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Marsilea
	Marsilea villosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Division:	Polypodiophyta
Class:	Polypodiopsida
Order:	Salviniales
Family:	Marsileaceae
Genus:	Marsilea; L.
Type species
	Marsilea quadrifolia; L.
Species
	See text.
Synonyms
	Lemma Juss. ex Adans.; Spheroidea Dulac; Zaluzianskia Neck.

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. The name honours Italian naturalist Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1656–1730).^[3]

These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because of the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either present above water or submerged. It is worth clarifying that these plants are not clovers.

The sporocarps of some Australian species are very drought-resistant, surviving up to 100 years in dry conditions. On wetting, the gelatinous interior of the sporocarp swells, splitting it and releasing a worm-like mass that carries sori, eventually leading to germination of spores and fertilization.

Uses

As food

Sporocarps of some Australian species such as Marsilea drummondii are edible and have been eaten by Aborigines and early white settlers, who knew it under the name ngardu or nardoo. Parts of Marsilea drummondii contain an enzyme which destroys thiamine (vitamin B₁), leading to brain damage in sheep and horses. During floods in the Gwydir River basin 2,200 sheep died after eating nardoo. Three-quarters of the sheep that were affected did however respond to thiamine injections.^[5] Thiamine deficiency from incorrectly prepared nardoo likely resulted in the starvation and death of Burke and Wills.^[6]^[7]

The leaves of Marsilea crenata are part of the East Javanese cuisine of Indonesia, especially in the city of Surabaya. It is called Pecel Semanggi and is served with spicy peanut and sweet potato sauce.

Ornamental

A few species in the genus, such as Marsilea crenata, Marsilea exarata, Marsilea hirsuta, and Marsilea quadrifolia, are grown in aquaria.

Formerly placed here

Salvinia natans (L.) All. (as M. natans L.)^[8]

Phylogeny

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Marsilea shows the following tree.^[9] This tree indicates that M. crenata is the same species (or a subspecies) of M. minuta, and possibly M. fadeniana also. Additionally, this analysis contradicts reports^[10] that M. polycarpa is a synonym for M. minuta

Nagalingum et al. 2007^[9]

Fern Tree of Life^[11]^[12]

Group I

Clemys

	M. crotophora

	M. polycarpa

subgroup

Mutica

M. mutica

subgroup

Group II

Macrocarpa

	M. schelpiana

	M. vera

	M. villifolia

subgroup

Nubica

	M. nubica (Botswana)

	M. nubica (Nigeria)

subgroup

Capensis

M. distorta

	M. capensis

	M. gibba

subgroup

Nodorhizae

M. ancyclopoda

M. macropoda

	M. nashii (Grand Turk Island)

	M. nashii (West Indies)

	M. oligospora

	M. vestita

M. villosa

M. mollis

subgroup

Marsilea

	M. angustifolia

	M. drummondii

M. minuta‑crenata‑

	M. crenata (Indonesia)

	M. crenata (Thailand)

M. minuta (India)

M. minuta (Myanmar)

M. minuta (Africa)

M. fadeniana

fadeniana complex

M. quadrifolia

subgroup

section

M. mutica Mett.^[8] (Large-leaved nardoo)

M. scalaripes D.M. Johnson

M. crotophora D.M. Johnson^[1]

	M. deflexa A.Braun^[1]

	M. polycarpa Hooker & Greville

Clemys

section

M. mollis B.L. Rob. & Fernald^[1] (Chihuahuan water clover)

M. ancyclopoda A.Braun (Tropical Water Clover)^[1]

	M. macropoda Engelm. ex A.Braun^[1] (Bigfoot water clover)

	M. nashii Underwood^[1]

M. villosa Kaulf. (ʻIhiʻihi) (Hawaii)^[8]^[1] (ʻIhiʻihi)

	M. oligospora Goodd.^[1]

	M. vestita Hook. & Grev. (Hairy Water Clover)^[8]^[1]

Nodorhizae

M. macrocarpa

M. schelpeana Launert^[1]

	M. owambo Doweld^[1]

	M. villifolia Brem. & Oberm. ex Alston & Schelpe^[1]

	M. aegyptica Willd.^[1]

	M. ephippiocarpa Alston^[1]

M. botryocarpa Ballard^[1]

	M. farinosa Launert^[1]

	M. macrocarpa C.Presl^[1]

species‑group

section

M. nubica A.Braun^[1]

	M. capensis A.Braun^[1]

	M. gibba Brown^[1]

	M. coromandelina Willd.^[1]

	M. distorta A.Braun^[1]

M. quadrifolia L. (European Water Clover)^[8]^[1]

M. fadeniana Launert

	M. crenata C.Presl^[8]^[1]

	M. minuta L. (Dwarf Water Clover)^[8]^[1]

M. strigosa Willdenow^[1]

M. drummondii A.Braun^[8] (Common Nardoo)

M. hirsuta R. Br.^[1] (Rough water clover)

M. exarata Brown

M. costulifera Jones

	M. angustifolia Brown

	M. azorica Launert & Paiva

Marsilea

Other species include:

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag "Marsilea — The Plant List". The Plant List. 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
^ "Genus: Marsilea L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
^ "Marsilea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1099. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 485, 1754". Flora of North America. eFloras.org. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
^ Schaefer, Hanno; Mark A Carine; Fred J Rumsey (October–December 2011). "From European priority species to invasive weed: Marsilea azorica is a misidentified alien". Systematic Botany. 36 (4): 845–853. doi:10.1600/036364411X604868. S2CID 84445774.
^ Watt, Bruce, Managing the land – Toxic Plants, Pro Grazier, Winter, 2009, MLA
^ Chaffey, Calder (June 2002). "A Fern which Changed Australian History". Australian Plants Online. Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
^ Phoenix, Dave (2011). "Did Burke and Wills die because they ate nardoo?". State Library of Victoria: The Burke & Wills research gateway.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "GRIN Species of Marsilea". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
^ ^a ^b Nagalingum, Nathalie S.; Schneider, Harald; Pryer, Kathleen M. (2007). "Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships and Morphological Evolution in the Heterosporous Fern Genus Marsilea". Systematic Botany. 32 (1): 16–25. doi:10.1600/036364407780360256. ISSN 1548-2324. S2CID 18310429.
^ Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 25 Sep 2017 http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26602149
^ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
^ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.6.0 [GenBank release 259]. 2024. Retrieved 17 August 2024.

Mabberley, D.J. (1997). The Plant-Book. Cambridge University Press.
Edmund Russow: Histologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Sporenfrucht von Marsilia. Dissertation. Dorpat 1871 (PDF)
Johnson 1986 Systematics of the New World species of Marsilea. Syst. Bot. Monog. 11:1–87.
World species list for Marsilea
"Marsilea". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-05-12.