Athyriaceae

Athyriaceae
Athyrium filix-femina
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Aspleniineae
Family: Athyriaceae
Alston[1]
Type genus
Athyrium
Genera

See text.

The Athyriaceae (ladyferns and allies)[2] are a family of terrestrial ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae, and includes two genera.[1] Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Athyrioideae of a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae.[3] The family has with a cosmopolitan distribution.

Description

Species of the Athyriaceae are terrestrial or lithophytic, less commonly aquatic. They grow from various kinds of rhizome: short or long, creeping or erect, branched or not. The distribution and evolution of characters in the family is complex, and the genera have few constant features by which they can be identified. The sporangia have stalks two or three cells wide in the middle, and contain brown monolete spores.[2]

Taxonomy

Earlier classifications

The family was first created by Arthur H.G. Alston in 1956. It has had a varied history. In 2014, Christenhusz and Chase submerged it as the subfamily Athyrioideae within the family Aspleniaceae,[3] a status maintained by Plants of the World Online as of July 2019.[4] The PPG I classification of 2016 restored it to family status.[1]

Athyriaceae is a member of the eupolypods II clade (now the suborder Aspleniineae), in the order Polypodiales.[5] It is related to other families in the clade as in the following cladogram:[6][5]

Aspleniineae (eupolypods II)

The Athyriaceae in the past included Cystopteris and Gymnocarpium (now part of Dennstaedtiaceae[1]). The family has been subsumed in the family Woodsiaceae, but a Woodsiaceae defined in this way may be paraphyletic if it omits the Onocleaceae and Blechnaceae (as of 2006, the evidence was not clear).[7]

Genera

As circumscribed in PPG I, Athyriacae contains the following genera.[1]

As of November 2019, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognizes three further genera,[8] which other sources include in Athyrium:[1][9]

  • Anisocampium C.Presl
  • Cornopteris Nakai
  • Pseudathyrium Newman

The genera have the following phylogenetic relationships:

PPG I[10][11] Fern Tree of Life[12][13]

Distribution and habitat

Athyriaceae has a worldwide distribution, particularly the genus Athyrium.[14] Most species of Athyriaceae are medium-sized terrestrial ferns, growing in the understorey below trees and shrubs.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.
  2. ^ a b c Rothfels, Carl J.; Sundue, Michael A.; Kuo, Li-Yaung; Larsson, Anders; Kato, Masahiro; Schuettpelz, Eric & Pryer, Kathleen M. (2012). "A revised family–level classification for eupolypod II ferns (Polypodiidae: Polypodiales)" (PDF). Taxon. 61 (3): 515–533. doi:10.1002/tax.613003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
  3. ^ a b Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591. PMID 24532607.
  4. ^ "Athyriaceae Alston", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2019-07-30
  5. ^ a b Rothfels, Carl J.; Larsson, Anders; Kuo, Li-Yaung; Korall, Petra; Chiou, Wen-Liang & Pryer, Kathleen M. (2012). "Overcoming Deep Roots, Fast Rates, and Short Internodes to Resolve the Ancient Rapid Radiation of Eupolypod II Ferns". Systematic Biology. 61 (1): 490–509. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys001. PMID 22223449.
  6. ^ Lehtonen, Samuli (2011). "Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e24851. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624851L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851. PMC 3192703. PMID 22022365.
  7. ^ Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald & Wolf, Paul G. (2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF). Taxon. 55 (3): 705–731. doi:10.2307/25065646. JSTOR 25065646. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  8. ^ Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (November 2019). "Athyriaceae". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. 8.11. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  9. ^ "Pseudathyrium Newman". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  10. ^ Schuettpelz, Eric & Pryer, Kathleen M. (2007). "Fern phylogeny inferred from 400 leptosporangiate species and three plastid genes" (PDF). Taxon. 56 (4): 1037–1050. doi:10.2307/25065903. JSTOR 25065903. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-30. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
  11. ^ Liu, Yea-Chen; Chiou, Wen-Liang & Kato, Masahiro (2011), "Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the fern genus Anisocampium (Athyriaceae)" (PDF), Taxon, 60 (3): 824–830, doi:10.1002/tax.603014, JSTOR 41317249, retrieved 2019-07-30
  12. ^ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
  13. ^ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.3.0. 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  14. ^ "Athyrium Roth". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-07-30.

Read other articles:

Volkswagen

VolkswagenJenisPublikIndustriOtomotifDidirikan28 Mei 1937KantorpusatWolfsburg, JermanTokohkunciMartin Winterkorn:Chairman of the Board of Management, Ferdinand Piëch : Chairman of Volkswagen Supervisory BoardProdukMobilProduksi6.073.000 unit (2016)Pendapatan€ 76,73 milyar (2017)Laba bersih€ 4,35 milyar (2017)Karyawan117.400 (2017)IndukGrup VolkswagenSitus webVolkswagen International Volkswagen (biasa disingkat VW) adalah sebuah pabrikan otomotif berbasis di Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, ...

 

 

Football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament

1996 Men's Olympic Football TournamentTournament detailsHost countryUnited StatesDatesJuly 20 – August 3Teams16 (from 6 confederations)Venue(s)5 (in 5 host cities)Final positionsChampions Nigeria (1st title)Runners-up ArgentinaThird place BrazilFourth place PortugalTournament statisticsMatches played32Goals scored90 (2.81 per match)Top scorer(s) Bebeto Hernán Crespo (6 goals each)← 1992 2000 → International football competition Football ...

 

 

Aulnois

Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Aulnois.  = Kawasan perkotaan  = Lahan subur  = Padang rumput  = Lahan pertanaman campuran  = Hutan  = Vegetasi perdu  = Lahan basah  = Anak sungaiAulnois merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville Ainvelle Allarmont Ambacourt Ameuvel...

United Trinity

Di dalam asosiasi sepak bola Inggris, kita mengenal istilah United Trinity atau Holy Trinity yang merujuk kepada trio Manchester United yaitu George Best, Denis Law dan Sir Bobby Charlton, yang membantu United menjadi tim klub Inggris pertama yang memenangkan Liga Champions pada tahun 1968. Berkas:Patung di luar Old Trafford United Trinity..jpg Charlton [1] adalah anggota Busby Babes, sekelompok pemain muda berbakat dari akademi klub tersebut dibawa oleh manajer Legendaris Matt Busby ...

 

 

The Holocaust in the Sudetenland

Nazi persecution and murder of Jews, 1938–1945 The Holocaust in the SudetenlandSudeten Germans in Saaz greet the Wehrmacht with Nazi salutesDate1938–1945LocationReichsgau SudetenlandTargetJewsOrganised byNazi Germany The Holocaust in the Sudetenland resulted in the flight, dispossession, deportation and ultimately death of many of the 24,505 Jews living in the Reichsgau Sudetenland, an administrative region of Nazi Germany established from former Czechoslovak territory annexed after the O...

 

 

Hashim Amla

South African cricketer Hashim AmlaAmla training with South Africa in 2009Personal informationFull nameHashim Mahomed AmlaBorn (1983-03-31) 31 March 1983 (age 41)Durban, Natal Province, South AfricaNicknameHashHeight5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)BattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm off breakRoleTop-order batterRelationsAhmed Amla (brother)International information National sideSouth Africa (2004–2019)Test debut (cap 295)28 November 2004 v IndiaLast Test21 Febr...

Prudent Beaudry

American politician Prudent BeaudryPortrait, 188413th Mayor of Los AngelesIn officeDecember 18, 1874 – December 8, 1876Preceded byJames R. TobermanSucceeded byFrederick A. MacDougall Personal detailsBorn1819Mascouche, Quebec, CanadaDiedMay 29, 1893Los Angeles, CaliforniaResting placeNotre Dame des Neiges Cemetery Prudent Beaudry (1819 – May 29, 1893) was a Canadian-born American politician who served as the 13th mayor of Los Angeles, from 1874 to 1876. A native of Quebec, he ...

 

 

Saint-Nazaire (Pyrénées-Orientales)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Saint-Nazaire (homonymie). Saint-Nazaire Église paroissiale Saint-Nazaire Blason Administration Pays France Région Occitanie Département Pyrénées-Orientales Arrondissement Perpignan Intercommunalité Perpignan Méditerranée Métropole Maire Mandat Jean-Claude Torrens 2020-2026 Code postal 66570 Code commune 66186 Démographie Gentilé Nazairiens, Nazairiennes Populationmunicipale 2 785 hab. (2021 ) Densité 270 hab./km2 Géographie Coord...

 

 

Ghost (groupe)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Ghost. Ghost Ghost au Sweden Rock Festival en 2023Informations générales Autre nom Ghost B.C. Pays d'origine Suède Genre musical Hard rock[1], heavy metal[1], doom metal[1], rock progressif[2], rock psychédélique[3], pop rock[4],[5] Années actives Depuis 2006 Labels Iron Pegasus Records, Rise Above Records, Sonet Records, Loma Vista Recordings Site officiel ghost-official.com Composition du groupe Membres Tobias Forge (Cardinal Copia, Papa Emeritus I, ...

هنود

هنودمعلومات عامةنسبة التسمية الهند التعداد الكليالتعداد قرابة 1.21 مليار[1][2]تعداد الهند عام 2011ق. 1.32 مليار[3]تقديرات عام 2017ق. 30.8 مليون[4]مناطق الوجود المميزةبلد الأصل الهند البلد الهند  الهند نيبال 4,000,000[5] الولايات المتحدة 3,982,398[6] الإمار...

 

 

Musik elektroakustik

Set alat musik elekroakustik Musik elektroakustik adalah genre seni musik Barat yang menggunakan teknologi untuk memanipulasi warna nada suara akustik, terkadang dengan menggunakan pemrosesan sinyal audio, seperti reverb atau harmonisasi, pada instrumen akustik.[1] Genre ini mulai populer pada pertengahan abad ke-20, setelah populernya penggabungan produksi suara listrik ke dalam komposisi musik. Perkembangan awal dalam komposisi musik elektroakustik selama abad ke-20 dikaitkan dengan...

 

 

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會波蘭代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl（英文）（波兰文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式：帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基（游泳）和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡（自行车）[1]闭幕式：卡罗利娜·纳亚（皮划艇）&#...

Athenais (daughter of Herodes Atticus)

Roman noblewoman (143-161) Statue, believed to be of Athenais, from the Nymphaeum of Herodes Atticus at Olympia, dating from between 149 and 153 AD, Olympia Archaeological Museum, Greece. Marcia Annia Claudia Alcia Athenais Gavidia Latiaria,[1] (Greek: Μαρκία Κλαυδία Άλκία Άθηναΐς Γαβιδία Λατιαρία) otherwise most commonly known as Athenais (Greek: Αθηναΐς)[2] (143-161[1]) was a Roman noblewoman of Greek Athenian and Italia...

 

 

Nico Schulz

German footballer (born 1993) Nico Schulz Schulz with Germany in 2019Personal informationFull name Nico SchulzDate of birth (1993-04-01) 1 April 1993 (age 31)Place of birth Berlin, GermanyHeight 1.81 m (5 ft 11 in)[1]Position(s) Left-backYouth career BSC Rehberge Berlin2000–2010 Hertha BSCSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2010–2012 Hertha BSC II 23 (0)2010–2015 Hertha BSC 92 (2)2015–2017 Borussia Mönchengladbach 13 (1)2017–2019 1899 Hoffenheim 57 (2)201...

 

 

Bowman, North Dakota

City in North Dakota, United StatesBowman, North DakotaCityDakota Western Bank, Bowman, North DakotaLocation of Bowman, North DakotaCoordinates: 46°11′04″N 103°24′11″W / 46.18444°N 103.40306°W / 46.18444; -103.40306CountryUnited StatesStateNorth DakotaCountyBowmanFounded1907Government • City CommissionerLyn JamesArea[1] • Total1.86 sq mi (4.83 km2) • Land1.86 sq mi (4.83 km2) �...

Polish nationalism

Political ideology that promotes the interests of Polish nation Flag of Poland Flag of Poland displayed during the 2010 state funeral of Polish president Lech Kaczyński Warsaw's Castle Square, Royal Castle, and Sigismund's Column commemorating Swedish-born King Sigismund III Vasa of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Polish nationalism (Polish: polski nacjonalizm) is a nationalism which asserts that the Polish people are a nation and which affirms the cultural unity of Poles. British histo...

 

 

مايك إسبي

مايك إسبي (بالإنجليزية: Mike Espy)‏    مناصب عضو مجلس النواب الأمريكي[1][2]   عضو خلال الفترة3 يناير 1987  – 3 يناير 1989  فترة برلمانية الكونغرس الأمريكي الـ100  [لغات أخرى]‏  عضو مجلس النواب الأمريكي[1][2]   عضو خلال الفترة3 يناير 1989  – 3 يناير 19...

 

 

Fodé Doucouré

Fodé DoucouréNazionalità Mali Altezza172 cm Calcio RuoloDifensore Squadra Red Star CarrieraGiovanili 2018-2019 Diambars2019 JMG Bamako Squadre di club1 2019-2021 Stade Reims 227 (0)2020-2022 Stade Reims10 (0)2022- Red Star15 (0) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo → indica un trasferimento in prestito. Statistiche aggiornate al 28 luglio 2022 Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Fodé D...

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten Muna

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten MunaDewan Perwakilan RakyatKabupaten Muna2019-2024JenisJenisUnikameral Jangka waktu5 tahunSejarahSesi baru dimulai16 Oktober 2019PimpinanKetuaLa Saemuna (Hanura) sejak 7 November 2019 Wakil Ketua IMuhammad Natsir Ido (Golkar) sejak 7 November 2019 Wakil Ketua IICahwan (Demokrat) sejak 7 November 2019 KomposisiAnggota30Partai & kursi  PDI-P (4)   NasDem (2)   PKB (4)   Hanura (5)   Demokr...

 

 

陈光琳

陈光琳（1934年10月—2015年9月21日），安徽巢湖人，中华人民共和国政治人物。 生平 1955年加入中国共产党。后担任蚌埠钢铁厂革委会主任、蚌埠机械局局长。1975年6月，任中共安徽省蚌埠市委常委、革委会副主任、副书记。1980年2月，任中共安徽省芜湖市市委常委、市委副书记、书记。1988年8月，任中共合肥市市委书记，1992年2月，任中共安徽省委常委、合肥市市委书记。1992�...