Within the Pacific Ocean, the name of any significant tropical cyclone can be retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists by the World Meteorological Organization if it concludes that a storm was so deadly or damaging that any future use of that name would be inappropriate. Storm names can also be retired for other reasons, such as being deemed politically insensitive. Within the Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific basins (between 140°W and the western coast of North America and between the International Date Line (180°) and 140°W, respectively, and north of the Equator), a total of 21 names have been retired from the official lists.[1] The deadliest system to have its name retired was Hurricane Pauline, which caused over 230 fatalities when it struck Mexico during October 1997, while the costliest hurricane was Hurricane Otis which caused an economic impact of over $12 billion in October 2023. Dora and Otis were the most recent Pacific tropical cyclones to have their names retired.[2]
In 1950 a tropical cyclone that affected Hawaii was named Able, after a tropical cyclone had not affected Hawaii for a number of years. The system subsequently became widely known as Hurricane Hiki, since Hiki is Hawaiian for Able.[3][4] Typhoons Olive and Della of 1952 and 1957, respectively, developed within the Central Pacific, but were not named until they had crossed the International Dateline and moved into the Western Pacific basin.[3][5] During 1957, two other tropical cyclones developed in the Central Pacific and were named Kanoa and Nina by the Hawaiian military meteorological offices.[5] It was subsequently decided that future tropical cyclones would be named by borrowing names from the Western Pacific naming lists.[6]
Within the Eastern Pacific basin the naming of tropical cyclones started in 1960, with four sets of female names initially designed to be used consecutively before being repeated.[7][8] In 1965 after two lists of names had been used, it was decided to return to the top of the second list and to start recycling the sets of names on an annual basis.[8][9] In 1977 after protests by various women's rights groups, NOAA made the decision to relinquish control over the name selection by allowing a regional committee of the WMO to select new sets of names.[10] The WMO selected six lists of names which contained male names and rotated every six years.[10] They also decided that the new lists of hurricane names would start to be used in 1978 which was a year earlier than the Atlantic.[11] Since 1978 the same lists of names have been used, with names of significant tropical cyclones removed from the lists and replaced with new names.[8]
During 1979, after ten names had been borrowed from the Western Pacific naming lists, Hawaiian names were reinstated for tropical cyclones developing into tropical storms forming in the Central Pacific.[9] Five sets of Hawaiian names, using only the 12 letters of the Hawaiian alphabet, were drafted with the intent being to use the sets of names on an annual rotation basis.[9] However, after no storms had developed in this region between 1979 and 1981, the annual lists were scrapped and replaced with four sets of names and designed to be used consecutively.[9][12] Ahead of the 2007 hurricane season, the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) and the Hawaii State Civil Defense requested that the hurricane committee retire eleven names from the Eastern Pacific naming lists.[13] However, the committee declined the request and noted that its criteria for the retirement of names was "well defined and very strict."[14] It was felt that while the systems may have had a significant impact on the Hawaiian Islands, none of the impacts were major enough to warrant the retirement of the names.[14] It was also noted that the committee had previously not retired names for systems that had a greater impact than those that had been submitted.[14] The CPHC also introduced a revised set of Hawaiian names for the Central Pacific, after they had worked with the University of HawaiiHawaiian studies department to ensure the correct meaning and appropriate historical and cultural use of the names.[13][15]
The practice of retiring significant names was started during 1955 by the United States Weather Bureau in the Atlantic basin, after hurricanes Carol, Edna, and Hazel struck the Northeastern United States and caused a significant amount of damage in the previous year.[16] Initially the names were only designed to be retired for ten years after which they might be reintroduced, however, it was decided at the 1969 Interdepartmental hurricane conference that any significant hurricane in the future would have its name permanently retired.[16][17] Several names have been removed from the Pacific naming lists for various reasons other than for causing a significant amount of death/destruction, which include being pronounced in a very similar way to other names and for political reasons.[18][19][20]
In the Eastern Pacific basin (between 140°W and the western coast of North America), 17 names have been retired as of 2024.[2][19] Prior to the start of the modern naming lists in 1978, the names Hazel and Adele were retired from the list of names for reasons that are not clear.[18] The name Fico was subsequently retired after the system had affected Hawaii in 1978, while the name Knut was removed after being used in 1987 for unknown reasons having barely reaching tropical storm strength.[18] In 1989 the name Iva was removed as it was pronounced very similarly to Iwa, which was retired from the Central Pacific lists of names in 1982 after affecting Hawaii.[20] In the early 1990s the names Fefa and Ismael were both retired after they affected Hawaii and Northern Mexico, respectively.[18] Hurricane Pauline became the deadliest Eastern Pacific hurricane, and its name was retired after it affected Mexico in 1997.[18]
Political considerations prompted retirement of the name Adolph and removal of the name Israel[nb 1] at the start of the 2001 season, after controversy arose over their use.[19][21][22] The name Kenna was retired in 2003 after it became one of the most intense Pacific hurricanes ever recorded. The name Alma was retired in 2009 after it had become the first Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone on record to make landfall along the Pacific Coast of Central America.[23] The name Manuel was retired in 2013, after it became the first Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in mainland Mexico, redevelop over water, and become a hurricane.[24] At the 2015 hurricane committee meeting the name Odile was retired from the list of names after it became the first major hurricane to affect Baja California in 25 years.[25][26] At that same meeting, the name Isis—last used during the 2004 season—was preemptively removed from the list of names for 2016; it was deemed inappropriate to be used because of the Islamic extremist militant group which was then called by the same name.[25]
In the Central Pacific basin (between the International Date Line (180°) and 140°W), four names have been retired as of 2024.[19] Hurricanes Iwa and Iniki were retired after impacting Hawaii, while Paka and Ioke were retired after affecting various islands in Micronesia.[40]
^Israel was the designated replacement name for Ismael going into the 2001 season, but was supplanted by Ivo, and so was never used.
^Although Isis did not result in significant damage or casualties, and was not retired during the WMO's annual meeting in 2005, the organization determined in 2015 that it would retire the name, deeming its usage inappropriate in light of the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (which was commonly referred to as ISIS at that time).[25] The name was not used in 2010, making the 2004 storm the last incarnation of the name.
^Paka reached its peak intensity in the western Pacific basin, and hence its classification is considered to be a Category 5 super typhoon, not a Category 5 hurricane. In the central Pacific, Paka peaked as a tropical storm.
^ abCentral Pacific Hurricane Center. Tropical Cyclones During the Years 1900-1952 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
^Landsea, Christopher W; Dorst, Neal; Hurricane Research Division (June 1, 2014). "Subject: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 24, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
^Kohler, Joseph P, ed. (July 1960). "On The Editors Desk: Names for North Pacific Tropical Cyclones". Mariners Weather Log (Mariners Weather Log). 4 (4). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service: 107. hdl:2027/uc1.b3876059. ISSN0025-3367. OCLC648466886.
^ abcdPadgett, Gary (July 13, 2008). November 2007 First Installment (Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary). Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
^National Hurricane Operations Plan: 1980(PDF) (FCM 80-2). Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology and Supporting Research. May 1980. p. 19. Archived from the original(PDF) on November 26, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
^ ab61st IHC action items(PDF) (Report). Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology. November 29, 2007. pp. 5–7. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 13, 2004. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
^ abcRA IV Hurricane Committee (February 1, 2008). RA IV Hurricane Committee 29th Session(PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original(PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
^"It's time (June) to match for Anna...". The Daily Gleaner. Kingston, Jamaica. Reuters. June 1, 1969. p. 2. – via The Newspaper Archive (subscription required)
^ abcdLandsea, Christopher; Dorst, Neal; Free, James Lewis; Delgado, Sandy (June 20, 2014). "Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?". Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Questions. United States Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on 2024-05-24. Retrieved June 21, 2014.
^ abMinutes of the 43rd Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference. The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. p. 23.
^Hughes, Patrick E, ed. (March 1966). Eastern North Pacific Hurricanes, 1965 (Mariners Weather Log). Vol. 10. United States Environmental Science Services Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service. p. 43. hdl:2027/mdp.39015012688092. ISSN0025-3367. OCLC648466886.
^Hughes, Patrick E, ed. (March 1971). Eastern North Pacific Hurricanes, 1970 (Mariners Weather Log). Vol. 15. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service. p. 43. hdl:2027/uc1.b3876046. ISSN0025-3367. OCLC648466886.
^State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (2012). "Geography and Environment"(PDF). The State of Hawaii Data Book. p. 276. Archived from the original(PDF) on April 16, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Franklin, James L (December 26, 2002). Hurricane Kenna - 22 - 26 October 2002 (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^James L. Franklin; David P. Roberts (November 17, 2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isis(PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
^Brown, Daniel P (July 7, 2008). Tropical Storm Alma - 29-30 May 2008(PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
^Kimberlain, Todd B; Blake, Eric S; Cangialosi, John P (February 1, 2016). Hurricane Patricia(PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1982 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWSTM PR-29). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
^Tsai, Michael (July 2, 2006). "Hurricane Iwa". Honolulu Advertiser. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
^Central Pacific Hurricane Center. The 1992 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
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