List of exoplanet extremes

The following are lists of extremes among the known exoplanets. The properties listed here are those for which values are known reliably. The study of exoplanets is one of the most dynamic emerging fields of science, and these values may change wildly as new discoveries are made.

Extremes from Earth's viewpoint

Title Planet Star Data Notes
Most distant discovered SWEEPS-11 / SWEEPS-04 SWEEPS J175902.67−291153.5 / SWEEPS J175853.92−291120.6 27 700 light-years[1] Assuming the largest distance from the microlensing light-curve, the planet OGLE-2017-BLG-0364Lb might be more distant, at around 32 600 light-years (10 000 pc).[2]

The most distant potentially habitable planet confirmed is Kepler-1606b, at 2870 light-years distant,[3] although the unconfirmed planet KOI-5889.01 is over 5000 light-years distant.

On 31 March 2022, K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb was reported to be the most distant exoplanet discovered by the Kepler telescope, at 17 000 light-years away.[4]

Among rogue planets, the furthest are very likely extragalactic planets within the lensing system SDSS J1004+4112 at 6.3 billion light-years.[5]

Least distant Proxima Centauri b Proxima Centauri 4.25 light-years Proxima Centauri b is the closest potentially habitable exoplanet known. As Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun (and will stay so for the next 25 000 years), this is an absolute record.
Most distant directly visible CT Chamaeleontis b CT Chamaeleontis 622 light-years[1] The disputed planet candidate CVSO 30 c may be more distant, at 1,200 light-years away.
Closest directly visible Epsilon Indi Ab Epsilon Indi 12.05 light-years COCONUTS-2b at 35.5 light-years is the next closest directly visible.[1]

Proxima Centauri c (confirmed in 2020 using archival Hubble data from 1995+) may have been directly imaged.[6]

Star with the brightest apparent magnitude with a planet Alpha Arietis b Hamal[1][a] Apparent magnitude is 2.005 Alpha Centauri A (apparent magnitude 0.01) has a directly imaged candidate planet.[7] The evidence of planets around Vega with an apparent magnitude of 0.03 is strongly suggested by circumstellar disks surrounding it.[8] As of 2021, a candidate planet around Vega has been detected.[9]

Aldebaran (apparent magnitude varies between 0.75 and 0.95) was suspected to have a candidate planet, however later studies found the existence of the planet inconclusive.[10] Pollux (apparent magnitude 1.14[11]) has a reported planet (Thestias), but the existence of this planet has been questioned.[12][13] Mirfak (α Per, apparent magnitude 1.806) was claimed to have an orbiting planet, whose existence has likewise been disputed.[14]

A 2023 study detected 10 luminous point sources around the primary star of Fomalhaut system (apparent magnitude = 1.16), of which the last source may be either an unrelated background object or a planetary-mass companion.[15]

Star with the faintest apparent magnitude with a planet MOA-bin-29Lb MOA-bin-29L Apparent magnitude is 44.61[1]
Closest planet to the celestial north pole (i.e. highest declination) TOI-1691 b TOI-1691 Declination of +86° 51′ 37.23″[1]
Closest planet to the celestial south pole (i.e. lowest declination) HD 110082 b HD 110082 Declination of −88° 07′ 16″[1]
Star with the highest apparent motion (i.e, proper motion) with a planet Barnard's Star b[16] Barnard's Star 10.358
arcsec/yr[17] 		As Barnard's Star has the highest apparent motion in the sky,[17] this is currently an absolute record.
Largest angular distance separation from its host star COCONUTS-2b COCONUTS-2 594 arcseconds[18] A candidate planet or brown dwarf around BD+29 5007 has an even larger angular separation of about 935 arcseconds.[19]
Smallest angular distance separation from its parent star SWIFT J1756.9−2508 b SWIFT J1756.9−2508 0.34 microarcseconds Derived from its separation of 0.00269 AU and its distance of ~26 000 light-years (8000 pc).[20]

Planetary characteristics

Title Planet Star Data Notes
Most massive The most massive planet is difficult to define due to the blurry line between planets and brown dwarfs. If the borderline is defined as the deuterium fusion threshold (roughly 13 MJ at solar metallicity[21][b]), the most massive planets are those with true mass closest to that cutoff; if planets and brown dwarfs are differentiated based on formation, their mass ranges overlap.[22][23]: 62  A candidate for the most massive object that formed in a protoplanetary disk is HD 206893 b, at about 28 MJ. Both this object and its 13 MJ sibling HD 206893 c fuse deuterium.[24][25]
Least massive PSR J0337+1715 (ABC) b PSR J0337+1715 0.0041±0.003 M🜨[26] The extrasolar planetesimal WD 1145+017 b is less massive, at 0.00067 ME.[18]
Largest radius DH Tauri b DH Tauri 2.7±0.8 RJ[27] Next largest is PDS 70 b with 2.09+0.23
−0.31 – 2.72+0.15
−0.17 RJ.[28]

Proplyd 133-353 is larger at up to 7.4±0.3 – 8.0±1.1 RJ.[29][c] It might be considered as a sub-brown dwarf or a rogue planet, with a photoevaporating disk.

The largest transiting planet known is XO-6b at 2.17 ± 0.2 RJ.[30]

Smallest radius Kepler-37b Kepler-37 0.296±0.037 R🜨[1] The extrasolar planetesimals SDSS J1228+1040 b[31] and WD 1145+017 b are smaller.
Most dense GP Comae Berenices b GP Comae Berenices ≥185 g/cm3[32] According to the IAU working definition of exoplanets GP Comae Berenices b, being 10 times more massive than Jupiter, is a planet, despite that it might have formed as a white dwarf that was stripped down to a planetary-mass object. For reference, it is a lot denser than osmium at 293 K, the densest naturally occurring stable element on Earth. It is suspected that GP Comae Berenices b might be composed of strange matter based on its density. [32]

TOI-4603 b is the densest planet which orbits a normal star and is not a potential brown dwarf, with 14.1+1.7
−1.6 g/cm3.[33]

Least dense Kepler-51d Kepler-51[34] 0.0381±0.0085 g/cm3 [35] Next least dense are the hot Jupiter HAT-P-67 with about 0.044 g/cm3 and the super-Neptune planet WASP-193b with 0.059 ± 0.014 g/cm3.[36]
Largest ratio of rotation rate to breakup velocity Kappa Andromedae b Kappa Andromedae ~0.5 [37]
Hottest (irradiated planet) KELT-9b KELT-9 4050 ± 180 K[1](3777 °C) The candidate planet KOI-2093.03 is hotter, at 6,285 K.[38]

Kepler-70b and Kepler-70c are often described as the hottest known exoplanets, both at >6800 K (assuming an albedo of 0.1 for both),[39] but their existence are highly doubtful.[40][41]

Hottest (self-luminous) GQ Lupi b GQ Lupi 2650 ± 100 K[42]

(2377 °C)

GQ Lupi b may be either a massive planet or a brown dwarf.[42]
Coldest OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb OGLE-2005-BLG-390L 50 K (−223.2 °C)[43][d] The disputed planet Proxima Centauri c may be cooler, at 39 K (−234.2 °C).[44]
Highest albedo LTT 9779 b LTT 9779 0.8[45] For comparison, Earth is 0.3 and Venus is 0.76.
Lowest albedo TrES-2b GSC 03549-02811 Geometric albedo < 1%[46] Best-fit model for albedo gives 0.04% (0.0004).[39]
Youngest DH Tauri b DH Tauri 0.7+0.3
−0.2 Myr[47]
The free-floating planet or sub-brown dwarf Proplyd 133-353 is younger, at 0.5 Myr.[29][48] However, as a free-floating planet, it does not meet the IAU's working definition of a planet.[49]

2MASS J04414489+2301513 b is listed as the youngest planet in the NASA Exoplanet Archive, at an age of 1 Myr,[1] but fails the mass ratio criterion of the IAU working definition of an exoplanet; the mass ratio with the primary is larger than the L4/L5 limit of stability ≈ 1/25[49] and 'more likely to have been produced by cloud core fragmentation' (like a star).[50]

IRAS 04125+2902 b is the youngest transiting planet at an age of 3 Myr.[51]

CI Tauri c would radial velocity planet at an age of 2–3 Myr, if confirmed.[52][e]

Oldest TOI-157 b TOI-157 12.82+0.73
−1.40 Gyr[55] 		The currently accepted age of the universe is around 13.8 billion years. Could alternatively be PSR B1620-26 b with 11.2–12.7 Gyr.[56]

Two disproven planets had been thought to orbit the star HIP 11952,[57] whose age is 12.8±2.6 Gyr.[58]

Orbital characteristics

Title Planet Star Data Notes
Longest orbital period
(Longest year) 		Gliese 900 b (CW2335+0142) Gliese 900 1.27 million years[59][1][f] COCONUTS-2b previously held this record at 1,100,000 years.[f]
Shortest orbital period
(Shortest year) 		SDSS J1730+5545 b SDSS J1730+5545 0.5866 h (35 minutes)[60] K2-137b has the shortest orbit around a main-sequence star (an M dwarf) at 4.31 hours.[61]
Largest orbital separation Gliese 900 b (CW2335+0142) Gliese 900 12 000 AU[62][1] UCAC4 328-061594 b has an even larger orbital separation (19 000 AU), although its mass (21 MJ)[1][62] is higher than the deuterium burning limit (13 MJ).

Another candidate around BD+29 5007 has an even larger orbit of about 22 100 AU. There is no consensus about its age and resulting mass, and it could be a field brown dwarf.

The companion of ASASSN-21js has an orbit of 13 000 AU, but it is unknown if it is a brown dwarf or a planet due to its unknown mass.[63]

Smallest orbital separation SDSS J1730+5545 b SDSS J1730+5545 0.00139 AU[60]
Most eccentric orbit HD 20782 b HD 20782 0.950[1] Next most eccentric orbit is HD 28254 b with an eccentricity at 0.95+0.03
−0.04.[1]

The possible planet SGR 1806-20 b has an even higher eccentricity at 0.994.[64]

The disproven planet candidate at VB 10 was thought to have a higher eccentricity of 0.98.[65]

Highest orbital inclination HD 204313 e HD 204313 176.092°+0.963°
−2.122°[1] 		[66][67]
Lowest orbital inclination HD 331093 b HD 331093 >0.3704°[1] [68][67] HD 43197 c has the lowest orbital inclination that is not a lower limit, of 11.42°+5.388°
−3.07°.[67]
Largest orbit around a single star COCONUTS-2b L 34-26 7506 AU[1] Next largest are 2MASS J2126–8140 with 6900 AU and HD 106906 b[69] with ~738 AU.

UCAC4 328-061594 b has an even larger orbital separation (19,000 AU), although its mass (21 MJ)[1][62] is higher than the deuterium burning limit (13 MJ).

Smallest orbit around binary star Kepler-47b Kepler-47 0.2877+0.0014
−0.0011 AU[1] 		[70]
Smallest ratio of semi-major axis of binary star orbit to a planet orbit Nu Octantis Ab Nu Octantis 2.06 [71]
Largest orbit around binary star SR 12 c SR 12 ≈1100 AU[72] SR 12 c has a mass of 0.013±0.007 M☉.[72]
DT Virginis c, also known as Ross 458 c, at a projected separation of ≈1200 AU, with several mass estimates below the deuterium burning limit, has a latest mass determination of 27±4 MJ.[73]
Largest orbit around a single star in a multiple star system DH Tauri b DH Tauri 330 AU[74]
Largest separation between binary stars with a circumbinary planet SR 12 c SR 12 ≈26 AU[72] SR 12 c has a mass of 0.013±0.007 M☉ at a projected separation of ≈1100 AU.[72]
FW Tauri b orbits at a projected separation of 330±30 AU around a ≈11 AU separated binary.[75] It was shown to be more likely a 0.1 M☉ star surrounded by a protoplanetary disk than a planetary-mass companion.[76]
Largest orbit around three stars Gliese 900 b (CW2335+0142) Gliese 900 12 000 AU[62][1]
Closest orbit between stars with a planet orbiting one of the stars (S-type planet) DMPP-3 Ab HD 42936 1.139 AU[77][78] DMPP-3 Ab's semi-major axis is around 0.067 AU.
Smallest semi-major axis ratio between consecutive planets Kepler-36b and Kepler-36c Kepler-36 1.11 Kepler-36b and c have semi-major axes of 0.1153 AU and 0.1283 AU, respectively; hence the planet c is 1.11 times further from star than b.
Largest semi-major axis ratio between consecutive planets HD 83443 b and HD 83443 c HD 83443 205.1 HD 83443 b and c have semi-major axes of 0.039 AU and 8.0 AU,[79] respectively; hence the planet c is 205.1 times further from star than b.

Stellar characteristics

Title Planet Star Data Notes
Highest metallicity HD 126614 Ab HD 126614 A +0.56 dex Located in a triple star system.
Lowest metallicity K2-344b K2-344 −0.95±0.02 dex[1] BD+20°2457 may be the lowest-metallicity planet host ([Fe/H]=−1.00); however, the proposed planetary system is dynamically unstable.[80]

Planets were announced around even the extremely low-metallicity stars HIP 13044 and HIP 11952; however, these claims have since been disproven.[57]

A brown dwarf or massive planetary companion was announced around the population II star HE 1523-0901, whose metallicity is −2.65±0.22 dex.[81] While the inclination of the companion is not known, if its orbit is nearly face-on, it would be sufficiently massive to become a red dwarf instead.[82]

A disputed substellar companion, possibly a Jovian planet, was announced to orbit[83] the B-type subdwarf star HD 149382 with a metallicity of -1.30 dex.[84]

Highest stellar mass b Centauri b b Centauri 5 - 6 M☉ The subgiant star Pipirima has a higher mass of 9.1±0.3 M☉,[85] but its planet candidate Mu2 Scorpii b is most likely a brown dwarf having 14.4 ± 0.8 MJ.

The candidate planet M51-ULS-1b and the candidate planemo IGR J12580+0134 b might be the blanets, whose hosts have masses of ≫10 and 9 150 000 Solar masses, respectively.[86][87]

The stars R126 (HD 37974), R66 (HD 268835) and HH 1177 in the Large Magellanic Cloud have masses of 70, 30 and 15 solar masses and have dust discs[88] but no planets have been detected yet.

Lowest stellar mass (main- sequence) KMT-2021-BLG-1554Lb KMT-2021-BLG-1554L 0.08+0.013
−0.014 M☉[67] 		The mass of this star is near the hydrogen burning limit.

KMT-2016-BLG-2142L has a lower mass of 0.073+0.117
−0.04 M☉, but the value is highly uncertain.[67]

Largest stellar radius HD 208527 b HD 208527 57.6±6.5 R☉[89] Other stars, such as HD 18438, Mirach and Delta Virginis are larger, but their substellar companions are more massive than the deuterium burning limit (13 MJ), and thus might be brown dwarfs rather than exoplanets.[1]Candidate planets were reported around the red giants R Leonis (320-350 R☉),[90][91] V Camelopardalis (716±185 R☉),[90][92] R Fornacis (585 R☉[g]),[93][94] L2 Puppis (123±14 R☉),[95] and V Hydrae (430 R☉).[96]

The stars R126 and R66 in the Large Magellanic Cloud have radii of 78 R☉ and 131 R☉[97] and have dust discs but no planets have been detected yet.

Smallest stellar radius PSR J1211-0633 b PSR J1211-0633 0.0000143 R☉ (9.9 km)[98]

A hypothetical planet was proposed to orbit SGR 1935+2154, whose radius is smaller at 4.35 km (6.25×10−6 R☉).[99][100]

Smallest stellar radius (brown dwarf) TVLM 513-46546b TVLM 513-46546 0.097–0.109 R☉[101] Lower than that of any brown dwarf in the NASA Exoplanet Archive.[67]
Smallest stellar radius (main-sequence star) TRAPPIST-1 planets TRAPPIST-1 0.1192±0.0013 R☉[102] VB 10 (0.102 R☉)[103] has a disproven planet candidate.
Highest stellar luminosity Beta Cancri b Beta Cancri 794 L☉[67] This is the most luminous star to host a planet that is not a potential brown dwarf.[67]

The star Mirfak, whose luminosity is 3780 L☉,[104] was claimed to have an orbiting planet with a minimum mass of 6.6 ± 0.2 Jupiter masses. However, the existence of the planet is doubtful.[14]

R Leonis (at 3537 L☉)[91] has a candidate planet. R Fornacis (at 5800 L☉)[93] also has a candidate planet. The bright giant BD+20°2457 (at 1479 L☉[105]) was believed to have two planetary-mass companions orbiting although the claimed system configuration is dynamically unstable.[80]

The stars R126 and R66 in the Large Magellanic Cloud have luminosities of 1400000 L☉ and 320000 L☉[97] and have dust discs but no planets have been detected yet.

Lowest stellar luminosity (main-sequence star) TRAPPIST-1 planets TRAPPIST-1 0.0005495 L☉ [106][67]
Hottest star with a planet PSR B0943+10 b and c PSR B0943+10 3 100 000 K[107] Blackbody temperature of a small emitting area at the poles.[107] Suggested to actually be a low-mass quark star.
Hottest non-compact star with a planet NSVS 14256825 b NSVS 14256825 40 000 K (primary)[108] NN Serpentis is hotter, with a temperature of 57 000 K for the primary star,[1] but the existence of its planets is disputed.[109]

A candidate planet was found around the O-type subdwarf TOI-709, whose effective temperature is higher at 50,000 K.[110]

Hottest main-sequence star with a planet b Centauri b b Centauri 18 310 ± 320 K[111]
Coolest star with a planet TRAPPIST-1 planets TRAPPIST-1 2511 K Technically Oph 162225-240515, CFBDSIR 1458+10, WISE J0336−0143 and WISE 1217+1626 are cooler, but are classified as brown dwarfs.

The Mira-variable R Fornacis at 2100 K[112] has a planet candidate.[94]

A gas giant planet was found orbiting TVLM 513-46546,[113] which is an ultracool star (2242 K) located very close to the brown dwarf/star mass boundary.[114]

System characteristics

Title System(s) Planet(s) Star(s) Notes
System with most planets Kepler-90 8 1 Tau Ceti currently has no confirmed planetary companion, although it has been proposed that the number of orbiting planets may be 8, 9 or even 10.[115] The four planets Tau Ceti e, f, g and h are considered as strong candidates.[116]

HD 10180 has six confirmed planets and potentially three more planets.[117]

System with most planets in habitable zone TRAPPIST-1 7 1 Four planets in this system (d, e, f and g) orbit within the habitable zone.[118]
System with most stars Kepler-64 PH1b (Kepler-64b) 4 PH1b has a circumbinary orbit.

30 Arietis Bb was believed to be either brown dwarf or a massive gas giant in a quadruple star system until later studies revealed a true mass well above 80 MJup.[119]

The quintuple star system GG Tauri has several protoplanetary disks but no planets have been detected yet.[120] Similarly, the star β3 Tucanae A, located in a sextuple system, was suggested to have a debris disk with no planets having been found.[121]

Multiplanetary system with smallest mean semi-major axis (planets are nearest to their star) Kepler-42 b, c, d 1 Kepler-42 b, c and d have a semi-major axis of 0.0116, 0.006 and 0.0154 AU, respectively.

Kepler-70 b, c and d (all unconfirmed and disputed) have a semi-major axis of only 0.006, 0.0076 and ~0.0065 AU, respectively.

Multiplanetary system with largest mean semi-major axis (planets are farthest from their star) TYC 8998-760-1 b, c 1 TYC 8998-760-1 b and c have a semi-major axis of ~162 and ~320 AU, respectively.[1]
Multiplanetary system with smallest range of semi-major axis (smallest difference between the star's nearest planet and its farthest planet) Kepler-429 b, c, d 1 Kepler-429 b, c and d have a semi-major axis of only 0.0116, 0.006 and 0.0154 AU, respectively. The separation between closest and furthest is only 0.0094 AU.

Kepler-70 b, c and d (all unconfirmed and disputed) have a semi-major axis of only 0.006, 0.0076 and ~0.0065 AU, respectively. The separation between closest and furthest is only 0.0016 AU (239,356 km).

Multiplanetary system with largest range of semi-major axis (largest difference between the star's nearest planet and its farthest planet) TYC 8998-760-1 b, c 1 TYC 8998-760-1 b and c have a semi-major axis of ~162 and ~320 AU, respectively.[1] The separation between closest and furthest is around 158 AU.
System with smallest total planetary mass Kepler-444 b, c, d, e, f 3 The planets in the Kepler-444 system have radii of 0.4, 0.497, 0.53, 0.546 and 0.741 Earth radii, respectively. Due to their size and proximity to Kepler-444, these must be rocky planets, with masses close to that of Mars. For comparison, Mars has a mass of 0.105 Earth masses and a radius of 0.53 Earth radii.
System with largest total planetary mass HR 8799 b, c, d, e 1 Four planets having > 5 Jupiter masses each.
Nu Ophiuchi b and c have minimum masses of 22.206 and 24.662 Jupiter masses, respectively.[1] They are likely brown dwarfs.
Multiplanetary system with smallest mean planetary mass Kepler-444 b, c, d, e, f 3 The planets in the Kepler-444 system have radii of 0.4, 0.497, 0.53, 0.546 and 0.741 Earth radii, respectively. Due to their size and proximity to Kepler-444, these must be rocky planets, with masses close to that of Mars. For comparison, Mars has a mass of 0.105 Earth masses and a radius of 0.53 Earth radii.
Multiplanetary system with largest mean planetary mass HR 8799 b, c, d, e 1 Four planets having > 5 Jupiter masses each.
Nu Ophiuchi b and c have minimum masses of 22.206 and 24.662 Jupiter masses, respectively.[1] They are likely brown dwarfs.
Exo-multiplanetary system with smallest range in planetary mass, log scale (smallest proportional difference between the most and least massive planets) Teegarden's Star b, c 1 Teegarden b and c are estimated to have masses of 1.05 and 1.11 Earth masses, respectively.
Exo-multiplanetary system with largest range in planetary mass, log scale (largest proportional difference between the most and least massive planets) Kepler-37 b, d 1 Mercury and Jupiter have a mass ratio of 5750 to 1. Kepler-37 d and b may have a mass ratio between 500 and 1000, and Gliese 676 c and d have a mass ratio of 491.

See also

Notes and references

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  1. ^ Algieba is mentioned to have a slightly higher magnitude (1.99), but it is the combined magnitude of the system and not of the planet-hosting star. The true apparent magnitude is 2.37.
  2. ^ The deuterium burning limit also depends on the metallicity and abundance of helium. Metal-rich planets, for example, need a lower mass to fuse deuterium.
  3. ^ Based on the estimated temperature and luminosity.
  4. ^ This is the calculated equilibrium temperature, assuming an albedo of 0.3
  5. ^ Most sources like the NASA Exoplanet Archive and exoplanet.eu already accept it as confirmed.[53][54]
  6. ^ a b Assuming a circular orbit and using the Kepler's Third law
  7. ^ Determined using angular diameter and distance.
    0.008 milliarcseconds * 680 pc = diameter of 5.44 au.