilometer. Despite this, its numbers may be dwindling in areas where it is hunted and in others where its habitat is being degraded and overgrazing is taking place.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Lorenzo, C.; Lanier, H.C. (2019). "Sylvilagus cunicularius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T21211A45181292. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T21211A45181292.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Waterhouse GR (1848). A Natural History of the Mammalia. Vol. 2 (Rodentia). London, UK: Hippolyte Bailliere.
  3. ^ Thomas O (1890). "On a collection of mammals from Central Vera Cruz, México". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 71–6.
  4. ^ Allen JA (1890). "Notes on collections of mammals made in central and southern Mexico, by Dr. Audley C. Buller, with descriptions of new species of the genera Vespertiligo, Scirus and Lepus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 3: 175–194.
  5. ^ a b Cervantes FA, Lorenzo C, Vargas J, Holmes T (1992). "Sylvilagus cunicularis". Mammalian Species (412): 1–4. doi:10.2307/3504074. JSTOR 3504074.
  6. ^ Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  7. ^ Woodward, BB (1899). "Waterhouse, George Robert". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900. Vol. 59.
  8. ^ a b c Chapman, Joseph A.; Flux, John E. C., eds. (1990). Rabbits, Hares and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN. pp. 95, 101. ISBN 9782831700199.
  9. ^ a b Vasquez J, Chacon AJ, Hudson R, Rogriquez-Martinez L, Martinez-Gomez M (2007). "Seasonal reproduction in Mexican cottontail rabbits Sylvilagus cunicularius in La Malinche National Park, central Mexico". Acta Theriologica. 52 (4): 361–9. doi:10.1007/BF03194234. S2CID 13535065.
  10. ^ Rodríguez-Martínez L, Hudson R, Martínez-Gómez M, Bautista A (January 2013). "Description of the nursery burrow of the Mexican cottontail rabbit Sylvilagus cunicularius under seminatural conditions". Acta Theriologica. 59: 193–201. doi:10.1007/s13364-012-0125-6. S2CID 16865890.
  11. ^ González CL, Vázquez J, Martínez-Gómez M (2007). "Demography, density, and survival of an endemic and near threatened cottontail Sylvilagus cunicularius in central Mexico". Acta Theriologica. 53 (3): 299–305. doi:10.1007/BF03194226. S2CID 44746124.