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List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy
Main article:
Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend
Hrólfr Kraki spreading gold to escape the Swedes, by
Jenny Nyström
(1895).
Hi
Figure
Names in medieval languages
Historical origin
Name meaning
Relationships
Early and English Attestations
Norse Attestations
German Attestations
Hildebrand
1
Old High German
:
Hiltbrand
,
Middle High German
:
Hildebrand
,
Old Norse
:
Hildibrandr
or
Hildebrandr
,
Latin
:
Hildigerus
(
Gesta Danorum
)
Disputed.
[1]
The first element is
PGmc *hildjō-
("strife, conflict"),
[2]
and the second element "sword" or "conflagration".
[3]
Instructor and mentor of Dietrich von Bern, son of Heribrand, father of Hadubrand, uncle of Wolfhart and Alphart. In the
Hildebrandslied
, Hildebrand
1
is returning with an army to Italy when he encounters his son Hadubrand, against him he is forced to fight. In the
Jüngeres Hildebrandslied
, the fight ends in reconciliation. In the
Nibelungenlied
, he appears with Dietrich von Bern at Attila's hall and kills Kriemhild after she kills Hagen/Högni
1
.
[4]
In other epics, he leads Dietrich's men and teaches him how to be a warrior and ruler, including rescuing Dietrich from opponents.
[5]
In
Ásmundar saga kappabana
, he is the half-brother of Ásmundr, who kills him.
[6]
Tale of Wade
Gesta Danorum
,
Ásmundar saga kappabana
Hildebrandslied
,
Nibelungenlied
,
Nibelungenklage
,
Þiðreks saga
,
Dietrichs Flucht
,
Rabenschlacht
,
Alpharts Tod
,
Rosengarten zu Worms
,
Eckenlied
,
Sigenot
,
Goldemar
,
Dietrich und Fasolt
,
Laurin
,
Virginal
,
Wunderer
,
Ermenrichs Tod
,
Heldenbuch-Prosa
,
Jüngeres Hildebrandslied
Hildeburh
1
The first element is
PGmc
*hildjō- "strife, conflict",
[2]
the second one is PGmc *-
berʒō
or *-
burʒō
("helper", "assistant").
[7]
Sister of Hnæf, wife of Finn
1
. She had either been given as a peace-maker to the Frisian ruler Finn, or kidnapped by him. From that time, some twenty years should have passed when the Battle of Finnsburh starts between her husband and her brother, as one of her sons fall in the battle.
[8]
She is taken back to the Danish lands together with the Frisian royal treasure.
[9]
Beowulf
Hildeburg
2
Middle High German
:
Hildeburc
,
Old Norse
:
Hilldr
See Hildeburh
1
In
Kudrun
, she accompanies Kudrun when she is abducted by Hartmut and Ludwig. She eventually marries Hartmut. In
Biterolf und Dietleib
, Herbort relates how he abducted Hildeburg, daughter of Ludwig and sister of Hartmut. In the
Þiðreks saga
, a Hildr, who is the daughter of
King Arthur
, is abducted and married by the Herbort character.
[1]
See Hildeburh
1
Kudrun
,
Þiðreks saga
Hildeburg
3
Middle High German
:
Hildeburc
See Hildeburh
1
The wife of Hugdietrich and mother of Wolfdietrich. She is also the sister of Buðli (Botelung) in some versions. In one version, Hugdietrich's counselor Sabene
2
tries to seduce her but fails. In another, Hugdietrich must free her from the tower where she has been locked by her father, Walgunt, in order to seduce and impregnate her with Wolfdietrich.
[10]
Wolfdietrich
Hildegund
Old English
: *
Hildegȳþ
,
Old Norse
:
Hilldigundr
,
Latin
:
Hiltgunt
,
Middle High German
:
Hildegund
First element PGmc
*hildjō-
("strife, conflict"), second element from PGmc
*gunð-
("war, battle").
[11]
Lover of Walter of Aquitaine. She is a hostage at Attila's court with Walter and Hagen/Högni
1
. They escape Attila's court together and have a conflict with the Burgundians while crossing their territory.
[10]
Assumed to be the speaker in
Waldere
.
[12]
Waltharius
,
Þiðreks saga
,
Walther und Hildegund
,
Biterolf und Dietleib
Hildibrand
2
the Great
Old Norse
:
Hildibrandr inn ríki
See Hildebrand
1
.
Hildibrand
2
is the father of Helgi and receives Helgi's son Hildibrandr
1
as his foster-son to raise him among the Huns. When he receives his grandson he declares that the boy will grow up to become a hero.
[13]
Ásmundar saga kappabana
Hildibrand
3
Old Norse
:
Hildibrandr
See Hildibrand
1
.
When
Harald Wartooth
was the king of Denmark and Sweden, Hildibrand
3
was a renowned warrior and a powerful king in
Jutland
. Eventually, he settled down and had the son Hildir
2
and the daughter Hild
5
. On his deathbed he told his son to be loyal to his father's friends, and also to marry off his beautiful but arrogant sister to a far-away place, not share any land with her and not give her any warriors.
[14]
When Hildir
2
had succeeded his father, his sister approached him and had a request, but what later happened to Hildir
2
and Hildr
5
, a story named "About the Eagerness of Hildr" is unfortunately lost due to a lacuna in the manuscript of
Sögubrot
.
[15]
Sögubrot
Hildibrand
4
Old Norse
:
Hildibrandr
See Hildebrand
1
.
Hildibrand
4
was a berserker who was killed with eleven of his men by a twelve-year-old boy named
Sigurd Hart
.
[16]
Ragnarssona þáttr
,
Hálfdanar saga svarta
Hildiguðr
Old Norse
:
Hildiguðr
For the etymology, see Hildegund.
The very beautiful daughter of
Granmar
, the king of
Södermanland
and Hildr
4
. When the sea king Hjörvard
2
Wulfing visits her father for a banquet, she offers him a toast in a silver goblet to the
Wulfings
. For her sake, he renounces the pirate custom of never drinking in pairs with women, and after having conversed with her, he asks the king for her hand which is accepted. He thereby enters an alliance with her father against the Swedish king
Ingjald
.
[17]
Ynglinga saga
(37)
Hildir
1
Old Norse
:
Hildir
From an earlier
PN
*
Heldija
- with
ja
-ablaut
from PN *
heldaʀ
, which evolved into the ON word
hjaldr
("discussion", "noise", "fight").
[18]
The son of
Högni
3
, the king of
Östergötland
, and the brother of Hildr
4
. They are allies with
Granmar
, the king of
Södermanland
and Hjörvard
2
Wulfing against king
Ingjald
of Sweden.
[17]
They meet the much larger Swedish army in battle, and after having routed the warriors from
Västergötland
,
Närke
,
Fjädrundaland
and
Attundaland
, they force Ingjald to retreat. After a peace treaty, the Swedish king kills Granmar through arson and takes over Södermanland, but although, Högni and Hildir
1
make frequent raids into Södermanland killing Ingjald's men, king Högni manages to defend his kingdom as long as he lives.
[17]
Ynglinga saga
(38-39)
Hildir
2
See Hildir
1
.
When
Harald Wartooth
was the king of Denmark and Sweden, Hildibrand
3
was a renowned warrior and a powerful king in
Jutland
. Eventually, he settled down and had the son Hildir
2
and the daughter Hild
5
. On his deathbed he told his son to be loyal to his father's friends, and also to marry off his beautiful but arrogant sister to a far-away place, not share any land with her and not give her any warriors.
[14]
When Hildir
2
had succeeded his father, his sister approached him and had a request, but what later happened to Hildir
2
and Hildr
5
, a story named "About the Eagerness of Hildr" is unfortunately lost due to a lacuna in the manuscript of
Sögubrot
.
[15]
Sögubrot
Hildisvid
The name is likely the invention of the saga author.
[19]
For the first element is the genitive form of
hildr
("battle") as used in compounds,
[20]
and the second element
svið
means "a location".
[21]
The daughter of earl Rodgeir, she is abducted by Samson and bears him the children Dietmar and Ermanaric.
[22]
Þiðreks saga
Hildr
1
Old Norse
:
Hildr
,
Middle High German
:
Hilde
Possibly a historical figure from around the Baltic Sea, 4th century.
[23]
PGmc
*hildjō-
("strife, conflict")
[2]
The daughter of Högni/Hagen
2
, she is abducted by Heoden. An early version of the scene found on the picture stone Smiss I seems to show Hildr trying to mediate between the two sides, which is her role in the German versions.
[24]
In
Kudrun
, she is successful in preventing the battle and becomes the mother of Kudrun, but an earlier version is alluded to in the
Alexanderlied
of
Lamprecht
(c. 1130) in which her father Hagen
2
dies.
[25]
In the attested Norse versions, each night, Hildr resurrects the fallen warriors, so they can fight again the next day, making the battle eternal. Simek considers that the myth of the resurrected warriors is probably based on a relatively widespread Celtic tradition.
[26]
Ragnarsdrápa
,
Gesta Danorum
,
Skáldskaparmál
Kudrun
,
Dukus Horant
Hildr
2
Old Norse
:
Hildr
or
Old Norse
:
Drótt
,
Latin
:
Drot
For the etymology of Hildr, see Hildr
1
. The author of the saga has evidently replaced the unusual name Drótt ("band of warriors"
[27]
) found in his poetic source with the common name Hildr.
[28]
Hildr is the daughter of Buðli
2
, the king of Sweden, who marries her to the Hunnish king Helgi Hildibrandsson, and they have the son Hildibrand
1
(Hildigerus) who is sent to be raised by his grandfather Hildibrandr
2
. When Helgi is away, the aging king is attacked by Danes and killed by the Danish king Álfr
4
and his champion Áki
1
, and they take Hildr
2
away. Áki
1
marries Hildr
2
and they have the son Ásmundr.
[29]
Gesta Danorum
,
Ásmundar saga kappabanna
Hildr
3
, Hervor
3
Old Norse
:
Hildr
For the etymology of Hildr, see Hildr
1
In
Hervarar saga
, Hildr is the daughter of Heidrek Wolf skin and the mother of
Halfdan the Valiant
.
[30]
In
Hversu Noregr byggðist
, she is called Hervor, daughter of Heidrek.
Hervarar saga
,
Hversu Noregr byggðist
Hildr
4
Old Norse
:
Hildr
For the etymology of Hildr, see Hildr
1
The daughter of
Högni
3
, the king of
Östergötland
, and the sister of Hildir
1
. She is married to her father's ally
Granmar
, the king of
Södermanland
. When Hjörvard
2
Wulfing wants to marry their daughter Hildiguðr to seal an alliance against king
Ingjald
of Sweden, Granmar first asks for her opinion.
[31]
Ynglinga saga
(37)
Hildr
5
See Hildr
1
.
When
Harald Wartooth
was the king of Denmark and Sweden, Hildibrand
3
was a renowned warrior and a powerful king in
Jutland
. Eventually, he settled down and had the son Hildir
2
and the daughter Hild
5
. On his deathbed he told his son to be loyal to his father's friends, and also to marry off his beautiful but arrogant sister to a far-away place, not share any land with her and not give her any warriors.
[14]
When Hildir
2
had succeeded his father, his sister approached him and had a request, but what later happened to Hildir
2
and Hildr
5
, a story named "About the Eagerness of Hildr" is unfortunately lost due to a lacuna in the manuscript of
Sögubrot
.
[15]
Sögubrot
Hjalli
Old Norse
:
Hjalli
From ON
hilla
("shelf"),
[32]
or from
hjallr
("bed"),
[33]
a typical
thrall
name.
[34]
A cowardly cook at the court of Atli (
Attila
) and whose heart is cut out to present it to Gunnar as belonging to Gunnar's brother Högni. In the
Völsunga saga
, his life is spared by the intervention of Högni who can't bear to hear Hjalli's sobbing, but Hjalli's heart is cut out anyway.
[35]
Atlakvíða
,
Atlamál
,
Völsunga saga
Hjalmar
Old Norse
:
Hjálmarr
The first element
Hialmʀ
means "helmet",
[36]
while the second element -
arr
can have three different origins: *-
harjaʀ
("war chief, warrior"), *-
warjaʀ
("defender") or *-
ʒaiʀaʀ
("spear").
[37]
Hjalmar the Great-hearted was the champion of the Swedish king
Ingjald (or Yngvi
1
)
at
Uppsala
, and in love with the king's daughter Ingeborg. However, the twelve berserker sons of
Arngrim
came to Uppsala and Hjörvard
1
(or Angantyr
2
) challenged him to a duel on
Samsø
for the hand of Ingeborg. During the
holmgang
, he fought Hjörvard
1
's brother Angantyr
2
while his friend Orvar-Odd fought Hjörvard
1
and the other ten brothers protected by a silken mailcoat. The twelve berserkers were slain, but Hjalmar died from the wounds of the cursed sword
Tyrfing
that Angantyr had wielded. Dying he sings
Hjalmar's death song
. Learning that her lover is dead, Ingeborg joins him in death.
[38]
Hervarar saga
,
Orvar-Odd's saga
,
Gesta Danorum
Hjalmgunnar
Old Norse
:
Hjálmgunnarr
For the first element
hjálmr
("helmet"), see Hjalmar, and for
Gunnar
, see Gunther/Gunnar.
King Hjalmgunnar who was an old and able warrior to whom
Odin
had promised victory in his war against king Agnar
5
. However, Odin's
Valkyrie
Brynhild
killed Hjalmgunnar instead. As punishment Odin pricked her with a sleep thorn and cursed her never to be victorious again, and that she would marry. Brynhild responded with an oath that she would never marry a man who could feel fear.
[39]
[40]
In
Norna-Gests þáttr
identified as a Gothic warrior.
[41]
Sigrdrífumál
,
Helreið Brynhildar
,
Völsunga saga
,
Norna-Gests þáttr
Hjalti/Hött
Old Norse
:
Hjalti/Hǫttr
Hjalti
is a nickname from
hjalt
meaning the "boss or knob at the end of a sword's hilt", but "also the guard between the hilt and the blade".
[42]
Hǫttr
means "hood".
[43]
One of Hrólfr Kraki's champions. He is initially very cowardly, but Bodvar Bjarki cures him of his cowardice.
[44]
Hrólfr kraki
(Hróðulf), lends Hött his sword "Golden hilt" and Hött uses it to "kill" the troll that terrorizes the Danes. Bödvar Bjarki had already killed it, but left it to look alive so that Hött could "slay" it. King Hrólfr understands the ruse but keeps the secret, and names Hött Hjalti after the sword.
[45]
It is considered to be the same sword as the giant-sword "Golden Hilt" with which the hero Beowulf slays Grendel's mother in
Beowulf
.
[46]
Gesta Danorum
,
Hrólfs saga kraka
Hjördís
/Sieglinde
Middle High German
:
Sigelint
,
Old Norse
:
Hiǫrdís
or
Old Norse
:
Sisibe
(
Þiðreks saga
)
The MHG name from OHG
sigu-
("victory") and
lindi
("soft"), with a possible connection to OHG
lint
("dragon").
[47]
The name Hjördís means "sword woman" in Old Norse.
[48]
The first element of the name Sisibe is
sīsi-
, a form of
sigis
(i.e.
sigu
) that shows Romance-language influence and is found in Visigothic, Burgundian, Swabian, and West Frankish names.
[49]
Mother of Sigurd/Siegfried. In
Dietrichs Flucht
, also the sister of Ortnit. In Norse tradition, she is the daughter of king Eylimi, and she gives birth to Sigurd after his father Sigmund's death. She remarries Alf
3
, the son of king Hjalprekr of Denmark. In the
Þiðreks saga
, Sisibe is falsely accused by Sigmund's vassals Hartwin and Herman of adultery while pregnant and forced to flee and give birth to Siegfried in the woods. She places the baby in a basket, sets it in a stream, and then dies.
[47]
Skáldskaparmál
,
Völsunga saga
,
Hyndluljóð
(26),
Frá dauða Sinfjötla
,
Grípispá
,
Norna-Gests þáttr
Nibelungenlied
,
Þiðreks saga
,
Lied vom Hürnen Seyfrid
,
Heldenbuch-Prosa
.
Hjörleif, Leif
Old Norse
:
Hiǫrleifr
,
Old Norse
:
Herleifr
,
Latin
:
Herlewar
Old Norse
:
Leifr
Hjör
- is from
PN
*
heruz
("sword")
[50]
and
leifr
is from PN *
laibaʀ
("remnant", "heir").
[51]
In
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
,
Helgi Hundingsbane
asks Hjörleif if he has mustered the force, and he answers that there are 1200 warriors in Orva Sound, and more than 1800 in Hátun.
[52]
In the
Völsunga saga
, he is instead called
Leif
and gives much larger figures telling that there are 12 000 warriors in Norva Sound, and an even larger force elsewhere.
[53]
He is also mentioned among the participants in the
Battle of the Brávellir
.
[54]
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
,
Völsunga saga
(8),
Gesta Danorum
(VIII),
Sögubrot
Hjort
Old Norse
:
Hjǫrtr
,
Latin
:
Hort
The name means "hart, stag" (
red deer
).
[55]
His name has been connected to
Heorot
.
[56]
In
Sögubrot
, Hjort is a warrior fighting on Danish king
Harald Wartooth
's side at the massive
Battle of Brávellir
against the Swedish king
Sigurd Ring
. Hjort is a member of Harald's house guard and takes on the legendary giant warrior
Starkad
, but is killed.
[57]
In
Gesta Danorum
Hort arrives from the Danish royal seat
Lejre
, and is one of several warriors sequentially killed by Starkad.
[58]
Sögubrot
,
Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Hjörvard
1
Arngrimsson
Old Norse
:
Hiǫrvarðr Arngrimsson
PN
*Heruwarduz
[59]
from *
heruz
("sword")
[50]
and
*warduz
("guard, protector").
[60]
One of twelve brothers and berserkers who were the sons of Arngrim. Although only twelve they were famous and formidable, never losing battles, and kings were eager to employ them. One Yule, he (or Angangtyr) made a
bragarfull vow
to marry Ingibjörg, the daughter of the Swedish king
Ingjald (or Yngvi
1
)
or no one else. However, at
Uppsala
, the king's champion Hjálmar the Great-hearted contested this and Ingibjörg wanted him, and so Hjörvard challenged him to a duel on Samsø. During the
holmgang
, he and his brothers are killed by Hjálmar and Orvar-Odd.
[38]
Hervarar saga
,
Orvar-Odd's saga
,
Gesta Danorum
Hjörvard
2
Wulfing
Old Norse
:
Hiǫrvarðr ylfingr
See Hjörvard Arngrimsson above.
In
Ynglinga saga
, he marries Hildegunn, the daughter of king Granmar of Södermanland. Granmar appoints him his successor and together they fight a defensive war against king
Ingjald
Ill-ruler of Sweden, allied with
Högni
3
king of Östergötland. Ingjald kills both Hjorvard
2
Wulfing and Granmar on the island of
Selaön
through arson. Sögubrot says that he had a son named Hjormund who was appointed ruler of Östergötland by king
Harald Wartooth
, because Hjorvard
2
Wulfing's father had been its king.
[61]
Ynglinga saga
,
Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum
Hjörvard
3
Old Norse
:
Hiǫrvarðr
See Hjörvard
1
Hjörvard was the son of a king named Hunding who was killed by
Sigmund
's son
Helgi
, who thus earned himself the cognomen
Hundingsbane
.
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
tells that Helgi refused to give his sons compensation, and so they attacked him but were defeated.
[62]
In
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
and
II
the brothers are named Alf
2
and Eyjolf, Hjorvard
3
and Havard,
[63]
but in The
Völsunga saga
, the names Hervard
2
and Hagbard
2
appear instead of Hjörvard and Havard.
[53]
Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
adds a brother named Heming,
[64]
and the
Völsunga saga
adds yet another brother called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle.
[65]
According to the
Völsunga saga
, Hjörvard was killed together with Lyngvi while defending against
Sigurd
who wanted to avenge his father Sigmund.
[66]
Norna-Gests þáttr
tells that in the first battle against Helgi Hundingsbane, Eyjolf, Hervard and Hjörvard were slain, but Lyngvi, Alf and Heming escaped to be killed later in battle against Sigurd.
[67]
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
,
Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
,
Völsunga saga
,
Norna-Gests þáttr
Hjörvard
4
Old Norse
:
Hiǫrvarðr
See Hjörvard
1
In
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
, Hjörvard is a king in Norway who had four wives. With Alfhild
2
he had son named Hedin, with Særeid a son named Humlung, and with Sinriód a son named Hymling. He wanted his fourth wife to be the most beautiful woman and it was Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland. He sent Atli, the son of his jarl Ithmund, to negotiate with Svafnir, but Franmar, the girl's foster-father advised against it. Franmar had previously appeared to Atli in the form of a bird demanding and exorbitant price for her. Hjörvard and Atli ride to Svavaland and find it being invaded and pillaged by Sigrlinn's second suitor Hrothmar who has already killed Svafnir. They find the house where Franmar has hidden Sigrlinn and his daughter Álof
1
, and where he is magically protecting them in the form of an eagle. Atli kills him and then Atli marries Álof
1
and Hjörvard marries Sigrlinn with whom he has the son Helgi Hjörvardsson, the hero of
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
.
[68]
[69]
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Hlaðguðr svanhvít
Old Norse
:
Hlaðguðr svanhvít
First name "weaver of battle" from ON
hlaða
("to weave") and
guðr
("battle).
Jan de Vries
instead suggested that the first element meant "headdress". The second name means "swan-white".
[70]
A
valkyrie
and
swan maiden
, wife of Slagfidr.
Völundarkviða
.
Hljod
Old Norse
:
Hljóð
The name means "sound" or "hearing",
[71]
from PGmc *
χleuþan
.
[72]
A Valkyrie and the daughter of the giant
Hrímnir
. When the Hunnish king
Rerir
and his queen were unable to conceive,
Odin
and
Frigg
heard their prayer and sent an apple with Hjlod in the shape of a crow to Rerir. The queen became pregnant with Völsung, but he stayed in her womb for six years until his mother asked to have him cut out of her. Völsung grew to be big and strong and when he was a grown man Hrímnir sent his to daughter to him to be his wife. They had 10 children and among them the twins
Sigmund
and
Signy
.
[73]
[74]
Völsunga saga
.
Hlöd
Old Norse
:
Hlǫðr
, possibly
Old English
:
Hliþe
.
[75]
Unknown, possibly a historical figure from modern Ukraine.
[75]
The name means "destroyer, vanquisher", to compare with his opponent
Heiðrekr
that means "king of the heathlands (
the steppe
)".
[76]
King Heidrek of the Goths kidnaps the Hunnish princess
Sifka
whom he rapes then sends back pregnant with Hlöd, to be raised by Sifka's father Humli.
[77]
When Heidrek dies, Hlöd visits his half-brother Angantýr
1
to claim half of the Gothic kingdom. According to Germanic tradition, he is offered a third of the kingdom,
[78]
which he refuses. His Hunnish grandfather Humli declares a large-scale invasion.
[79]
In the first battle Hlöd's half-sister Hervor
1
is killed, but in the end his half-brother Angantýr wins the war and both Hlöd and Humli are killed.
[80]
Possibly in
Widsith
.
[75]
Hervarar saga
Hlodvard's sons
Old Norse
:
Hlǫðvarðs synir
Hlǫðr
means "murderer, killer",
[81]
while
varðr
is from
*warduz
("guard, protector").
[60]
In
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
, Hrimgerth brags that she had drowned Hlodvard's sons. Nothing else has survived about those characters.
[82]
[83]
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Hlodver
Old Norse
:
Hlǫðvér
The name refers to kings of the
Franks
.
[82]
Derived from Frankish
Chlodowich
, which meant "glorious fighter".
[84]
The first element of the Frankish form is derived from PGmc *
χluđaz
("famous"),
[85]
but in the Norse form the first element is not the same,
[84]
see
Hlöd
, above. The second element of the Norse form, -
vér
, is either from PGmc *
wīhaz
, probably meaning "priest", or an
agent noun
of a verb cognate with Gothic
weihan
("fight"), and would thus mean "fighter".
[86]
He is mentioned in
Guðrúnarkviða II
in a subordinate role. Hollander comments that as the Franks were neighbours with the Burgundians they may be referred to as their vassals.
[87]
Guðrúnarkviða II
,
Völundarkviða
,
Norna-Gests þáttr
Hnæf
Old English
:
Hnæf
Possibly originally a historical person, but absent from Danish sources.
[88]
Possibly from ON
hnefi
, Old Swedish
næfve
("fist").
[89]
King of the Danes, brother-in-law of Finn
1
. Hnæf was invited to his Frisian brother-in-law Finn with 60 other Danes. In the morning, they are attacked in the Frisian hall and they defend themselves for five days without losses, but eventually Hnæf is slain. Finn has so few men left that he is unable to continue the attack, so he has to agree on peace with Hnæf's successor Hengest.
[8]
The legend of Hnæf and his father Hoc was so widespread that they were included in an 8th c. Alemannic ducal line.
[90]
Finnsburg Fragment
,
Beowulf
,
Widsith
(29),
Gesta Hludowici imperatoris
Hniflungr (Aldrian
2
)
Old Norse
:
Hniflungr
or
Old Norse
:
Niflungr
;
Old Norse
:
Aldrian
For Aldrian, see Aldrian
1
"Hniflungr" means "small nail" and is probably derived from
hnefi
(see Hnæf).
[91]
[92]
The son of Hagen/Högni
1
. He takes revenge on Attila for the death of his father.
[93]
Atlamál
,
Völsunga saga
Þiðreks saga
Hoc
Old English
:
Hōc
,
Middle High German
:
Hûc
The name is from *
χōkaz
("hook").
[94]
The father of Hnæf and Hildeburh in
Beowulf
. He is briefly referenced as a Danish king in medieval German epic.
[95]
The legend of Hoc and his son Hnæf was so widespread that they were included in an 8th c. Alemannic ducal line.
[90]
Beowulf
,
Widsith
(29),
Gesta Hludowici imperatoris
Biterolf und Dietleib
,
Eckenlied
,
Heldenbuch-Prosa
Höfund
Old Norse
:
Hǫfundr
The name means "author" or "judge", from
hefja
("heave"
[96]
) and the suffix -
undr
,
[97]
which is a
present participle
in a construction comparable to the Gothic
nēhwundja
("neighbour").
[98]
He is the good-hearted son of Gudmund of Glæsisvellir, and his trusted advisor. After a visit by the shieldmaiden Hervor
2
during which she kills one of their courtiers, Höfund decides with his father that she should be his future wife. She accepts the proposal and they have the children Heidrek and Angantyr
3
. When he is king, his ill-natured son Heidrek unintentionally kills his own brother, at a feast, and so Höfund has to banish his own son from his kingdom.
[99]
Hervarar saga
Högni
3
Old Norse
:
Hǫgni
Disputed, possibly based on PGmc
*hag-
"hedge", a proposed PGmc
*haganaz
(breeding animal/boar), or related to ON
hagr
("service").
[100]
Hag-
also means "fenced area" so it may mean "protector".
[101]
According to
Ynglinga saga
, king of
Östergötland
. He was allied to king Granmar of Södermanland who had married his daughter Hildr. They fought a defensive war against the Swedish king
Ingjald
Ill-ruler, and after Ingjald had killed Granmar through arson, Högni kept defending Östergötland, together with his son Hilder, until his death .
[61]
Sögubrot tells that
Harald Wartooth
appointed Hjörvard
2
Wulfing's son Hjörmund as the ruler of Östergötland which had belonged to Hjörvard
2
Wulfing's father and to Granmar.
[61]
According to the Völsunga saga and the Helgi lays, Högni is the father of Sigrún who is betrothed to Granmar's son Hothbrodd, but coveted by Helgi Hundingsbane who starts a war against Granmar's sons.
[102]
Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
also adds the sons Bragi and Dag, and the latter would avenge his father by sacrificing to Odin and kill Helgi at a location named
Fjoturlund
.
[103]
Ynglinga saga
,
Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum
,
Völsunga saga
,
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
,
Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
.
Holen
Old English
:
Holen
The name may mean "protector", based on
helan
("protect") and
geholen
("protector"). His name has been interpreted as "holly", but that would not have been a suitable name for a king.
[104]
Appears in
Widsith
, line 33, as a king of the Wrosnan. He is otherwise unknown.
[104]
Widsith
Hondscioh
Old Norse
:
Hondscioh
Hondscioh
is a
Hapax legomenon
in
Old English
that only appears in line 2076 in
Beowulf
. The name means "glove", cf.
Continental Scandinavian
handske
,
Modern Icelandic
hanzki
,
Old High German
hantscuoh
, and
Middle Dutch
hantscoe
.
[105]
Hondscioh is one of the Geatish warriors who follow Beowulf to king
Hrothgar
, and when Grendel arrives at Heorot he devours Hondscioh whole.
[106]
Beowulf
Hord
Old Norse
:
Hǫrðr
The name means "hard", or a man from
Hordaland
,
[107]
or it means "forest", and is the same word as in
Hordaland
and
Harudes
,
[108]
see also
Hæreð
.
In
Sögubrot
, Hord is the foster-father of
Ivar Vidfamne
. During the voyage when Ivar wants to recuperate his escaped daughter
Auðr
from
Ráðbarðr
, the king of
Gardariki
, Ivar has a dream and asks his foster-father about its meaning. Hord answers that various people he has dreamt of represent Norse gods,
Halfdan the Valiant
was
Baldr
,
Hrœrekr
was
Hœnir
,
Helgi
was
Hermóðr
,
Guðröðr
was
Heimdallr
and finally he answers that Ivar himself is the
Midgard Serpent
. Ivar attacks him and Hord jumps into the sea, but Ivar jumps after him and both disappear.
[109]
Sögubrot
Hornboge
Middle High German
:
Hornboge
,
Old Norse
:
Hornbogi
The name means "hornbow" and, by extension, "bowman" in MHG.
[110]
In German sources, one of Attila's vassals and a leader of the Wallachians/Vlachs. In the
Þiðreks saga
, he is a Wend and one of Dietrich's men.
[111]
Nibelungenlied
,
Nibelungenklage
,
Þiðreks saga
,
Biterolf und Dietleib
Hothbrodd
Old Norse
:
Hǫðbroddr
,
Latin
:
Hothbroddus
Several scholars suggest that he is a memory of the
Heaðobards
,
[112]
[113]
but
Wessén
notes that this is contradicted by -
broddr
instead of -
barðr
.
[114]
The first element is from *
haþu
- ("battle")
[101]
and the second from
broddr
("spike"),
[101]
from PGmc *
bruzđaz
("spike").
[115]
In the Helgi lays and in
Völsunga saga
, he is the son of
Granmar
,
[116]
[117]
but while the Helgi lays name his brother Gudmund
2
,
[116]
he has erroneously been renamed Granmar in the
Völsunga saga
,
[118]
or it is his father Granmar who takes his place,
[119]
and the lays have also added the hero
Starkad
as a third son.
[120]
In the saga and the lays, Hothbrodd had been betrothed to the
Valkyrie
Sigrún
, the daughter of
Högni
3
, but Sigrún told
Helgi Hundingsbane
that she would rather marry him instead. Helgi wages war on Hothbrodd and his brothers and kills them, after which he marries Sigrún.
[116]
[117]
In the Danish
Gesta Danorum
, he was a Swedish king who killed Roe (
Hrothgar
), but who was in turn killed by Roe's brother Helgi (
Halga
), who could add the epithet "Hothbrodd's-bane" to "Hundingsbane".
[121]
It also adds that Hothbrodd was the son of the Swedish king Regnerus (Ragnar), and the father of Adislus (
Eadgils
) and
Hotherus
(
Ohthere
).
[122]
He is also mentioned in
Gesta Danorum
as a participant in the
Battle of Brávellir
.
[54]
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
,
Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
,
Völsunga saga
,
Gesta Danorum
,
Chronicon Lethrense
and the
included Annales Lundenses
Hrethel
Old English
:
Hrēðel
Beowulf
is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.
[123]
[124]
Hrēðel
is either
PN
*
Hrōþilaz
or *
Hrōþila
which are derived with the diminutive suffixes -*
ilaz
and -*
ilan
from names with
*Hrōþi
- such as
*Hrōþigaizaz
,
*Hrōþiharjaz
or
*Hrōþiwarjaz
,
[125]
for their meanings see
Hrothgar
below.
King of the Geats and the father of
Hygelac
,
Herebeald
,
Hæþcyn
and an unnamed daughter who married
Ecgþēow
, Beowulf's father. He died from grief when his son Hæþcyn accidentally killed Herebeald with an arrow. He was succeeded by Hygelac.
[126]
Beowulf
Hreðric
Old English
:
Hrēðrīk
,
Latin
:
Røricus
,
Old Norse
:
Hrærekr
,
Old Norse
:
Rørik
The first element
Hrōð
- is from
PN
*
hrōþi
- meaning "fame",
[127]
and the second element is from PN *
rīkia
- ("powerful", "prominent", "rich") or from *
rīkaz
("ruler").
[128]
In
Beowulf
Hreðrik and Hroðmund are the sons of king
Hrothgar
. Only Hreðrik survives in Scandinavian tradition and he appears as Røricus in
Gesta Danorum
and as
Bøki avari
("Rørik son of the avaricious Bøk") in
Bjarkamál
, and where the father's name can be explained as a misinterpretation of his epithet in ON,
hnøggvanbaugi
("ring stingy"). This epithet survives in
Langfeðgatal
where a Skjöldung (Scylding) named Hrærekr hnøggvanbaugi is the successor of Hrólfr kraki (Hroðulf),
[129]
who in other sources is also called
Ringslinger
.
[130]
In
Gesta Danorum
, the early ringslinger is the son of the Swedish king
Höðr
(who took over Denmark and Sweden after the death of Hiartvar (
Heoroweard
), and who is the maternal grandfather of
Amleth
.
[131]
The
Skjöldunga saga
and
Bjarkarímur
tell of ringslinger in the same context, who is the son of
Ingeld
and kill Roar (
Hrothgar
) and after Hrólf's death (and Hiartwar/Heoroweard's), he rules with Hrólf's son. There is an account where he throws a ring into the sea (Svíagriss), but in
Holfs saga kraka
, he is renamed
Hrók
.
[132]
Beowulf
Gesta Danorum
,
Bjarkamál
,
Bjarkarímur
,
Langfeðgatal
,
Skjöldunga saga
Hreiðmarr
Old Norse
:
Hreiðmarr
The meaning of the first element
hreiðr
is contested, but it may be mean "home" and be derived from the meaning "bird's nest".
[133]
The second element
marr
is from PN *
māriʀ
("excellent").
[134]
A shape-shifter with three sons who are also shape-shifters,
Fafnir
,
Regin
and
Ótr
, and the daughters Lyngheid and Lofnheid (the daughters are only in
Reginsmál
). When Ótr ("Otter") has been killed by
Loki
in company with
Odin
and
Hönir
, Hreidmar wants as compensation the cursed hoard of gold (including the cursed ring
Andvaranaut
) that is guarded by the dwarf
Andvari
. Soon Hreidmar is killed by Fafnir who is greedy for the gold and turns himself into a dragon to guard it. Regin who wants both the gold and revenge becomes
Sigurd
's foster-father and eventually persuades him to kill Fafnir.
[135]
[136]
[137]
Reginsmál
,
Völsunga saga
,
Norna-Gests þáttr
Hrimgerth
Old Norse
:
Hrímgerðr
Hrímr
means "hoarfrost",
[138]
while
gerðr
is derived from
garðr
, a fenced-in area.
[139]
In
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
, Hrimgerth was the daughter of Hati, a
giant
who was killed by its hero Helgi Hjörvarðsson, at a fjord named after the giant. Hrímgerth was upset and started a raunchy
flyting
contest with Helgi and his companion Atli
2
that ended with Hrimgreth being caught by sunrise and turning to stone.
[140]
[141]
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Hrimnir
Old Norse
:
Hrímnir
Hrímr
means "hoarfrost".
[138]
Hrímnir is a
giant
. In
Hyndluljóð
(32), he is the father of
Heiðr
and Hrossþjófr. In
Gríms saga loðinkinna
, he is married to the giantess Hyrja and the father of Feima and Kleima. In the
Völsunga saga
, he is the father of the
Valkyrie
Hljod
. When the Hunnish king
Rerir
and his queen were unable to conceive,
Odin
and
Frigg
heard their prayer and sent an apple with the Valkyrie Hljod in the shape of a crow to Rerir. The queen became pregnant with
Völsung
, but he stayed in her womb for six years until his mother asked to have him cut out of her. Völsung grew to be big and strong and when he was a grown man, Hrímnir sent his daughter Hljod to him to be his wife.
[73]
[74]
Völsunga saga
,
Prose Edda
(
Þulur
),
Gríms saga loðinkinna
,
Skírnismál
(28),
Hyndluljóð
(32)
Hringr
1
Old Norse
:
Hringr
The name is derived from PN *
hrengaz
("ring").
[138]
A king who is allied with the kings
Högni
3
and
Granmar
. Before the impending battle with
Helgi Hundingsbane
,
Hothbrodd
asks the messengers to send for Hring's sons Atli
2
, Yngvi
2
and Alfr
6
the Hoary.
[142]
Elias Wessén
agrees with
Sophus Bugge
's identification of Hring as the Swedish king
Sigurd Ring
, and considers Atli
2
, Yngvi
2
and Alfr
6
to be the same men as Áli, Yngvi and Alf of the Swedish
Yngling
dynasty who are counted among the warriors in the
Battle of the Brávellir
.
[143]
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
Hringr
2
Old Norse
:
Hringr
See Hringr
1
A king in Norway and the grandfather of Bodvar Bjarki.
Hrolfs saga kraka
Hroðmund
Old English
:
Hrōðmund
,
Old Norse
:
Hrómundr harði
?
The first element
Hrōð
- is from
PN
*
hrōþi
- meaning "fame",
[127]
and
mund
is from PN *
munduz
, meaning "protection".
[144]
In
Beowulf
Hreðrik and Hroðmund are the sons of king
Hrothgar
. The only survival of him in Scandinavian tradition may be the mentioning of Hrómundr harði as the first of Hrólfr kraki's champions in
Hrólfs saga kraka
.
[129]
Beowulf
Possibly
Hrólfs saga kraka
Hroald Toe
Old Norse
:
Hróaldr tá
,
Latin
:
Rolder
The first element
Hró
- is from
Hróðr
meaning "fame", from
PN
*
hrōþiʀ
("fame").
[145]
The second element -
aldr
is from
valdr
meaning "ruler", from PGmc *
waldaz
.
[146]
He appears at the massive
Battle of Brávellir
as one of the Swedish king
Sigurd Ring
's warriors in the battle against the Danish king
Harald Wartooth
. He was one of the archers sent from
Telemark
, and the Swedes expected little from these archers that they held to be slow speaking drawlers.
[147]
During the battle, Ubbi, on the Danish side, cleared a path in his wake with one sword in each hand and blood up to his shoulders. Having killed six champions and wounded 11, he went straight for the archers, so Hroald and Hadd shot 24 arrows in chest and killed him, which took a while.
[148]
In
Gesta Danorum
, the archers are described a brave but humble.
[149]
Seeing Ubbi having killed 25 champions and wounded 11 among the Swedes and the Geats, Haddir, Roald and Grettir stopped the massacre by showering the warrior with arrows and he died having been riddled with 144 arrows, an event that turned the battle against the Danes.
[149]
Sögubrot
,
Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Hrœrekr Ringslinger
Old Norse
:
Hrœrekr slöngvanbaugi
,
Old Norse
:
Rørik Slængeborræ
May be based on Hreðric in
Beowulf
.
[150]
For the meaning of
Hrœrekr
, see
Hreðric
above. The epithet means "ringslinger".
[151]
The accounts vary greatly.
Sögubrot
tells of a Hrœrekr who married
Auðr the Deep-Minded
, although it was his brother
Helgi
and Auðr who wanted each other, a situation connived by Auð's father
Ivar Vidfamne
. Hrœrekr and Auðr had the son
Harald Wartooth
, whose son was named Hrœrekr Ringslinger.
[152]
In
Njáls saga
,
Hversu
and
Hyndluljóð
, it was instead the first Hrœrekr, Harald Wartooth's father, who was called Hrœrekr Ringslinger.
[153]
This first Hrœrekr (Ringslinger) was tricked by his father-in-law Ivar to believe that Auðr and Helgi were unfaithful and killed his brother. Ivar then took advantage of the situation and killed Hrœrekr, which caused Auðr to flee with her son Harald Wartooth to
Ráðbarðr
in
Gardariki
.
[154]
Langfeðgatal
mentions this late Ringslinger, but also an earlier (
Beowulf
era) Hrærekr hnøggvanbaugi ("ring stingy") who in other sources is also called
Ringslinger
,
[130]
see
Hreðrik
.
Sögubrot
,
Njáls saga
,
Hversu Noregr byggðist
,
Hyndluljóð
Hrok
Old Norse
:
Hrókr
Appears to be based on the other legendary character Hrœrekr Ringslinger.
[132]
The name means "
shag
".
[155]
[156]
The son of Saevil and Signy
3
. He demands a precious ring from his uncle Hroar (Hrothgar), but then throws it into the sea when he cannot have it. Hroar cuts off his foot, and Hrok kills him and usurps his kingdom. He is badly beaten by his uncle Helgi (Halga) after that.
[157]
Hrólfs saga kraka
Hrólfr Gautreksson
Old Norse
:
Hrólfr Gautreksson
,
Hrólfr inn gamli
The name
Hrólfr
is from
PN
*Hrōþiwulfaz
, meaning "fame wolf"
[127]
Hrólf is the son of the Geatish king
Gautrek
, and his second wife Ingibjorg, the daughter of Thorir, a chieftain in
Sogn
.
[158]
Hrólf has an older brother, Ketil, but everyone, even the brother, agrees that Hrólf should succeed their father.
[159]
His first adventure is wooing Þornbjorg, the daughter of the Swedish king
Eric
, who is a
shield-maiden
. He wins her after having fought against her.
[160]
The second adventure is helping Ketill marry Alof, the daughter of the Russian king Harald.
[161]
The third and most dangerous adventure is in Ireland helping his blood-brother Ásmund marry the daughter of the king of Ireland.
[162]
Hrólf ruled for a very long time and became an old man.
[163]
He is mentioned in
Hyndluljóð
as Hrolf the Old, together with his housecarls Thorir Iron-Shield, Grim the Hardy, Gunnar Midwall, Ulf the Gaping, Brodd and Harvi, of whom the first two also appear in
Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
.
[164]
Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar
,
Hyndluljóð
Hrólfr Kraki
Old Norse
:
Hrólfr Kraki
,
Old English
:
Hrōðulf
,
Old English
:
Hrōðwulf
,
Latin
:
Rolfo Krake
or
Roluo Krake
No historical origin has been identified, but Hrolfr's career is probably based on competition between the Danes, Swedes, and other Germanic peoples in the sixth century.
[165]
For the meaning of
Hrólfr
, see
Hrólfr Gautreksson
, above. His epithet
kraki
means "rod" or "pole".
[166]
A Danish king of the Scylding dynasty, the nephew of Hrothgar, and the son of King Helgi and his daughter Yrsa. After Helgi dies in battle, the Swedish king Eadgils marries Yrsa and then asks Hrolfr for help against Àli/Onela, and Hrolfr fights for him the Battle on the Ice (In
Beowulf
done by Geats). He visits Eadgils in Uppsala, but flees with his gold and spreads the stolen gold behind himself to escape. In Danish sources he conquers Sweden giving to Hereoweard, as fief. He is finally betrayed by Heoroweard, but Vögg avenges him.
[167]
[168]
Beowulf
,
Widsith
(lines 45–49)
Chronicon Lethrense
and
Annales Lundenses
,
Gesta danorum
,
Hrólfs saga kraka
,
Landnámabók
,
Ynglinga saga
,
Skáldskaparmál
,
Skjöldunga saga
,
Gróttasöngr
(Yrsa's son),
Gautrek's saga
Hrólfr the Marksman/Bowman/Swift-handed
Old Norse
:
Hrólfr Skjótandi
The name is probably not authentic.
[169]
See above.
One of Hrólfr kraki's champions.
[169]
He is mentioned in one of the few surviving stanzas from
Bjarkamál
that were recited at dawn before the
Battle of Stiklestad
, and they concern the last battle of Hrólfr kraki and the Skjöldungs:
Hárr the Hard-gripper,/Hrólfr the Marksman,/Noble-born warriors/Who never will flee!/Not for wine do I wake you /Nor for women's lore,/Nay, I wake you for warfare,/The hard battle-play.
[170]
He also appears in the last battle in
Hrólfs saga kraka
, but his companion Hárr has been replaced by Hrómundr harði, Svipdag
2
and Beigaðr and Hvítserkr
1
, Haklangr, Harðrefill, Haki
2
, Vǫtt, Storolfr, Hjalti and Bödvar Bjarki.
[171]
Hrólfs saga kraka
,
Bjarkamál
Hrollaugr
Old Norse
:
Hrollaugr
From
hróðr
and
laugr
with assimilation of -
ðl
- into -
ll
-.
[172]
Hróðr
means "fame" from
PN
*
hrōðiʀ
[173]
and
laugr
means "promised to" or "initiated to" from PGmc -*
lauʒ
, related to Gothic
liugan
"give a sacred vow" or "to marry".
[174]
The king of
Garðar
(
Rus'
). The R version and the HU versions give different accounts on his interaction with Heidrek. No names appear in the R version, but in the HU versions he is called
Hrollaugr
, his son is named
Herlaug
, and his daughter is called
Hergerd
. Only the U version names his queen,
Herborg
.
[175]
Hervarar saga
Hromund Gripsson
Old Norse
:
Hróðmundr Gripsson
See
Hroðmund
above.
There was an early 12th c. saga, about Hromund Gripson that has been lost but which was preserved in a late medieval rhyme called
Griplur
, which was rewritten in the 17th c. as a saga. Enough has been preserved in
Þorgils saga ok hafliða
for scholars to retrieve parts of the original legend. It was about king Ólafr and his men including Hrómundr, a battle in the
Gothenburg archipelago
(
Elfarsker
) between Hrǫgviðr and the king, in which Hrómundr kills the former. During a Viking raid led by Ólafr, Hrómundr breaks into a barrow and kills its inhabitant Þráinn and takes the treasure and a sword. It may also have contained Hrómundr being accused of seducing the king's sister Svanhvit, a fight against Hrǫgvið's brother
Helgi Haddingjaskati
and two kings. Hrómundr is wounded but they win the battle, after which Hrómundr marries the princess.
[176]
Þorgils saga ok hafliða
,
Hrómundar saga Gripssonar
Hrothgar
Old English
:
Hrōðgār
,
Old Norse
:
Hróarr
,
Latin
:
Roas
or
Roe
Beowulf
is generally considered to be based on historic people and events.
[123]
[124]
Hrothgar probably has his origin in a king may have ruled around 500.
[165]
AS
Hrothgar
is derived from
*Hrōþi-gaizaz
, meaning "fame spear",
[177]
while ON
Hróarr
and
Roar
are derived from a cluster of related names in Proto-Norse:
[178]
*Hrōþi-gaizaz
, meaning "fame spear",
[177]
*Hrōþi-harjaz
, meaning "fame warrior",
[179]
and
*Hrōþi-warjaz
meaning "fame protector".
[180]
Hrothgar was a Scylding king who was the son of
Healfdene
. He had the brother
Heorogar
and through him the nephew
Heoroweard
, and the brother
Halga
and through him the nephew
Hroðulf
. He may also have had an unnamed sister who was married to the Swedish king
Onela
. He was married to
Wealþeow
with whom he had the sons
Hreðric
and
Hroðmund
and the daughter
Freawaru
.
[181]
He is not as prominent in surviving Scandinavian sources as he is in
Beowulf
.
[182]
Beowulf
,
Widsith
Chronicon Lethrense
and
Annales Lundenses
,
Gesta danorum
,
Hrólfs saga kraka
,
Skjöldunga saga
,
Bjarkarímur
,
Hversu
Hrothmar
Old Norse
:
Hróðmarr
The first element
Hróð
- means "fame" from
PN
*
hrōðiʀ
[173]
and -
marr
means "excellent", "commendable".
[134]
A king who wanted the most beautiful woman Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Sváfnir of
Svávaland
. He invaded Svávaland and killed king Sváfnir, but he could not find Sigrlinn who was instead found and married by king Hjörvard. Sigrlinn and Hjörvard would have the son Helgi Hjörvardsson who would avenge his maternal grandfather by killing Hrothmar. Helgi would in turn be killed by Hrothmar's son Alf
7
, and the lay
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
ends with Helgi's brother Hethin preparing to kill Alf
7
in turn.
[68]
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
Hugdietrich
1
Latin
:
Hug Theodoricus
,
Middle High German
:
Hugdietrîch
Possibly a Merovingian king such as
Theuderic I
or
Clovis
.
[183]
[184]
Hūg-,
possibly meaning "high", is a name applied to the
Salian Franks
: thus Hugdietrich might mean "Frankish Dietrich."
[185]
Father of Wolfdietrich, ancestor of Dietrich von Bern. Different versions of
Wolfdietrich
portray him as being betrayed by his counsellor Sabene, wooing a bride from an unwilling father, or in conflict with Ortnit.
[95]
Wolfdietrich
,
Dietrichs Flucht
,
Heldenbuch-Prosa
Hugdietrich
2
Middle High German
:
Hugdietrîch
In
Wolfdietrich
D, the son of Wolfdietrich who is brought up by Heribrand. In
Dietrichs Flucht
he marries Sigeminne von Frankreich and has a son named Amelung.
[184]
Wolfdietrich
,
Dietrichs Flucht
Huld
Old Norse
:
Hulð
or
Huld
The name is from PGmc *
χuldōn
meaning "hiding, secrecy".
[186]
Snorri tells in
Ynglinga saga
that one winter
Vanlandi
, the king of Sweden, stayed with
Snær
("snow") in
Lappland
and his daughter Drífa. He married her promising to return for her after three years. However, after ten years he had still not returned. Humiliated Drífa
1
sent their son
Vísburr
to
Uppsala
(where the Swedish king resided) accompanied by a witch named Huld, whom she had paid to transport Vanlandi to Lappland with magic, or kill him. The magic caused Vanlandi to want to go Lappland, but his advisors made him stay. Instead Huld had him
hag ridden
to death.
[187]
When Vanlandi's son Vísburr was king, he rejected his first wife and she went to her father with their sons Gísl and Ǫndurr. He married another woman and had the son Dómaldi with her. When his rejected sons were 12 and 13, they came to him to claim their mother's gold necklace, but their father refused. Gísl and Ǫndurr contacted Huld who promised to help them kill their father by casting a curse on him, but warned that doing so she would curse the
Yngling
dynasty with kinslaying. The two boys did not heed the warning but set their father's hall on fire one night and burnt him to death with his retinue.
[188]
Huld also had a legendary saga of her own which is mentioned in
Sturlunga saga
, *
Huldar saga
,
[189]
but it only exists in two reconstructed versions (
Sagan af Huld drottningu hinni ríku
) of which the youngest manuscript is from the 18th c.
[190]
Ynglinga saga
(13 and 14),
Sturlunga saga
Hulvid
Old Norse
:
Hulvíðr
The first element
Hul-
may be
Holm
-
[191]
which means "small island",
[192]
while the last element is -
víðr
, from PN *
wiðu-
meaning "trees" or "forest".
[193]
The names of the three brothers
Hulvíðr
,
Gautvíðr
and
Fólkvíðr
agree with Swedish naming traditions.
[191]
According to the
Ynglinga saga
, Hulvíðr, Gautvíðr and Fólkvíðr were the sons of Svipdag
4
the Blind, the king of Sweden's representative while away from
Uppsala
. When
Ingjald
ill-ruler invited several neighbouring petty kings to a feast at his hall, it was Folkvid and Hulvid who barred the doors of the hall and set it ablaze, as previously ordered by the king.
[194]
[195]
Together with his brother Gautvid, and their father Svipdag, Hulvid fell in battle against
Granmar
of
Södermanland
and his ally Hjörvard
2
Wulfing.
[196]
Ynglinga saga
Humli
Old Norse
:
Humli
,
Latin
:
Hulmul
,
Latin
:
Humblus
*
Humli
is a reconstructed word for "hind". ON
humula
-, or *
humala
- meant "hornless" and referred especially to hinds, and
Jordanes
stressed the importance of the hind (
cerva
) in Gothic mythology. Consequently, Humli of the Huns may have originated in a Gothic expression that meant "protector (king) of the Huns".
[197]
King of the Huns. His daughter Sifka is captured and raped by Heidrek, and then sent back pregnant with Hlöd, whom Humli raises.
[77]
When Heidrek has been killed by his slaves, Humli tells Hlöd to claim his inheritance from his brother Angantýr
1
.
[198]
Hlöd does not accept receiving only a third of the inheritance, and Humli resolves to invade the Gothic lands,
[199]
but after an epic battle, both he and Hlöd are slain.
[200]
He is also mentioned in Jordanes'
Getica
(
Hulmul
) and as a Danish king in
Gesta Danorum
.
[201]
Getica
Hervarar saga
,
Gesta Danorum
Humlung
Old Norse
:
Humlungr
The name is a doublet of
Hymlingr
.
[202]
Humall
(
humla
-) means "hops",
[203]
but there is also
Humli
which was the name of legendary Hunnish king and the etymology of his name may be based on Gothic mythology (see above).
[197]
The suffix -
ingr
/
ungr
could mean "descendant" or "person associated with".
[204]
In
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
, Humlung is one of four sons of Hjörvard
4
, a king in Norway. With Alfhild
2
he had son named Hedin, with Særeid a son named Humlung, and with Sinriód a son named Hymling.
Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
deals with how he won his fourth wife, Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland, and the story of their son Helgi Hjörvarðsson.
[205]
[69]
Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
Hun
Old Norse
:
Húnn
,
Old English
:
Hūn
Latin
:
Hun
Húnn
means "child" or "bear cub",
[206]
"giant", or "the high one", i.e. "king".
[207]
Hun appears at the massive
Battle of Brávellir
as one of the Danish king
Harald Wartooth
's warriors in his battle against the Swedish king
Sigurd Ring
. Hun is the first champion on the Danish side that
Starkad
attacks and quickly kills. Hun's friend Ella wants to avenge his friend and takes on the giant warrior, only to be killed as well.
[148]
Gesta Danorum
only mentions him in a list of warriors sequentially killed by Starkad before he cuts off the hand of the shield-maiden Visna.
[208]
He may be the same as the sea-king Húnn who appears in
Skáldskaparmál
,
[209]
[207]
and as Hūn, the king of the
Hætwere
in
Widsith
.
[207]
Widsith
Skáldskaparmál
,
Sögubrot
,
Gesta Danorum (VIII)
Hunding
Old Norse
:
Hundingr
The name means "descendant of a dog" in Old Norse.
[210]
Hunding was a powerful king who was killed by
Sigmund
's son Helgi, who thus earned himself the cognomen
Hundingsbane
, and
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
adds that Helgi was only 15 years old. The lay tells that he refused to give his sons compensation, and so they attacked him but were defeated and killed.
[62]
The
Völsunga saga
names them Alf
2
and Eyjolf, Hervard
2
and Hagbard
2
,
[53]
but
Helgakviða Hundingsbana
I and II call them Alf
2
and Eyjolf, Hjorvard
3
and Havarth.
[63]
Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
adds a son named Heming,
[64]
and the
Völsunga saga
adds yet another son called king Lyngvi who killed Sigmund in battle.
[65]
Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
adds the backstory that Hunding was the king of Hundland, and that Helgi had been sent to be raised by a man named Hagal. As Hunding was at war with Sigmund, Helgi went to Hunding's hall to spy but met Heming, one of Hunding's sons, and called himself Hamal (the name of Hagal's son). Suspicious Hunding sent men, led by a man named Blind, to Hagal to search for Helgi but he escaped dressed as a female servant. Helgi went to a warship and after that he killed Hunding.
[64]
The second lay adds that when Helgi met Hunding at Valhalla, he humiliated him by having him do menial chores.
[211]
Finch identifies him with a Norwegian king from
Flateyjarbók
, and a son of a Saxon king Syrik in
Gesta Danorum
.
[212]
Helgakviða Hundingsbana I
,
Helgakviða Hundingsbana II
,
Völsunga saga
,
Skáldskaparmál
,
Norna-Gests þáttr
Hundingus
Latin
:
Hundingus
Probably based on the tradition of the Swedish king
Fjölnir
.
[213]
See Hunding, above.
In
Gesta Danorum
(I), Hundingus, the king of Sweden, erroneously believes his friend Hadingus to have been killed in a plot and holds a memorial feast for him. However, he falls into a huge vat of beer and drowns. When Hadingus learns of this he returns the honour by sacrificing himself publicly by hanging.
[214]
Hundingus death is similar to that of the Swedish king Fjölnir,
[214]
and the tradition of Fjölnir has probably been transposed to different characters.
[213]
Gesta Danorum
(I)
Hungar
Old English
:
Hungar
Malone
translated the name as "dog spear",
[104]
while Chambers connects it to the Gothic name
Hunigais
.
[215]
According to Förstemann, the first element
hun
, in
Hunegais
, may have several meanings, such as "bear cub" and "hunnish" and he considers "dog" to be a possibility,
[216]
and as to the second element it means "spear".
[217]
Appears in
Widsith
, line 117. Malone identifies him with Lamissio, in
Historia Langobardorum
by
Paul the Deacon
, and with Lyngvi from the legends of
Helgi Hundingsbane
,
[104]
while Chambers connects him to
Onegesius
, Attila's viceroy.
[218]
Widsith
Hunlaf
Old English
:
Hūnlāf
,
Latin
:
Hunleifus
,
Latin
:
Hunlapi
The first element
hūn
- means "high",
[219]
and the second element is *
-laibaz
which means "descendant" or "heir".
[220]
Hunlaf appears in the
Finnsburg Fragment
and in
Beowulf
, as one of Hengest's men. In
Beowulf
an unnamed son of his offers Hengest a famous sword to incite him to vengeance.
[221]
Hunlaf may have been the brother of Guthlaf and Oslaf,
[222]
and the three appear in a list of six or seven sons of a Danish king Leifus in the
Skjöldunga saga
.
[223]
[224]
Hunlaf was a well-known hero in Anglo-Saxon legends, as is shown by the mentioning of him among the other
Germanic heroes
Wudga
,
Hama
,
Hrothulf
,
Hengest and Horsa
, in the manuscript
MS Cotton Vesp D. IV.
(fol 139
b
).
[224]
Finnsburg Fragment
,
Beowulf
Skjöldunga saga
Hunolt
Middle High German
:
Hûnolt
The chamberlain (
kamerære
) of the Burgundians.
[184]
Nibelungenlied
,
Biterolf und Dietleib
Husto
Old Norse
:
Hústó
,
Latin
:
Hubba
and
Ubbi
Hús
- means "house",
[225]
and -
tó
means a "tuft of grass" or "
tow of wool
".
[226]
The unusual name may be a corruption of
Hubba
, which is the same as
Ubbi
,
[227]
a
hypocoristic
form of
Úlfr
("wolf"), or possibly a form of
úfr
, earlier
ūb
- ("unpleasant").
[228]
In
Ragnarssona þáttr
, Husto and Yngvar are the sons of
Ragnar Lodbrok
by a concubine. When their half-brother
Ivar the Boneless
had conquered England, he had them torture
Edmund the Martyr
.
[229]
The names
Yngvar
and
Ivar
may have been variant forms of the same name
[230]
and so Yngvar may have originated in Ivar the Boneless himself. In
Abbo of Fleury
's
Life of St. Edmund
, it is reported that Edmund was killed by Yngware (probably Ivar) and Hubba, and Hubba is the same name as Ubbi, who appears as a bastard son of Ragnar Lodbrok in
Gesta Danorum
.
[231]
Life of St. Edmund
Ragnarssona þáttr
,
Gesta Danorum (IX)
Hvit
Old Norse
:
Hvít
The name means "white" in ON.
[232]
A Saami princess who marries the Norwegian king Hring. After the king's son Björn refuses her advances, she curses him to become a bear at night. His son Bodvar Bjarki eventually kills her in revenge.
[233]
Hrolfs saga kraka
Hvitserk
1
Old Norse
:
Hvítserkr
,
Latin
:
Witserchus
Hvítr
means "white",
[234]
and
serkr
means "shirt".
[235]
He is the brother of Svipdag
2
and Beigaðr.
[236]
In the
Bjarkarímur
, he is the oldest of the three sons of the Swedish farmer Svip, and he goes to
Uppsala
and kills the first two warriors who try to stop him. The next day, he has to fight king Aðils' (
Eadgils
) berserkers, and kills five of them before the king dismisses the rest. The berserkers come back with an army to have revenge and Hvitserk is sent out with a small company to fight them and would have lost unless his father had sent his brothers to help him. He loses an eye and leaves Sweden for
Hrólfr Kraki
, when he understands that it had been a ruse by the king.
[237]
In
Hrólfs saga kraka
, his role is given to the youngest brother, Svipdag
2
.
[238]
In the
Skjöldunga saga
, Hvitserk is a Swedish warrior who was compared to
Starkad
in fame, and he had excelled Starkad by fighting twelve giants at the same time, and killing six of them on his own. Hrólfr kraki gave his daughter Driva to him in marriage, while he gave his daughter Skur as wife to Bödvar Bjarki.
[239]
[240]
Hvitserk is also mentioned as one of Hrólf kraki's champions in the
Prose Edda
and in
Hrólfs saga kraka
.
[241]
In the
Prose Edda
, he is sent with his brothers Svipdag and Beiguðr by Hrólfr kraki to fight for Aðils in the
Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern
,
[242]
and in
Hrólfs saga kraka
, he and his brothers take part in Hrólfs expedition to
Uppsala
,
[243]
and in his final battle.
[171]
Skjöldunga saga
,
Prose Edda
,
Hrólfs saga kraka
,
Bjarkarímur
Hvitserk
2
the Swift
Old Norse
:
Hvítserkr
,
Latin
:
Witserc
,
Withsercus
No historical prototype.
[244]
See Hvitserk
1
In
Ragnars saga loðbrókar
, the third son of Ragnar Lodbrok and Aslaug
1
after
Ivar the Boneless
and
Björn Ironside
and before Rognvald,
[245]
and
Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
.
[246]
He goes with his brothers to attack Hvítabœr and its dangerous bulls that were
strengthened through sacrifices
,
[247]
and he takes part in his brothers' expedition to Sweden to avenge their half-brothers Agnar
4
and Eric
3
, where there is an even more dangerous cow, Sibilja.
[248]
He also takes part in
the invasion of England
to avenge their father Ragnar.
[249]
He ends his life in Eastern Europe, where he is taken captive and is on his own request burnt alive on a pyre of severred heads.
[250]
In
Ragnarssona Þáttr
and
Ad catalogum
, the same family relations are mentioned, but the only further naming of him in expeditions are in the first source, where he takes part in the expedition to Sweden,
[251]
and in the
Battle of Leuven (891)
.
[252]
In
Ragnars saga loðbrókar
, he is said to have a kingdom,
[250]
and in
Ragnarssona Þáttr
this is specified as
Jutland
and
Wendland
.
[229]
In
Gesta Danorum (IX)
, he is the son of Ragnar with Svanlaug and the brother of Regnald and Eric. He becomes the king of
Scythia
, and is taken captive by king Daxon of
Ruthenia
, who grants his request to burn him alive on a pyre,
[253]
and this in spite of Daxon being impressed with his physical beauty and offering him his daughter.
[254]
This happens before the death of his father Ragnar, and Ragnar avenges him,
[253]
by banishing Daxon to
Útgarðar
, although he later lets him return and accepts tribute.
[255]
Ragnars saga loðbrókar
,
Ad catalogum regum Sveciæ annotanda
,
Ragnarssona Þáttr
,
Gesta Danorum (IX)
Hwala
Old English
:
Hwala
Appears to be unhistorical.
[256]
The meaning of the name is unknown.
[256]
Appears in
Widsith
, line 14, and he is also mentioned in the West Saxon genealogy as the grandson of
Sheaf
.
[256]
Widsith
,
West Saxon genealogy
Hygd
Old English
:
Hygd
Hygelac was probably married, but the character in
Beowulf
is found only there and probably not "genuinely historical".
[257]
From OE
gehygd
("thought, mind").
[257]
Wife of the Geatish king
Hygelac
. She is young and inexperienced but she handles her role as queen well and she is courteous to the retainers at Hygelac's court. Her behaviour is contrasted with that of
Modthryth
, the queen of king
Offa of Angel
. When Beowulf returns from the Danes, he gives her the necklace that Wealhtheow had given him and three horses. When Hygelac dies in battle against the Franks, it is Hygd who is the kingmaker, which shows that her authority is unchallenged among the Geats. Instead of giving the throne to her son
Heardred
, she offers it to Beowulf, who accepts to serve as regent until Heardred is old and mature enough to become king. Her behaviour is in accordance with her name.
[258]
Beowulf
Hygelac
Old English
:
Hygelāc
,
Old Norse
:
Hugleikr
,
Latin
:
Hugletus
Historical
king of the Geats
, died c. 521-
[259]
c. 523.
[260]
PN *
Hugilaikaz
, from *
hugi
- ("mind"),
[125]
and an
agent noun
of *
laikan
("to play", "to jump", "to dance").
[261]
In
Beowulf
, he is king of the Geats and the son of the previous king
Hreðel
. He has the brothers
Hæþcyn
and
Herebeald
, and his sister is the mother of Beowulf,
[181]
with whom he has a warm relationship.
[262]
He led an ill-fated raid in the Frankish terrories in the lower
Rhine
territory.
[263]
In
Liber monstrorum
, described as a giant whose bones were shown to visitors on an island in the estuary of the
Rhine
.
[262]
By the time, Snorri tells of his death, the Geats appear to have been subsumed by the Swedes, and
Hugleikr
is described as a Swedish king who was killed by
Starkad
, but in
Gesta Danorum
(VI) the same story is told with
Huglethus
as a king of Ireland (but this story does not appear in
Starkad's Death Song
).
[264]
In
Gesta Danorum
(IV) he also appears as a Danish king who defeats the Swedish chieftains Hømothus (
Eymóðr
, i.e.
Ēanmund
)
[265]
and Øgrim.
[266]
[265]
Beowulf
,
Liber monstrorum
,
Liber Frankorum
Ynglinga saga
(22),
Gesta Danorum
(IV and VI)
Hymling
Old Norse
:
Hymlingr
The name is a doublet of
Humlungr
.
[202]
See Humlung for etymology.
In
Helgakvíða Hjörvarðssonar
, Humlung is one of four sons of Hjörvard
4
, a king in Norway. With Alfhild
2
he had son named Hedin, with Særeid a son named Humlung, and with Sinriód a son named Hymling.
Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
deals with how he won his fourth wife, Sigrlinn, the daughter of king Svafnir of Svavaland, and the story of their son Helgi Hjörvarðsson.
[205]
[69]
Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar
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