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Appalachian cottontail
	In the Appalachians of West Virginia
Conservation status
	; Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
	; Apparently Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Lagomorpha
Family:	Leporidae
Genus:	Sylvilagus
Species:	S. obscurus
Binomial name
	Sylvilagus obscurus; Chapman, Cramer, Dippenaar & Robinson, 1992
	Appalachian cottontail range

The Appalachian cottontail (Sylvilagus obscurus) is a species of cottontail rabbit in the family Leporidae. It is a rare species found in the upland areas of the eastern United States.

Taxonomy

The species was only recognized as separate from the New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis) in 1992.^[1]

Description

Sylvilagus obscurus is a small rabbit inhabiting mostly mountainous regions in the eastern U.S. ranging from Pennsylvania to South Carolina and being most prominent in the Appalachians.^[3] S. obscurus is better adapted to colder climates than its distant relative, S. floridanus, the eastern cottontail. S. obscurus is light-yellow brown, mixed with black on the dorsal side, having a brown and red patch mixed on the neck. The ventral side is mostly white.^[3] S. obscurus is often visually quite similar to the eastern cottontail; a distinguishing factor is a black spot between the ears and a lack of a white spot on the forehead.^[4] The Appalachian cottontail and S. transitionalis, the New England cottontail, are not easily distinguished in the field, and are most easily identified geographically. Cottontails found south or west of the Hudson River are considered Appalachian cottontails; those found north and east are considered New England cottontails. The species can otherwise be identified by chromosome number and skull measurements.^[5] Female Appalachian cottontails are typically larger than males, with reproductive needs being the most likely cause. The weight of the Appalachian Cottontail can range from as little as 756 grams (1.667 lb), up to as much as 1,153 grams (2.542 lb). The average length is 408 mm (16.1 in). The lifespan of S. obscurus is rather short, less than a year in some cases.^[6]

Behavior

Sylvilagus obscurus is typically active around dusk or at dawn. During the day they typically avoid predators by sheltering under logs or in burrows. Hibernation does not play a factor due to the rabbit being active year-round.^[7] It is believed that there is a social hierarchy within the species, especially when it comes to mating, in which the males assert their dominance by fighting to gain mating priority.^[8]

Reproduction

Little is known about the reproductive habits of the Appalachian cottontail, but much can be based on knowledge of the genus Sylvilagus and the reproductive habits of most rabbits. Typically, they are inactive during midwinter, but as the nights shorten and the days lengthen, sexual activity develops strongly amongst Sylvilagus; the reason for this being that day length directly correlates with stimulation of FSH in the female's blood which then in turn stimulates the follicles to develop ova.^[9] This puts the female in "heat" until reproduction occurs, however there is no particular seasonal cycle as the female can remain in this state, deemed pre-estrus, for a while. The breeding season for the Appalachian cottontail has been found to be between February and October. Once fertilization occurs, the gestation period is about 28 days. Before giving birth, the female will begin to dig a nesting depression.^[10] She then pulls out her fur from her underbelly and gathers berries and leaves in order to provide a lining for the nest. This hair-pulling also allows for the nipples to be exposed for the offspring to nurse. The offspring, when birthed, will live in the nest with vegetation until they are independent for about 3–4 weeks. Typically, a mother of the genus Sylvilagus will care for her young and visit the nest twice a day to nurse her offspring. An adult female can also breed up to 3-4 times per season and have roughly 3-4 offspring per litter.^[11]

Habitat and diet

Appalachian cottontails are found in mountainous areas, typically from 610 to 762 m (2,001 to 2,500 ft) of elevation.^[12] The Appalachian Mountains provide for S. obscurus a habitat with cover and vegetation such as blackberry, greenbriar, and mountain laurel.^[13] Often this is what the Appalachian cottontail feeds on as well as bark and twigs of trees such as red maple, aspen, and black cherry. Usually its diet will consist of twigs, leaves, and fruits. Coprophagy, the eating of its own feces, often occurs as it is useful for it to take up certain vitamins and nutrients that were not digested well in the first pass of digestion. This type of diet is found in most of the genus Sylvilagus.

Communication

The Appalachian cottontail has adapted to its role of prey, and because of this it typically has heightened senses of smell, hearing, and sight. This allows for the rabbit to notice predators and react quickly to threats.^[14] Mothers have been observed performing a grunting sound in order to alert offspring to the presence of predators. Its senses are also used to find potential mates, and it has been discovered squealing at times when mating occurs.^[8]

Threats

There are several threats that have endangered the survival of S. obscurus. These threats involve the destruction and maturation of habitat, as well as habitat fragmentation which is due to urban development. Once fragmentation has occurred the lack of cover exposes the cottontail to predators, increasing the strain on the species. Hunting is a common reason for deaths of many Appalachian cottontails but is mostly due to lack of knowledge by the hunter. The lack of knowledge of this species, because it is so secretive and rarely found in the wild, also contributes to its being threatened.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Barry, R.; Lanier, H.C. (2019). "Sylvilagus obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41301A45192437. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T41301A45192437.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^ ^a ^b Bunch, Mary; Davis, Rickie; Miller, Stanlee; Harrison, Rob. "Appalachian Cottontail: Sylvilagus obscurus" (PDF). South Carolina Department of Natural Resources.
^ "Appalachian Cottontail Rabbit". www.ncwildlife.org. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^ Russell, Kevin; Moorman, Christopher; Guynn, David (1999). "Appalachian Cottontails, Sylvilagus obscurus From the South Carolina Mountains with Observations on Habitat Use" (PDF). The Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 115 (3): 140–144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2014.
^ Chapman, J.A.; Cramer, K.L. "North American Mammals". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
^ Joly, Kyle, and Wayne Myers. "Biological Conservation." Patterns of mammalian species richness and habitat associations in Pennsylvania. 99.2 253-260. Print.
^ ^a ^b Cook, J. 2011. "Sylvilagus obscurus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. 30 October 2012.
^ Litvalis, John, and Walter Jakubas. "New England Cottontail Assessment." New England Cottontail Assessment. (2004): 1-73. Print. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Cotton Tail Rabbit: Sylvilagus floridanus." National Geographic . 2012: n. page. Web. 30 October 2012.
^ Hamilton, William, and John Whitaker. Mammals of Eastern United States. New York: 1998. 166-200. Print.
^ Boyce, Kelly A.; Barry, Ronald E. (March 2007). "Seasonal Home Range and Diurnal Movements of Sylvilagus obscurus (Appalachian Cottontail) at Dolly Sods, West Virginia". Northeastern Naturalist. 14 (1): 99–110. doi:10.1656/1092-6194(2007)14[99:SHRADM]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86001857.
^ Moseley, Kurtis, W. Mark Ford, John Edwards, and Michael Strager. "USDA." A Multi-Criteria Decisionmaking Approach for Management Indicator Species Selection on the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia Archived 22 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. (2010): 1-26. Print.
^ Ford, Mark, Brian Chaman, and Margaret Trani. "Introduction of Mammals to the South. Archived 12 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine" Introduction to Mammals of the South. n.d. n. page. Print.