List of hottest exoplanets

This is a list of the hottest exoplanets so far discovered, specifically those with temperatures greater than 2,500 K (2,230 °C; 4,040 °F). For comparison, the hottest planet in the Solar System is Venus, with a temperature of 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F).

List

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Methods for finding temperature:

Image

(Or artistic representation)

Name Temperature (K) Mass Method Notes
KELT-9b 4,643±26[1] 2.88 MJ[1] Teff Hottest known exoplanet, with a temperature comparable to K-type stars.
55 Cancri e (Janssen) 3,771+669
−520[2] 		7.99 M🜨[2] Hottest confirmed rocky exoplanet.
TOI-2109b 3,631±69[3] 5.02 MJ[3]
WASP-189b 3,435±27[4] 1.99 MJ[4]
TOI-1518b 3,237±59[5] <2.3 MJ[5]
WASP-103b 3,205±136[6] 1.455 MJ[6]
KELT-16b 3,190±61[7] 2.75 MJ[7]
WASP-12b 3,128±66[8] 1.465 MJ[8] This planet is so close to its parent star that its tidal forces are distorting it into an egg shape.
WASP-33b 3,108±113[6] 2.093 MJ[6]
WASP-18b 3,067±104[6] 10.20 MJ[6]
MASCARA-1b 3,062±67[9] 3.7 MJ[9]
HATS-70b 2,730+140
−160[10] 		12.9 MJ[10] Teq
WASP-100b 2,710[11] 2.03 MJ[11] Teff
HIP 78530 b 2,700±100[12] 23 MJ[12] Likely a brown dwarf.
MASCARA-5b 2,700[13] 3.12 MJ[13]
WASP-76b 2,670 (dayside)[14] 0.92 MJ In this tidally locked planet where winds move 18,000 km/h, molten iron rains from the sky due to daytime temperatures exceeding 2,400 °C (2,670 K).[15][16]
HAT-P-7b 2,667±57[17] 1.682 MJ[17]
GQ Lupi b 2,650±100[18] 20 MJ[18] [18]Likely a brown dwarf.
TOI-2260 b 2,609±86[10] Teq
CT Chamaelontis b 2,600±250[19] 17 MJ[19] Teff Likely a brown dwarf.
HAT-P-70b 2,562+43
−52[10] 		6.78 MJ[10] Teq
Kepler-13b 2,550±80 (2277 °C)[10] 9.78 MJ[10]
The following well-known planets are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Kepler-10b 2,130+60
−120 (1,857 °C)[20] 		4.6 M🜨[20] Teq
TrES-4b 1,782±29 (1,509 °C)[21] 0.919 MJ[21] One of the largest known exoplanets.
CoRoT-7b 1,756±27 (1,483 °C)[22] 5.74 M🜨[22]
Upsilon Andromedae b (Saffar) 1,673 (1,400 °C)[23] 1.7 MJ[24] Teff
WASP-17b (Ditsö̀) 1,550+170
−200 (1,277 °C)[25] 		0.512 MJ[25] With a density of about 0.08 g/cm3,[26] it is one of the puffiest exoplanets known.
HD 209458 b (Osiris) 1,499±15 (1,226 °C)[27] 0.682 MJ[25]
TrES-2b 1,466±9 (1,193 °C)[28] 1.253 MJ[28] Teq The darkest exoplanet known, reflecting less than 1% its star's light.
Beta Pictoris b 1,451±15 (1,178 °C)[29] 11.729 MJ[30] Teff
51 Pegasi b (Dimidium) 1,265 (992 °C) 0.46 MJ Teq The first exoplanet discovered orbiting a main-sequence star.
Kepler-20e 1,004±14 (735 °C)[31] <0.76 M🜨[31] The first planet smaller than Earth discovered after PSR B1257+12 b.
Venus (for reference) 735 (462 °C)[32] 0.815 M🜨[32] Hottest planet in the Solar System.

Unconfirmed candidates

These planet candidates have not been confirmed.

Image

(Or artistic representation)

Name Temperature (K) Mass Method
Kepler-70b 7,662 [a] 0.44 M🜨 Teq
Kepler-70c 6,807 [b] 0.655 M🜨
Vega b 3,250[33][c] 21.9 M🜨

Notes

  1. ^ Assuming albedo of 0.1
  2. ^ Assuming albedo of 0.1
  3. ^ Assuming bond albedo of 0.25

References

  1. ^ a b Jones, K.; Morris, B. M.; et al. (October 2022). "The stable climate of KELT-9b". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 666: A118. arXiv:2208.04818. Bibcode:2022A&A...666A.118J. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243823. S2CID 251442580.
  2. ^ a b Mercier, Samson J.; Dang, Lisa; et al. (November 2022). "Revisiting the Iconic Spitzer Phase Curve of 55 Cancri e: Hotter Dayside, Cooler Nightside, and Smaller Phase Offset". The Astronomical Journal. 164 (5): 204. arXiv:2209.02090. Bibcode:2022AJ....164..204M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac8f22.
  3. ^ a b Wong, Ian; Shporer, Avi; et al. (December 2021). "TOI-2109: An Ultrahot Gas Giant on a 16 hr Orbit". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (6): 256. arXiv:2111.12074. Bibcode:2021AJ....162..256W. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac26bd.
  4. ^ a b Lendl, M.; Csizmadia, Sz.; et al. (November 2020). "The hot dayside and asymmetric transit of WASP-189 b seen by CHEOPS". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 643: A94. arXiv:2009.13403. Bibcode:2020A&A...643A..94L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038677. S2CID 221970130.
  5. ^ a b Cabot, Samuel H. C.; Bello-Arufe, Aaron; et al. (November 2021). "TOI-1518b: A Misaligned Ultra-hot Jupiter with Iron in Its Atmosphere". The Astronomical Journal. 162 (5): 218. arXiv:2108.11403. Bibcode:2021AJ....162..218C. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1ba3.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Pass, Emily K.; Cowan, Nicolas B.; et al. (October 2019). "Estimating dayside effective temperatures of hot Jupiters and associated uncertainties through Gaussian process regression". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 489 (1): 941–950. arXiv:1908.02631. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.489..941P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2226.
  7. ^ a b Mancini, L.; Southworth, J.; et al. (January 2022). "The ultra-hot-Jupiter KELT-16 b: dynamical evolution and atmospheric properties". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 509 (1): 1447–1464. arXiv:2105.00889. Bibcode:2022MNRAS.509.1447M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2691.
  8. ^ a b Owens, Niall; de Mooij, E. J. W.; et al. (May 2021). "Phase curve and variability analysis of WASP-12b using TESS photometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 503 (1): L38–L46. arXiv:2102.00052. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.503L..38O. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slab014.
  9. ^ a b Hooton, M. J.; Hoyer, S.; et al. (February 2022). "Spi-OPS: Spitzer and CHEOPS confirm the near-polar orbit of MASCARA-1 b and reveal a hint of dayside reflection". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 658: A75. arXiv:2109.05031. Bibcode:2022A&A...658A..75H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141645. S2CID 237490820.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Planetary Systems". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  11. ^ a b Martin, Pierre-Yves (1995). "Catalogue of Exoplanets". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
  12. ^ a b Lachapelle, François-René; Lafrenière, David; et al. (March 2015). "Characterization of Low-mass, Wide-separation Substellar Companions to Stars in Upper Scorpius: Near-infrared Photometry and Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 802 (1): 61. arXiv:1503.07586. Bibcode:2015ApJ...802...61L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/802/1/61. S2CID 54762786.
  13. ^ a b "Scientists uncover a 'hellish' planet so hot it could vaporize most metals". CNET. April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  14. ^ "WASP 76b – A World with Iron Rain". CosmoQuest. March 17, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  15. ^ Ehrenreich, David; Lovis, Christophe; Allart, Romain; Osorio, María Rosa Zapatero; Pepe, Francesco; Cristiani, Stefano; Rebolo, Rafael; Santos, Nuno C.; Borsa, Francesco; Demangeon, Olivier; Dumusque, Xavier; Hernández, Jonay I. González; Casasayas-Barris, Núria; Ségransan, Damien; Sousa, Sérgio (2020-04-30). "Nightside condensation of iron in an ultra-hot giant exoplanet". Nature. 580 (7805): 597–601. arXiv:2003.05528. Bibcode:2020Natur.580..597E. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2107-1. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 7212060. PMID 32161364.
  16. ^ "Wasp-76b: The exotic inferno planet where it 'rains iron'". 2020-03-11. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  17. ^ a b Wong, Ian; Knutson, Heather A.; Kataria, Tiffany; Lewis, Nikole K.; Burrows, Adam; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Schwartz, Joel; Shporer, Avi; Agol, Eric; Cowan, Nicolas B.; Deming, Drake; Désert, Jean-Michel; Fulton, Benjamin J.; Howard, Andrew W.; Langton, Jonathan (2016-06-01). "3.6 and 4.5 μm Spitzer Phase Curves of the Highly Irradiated Hot Jupiters WASP-19b and HAT-P-7b". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (2): 122. arXiv:1512.09342. Bibcode:2016ApJ...823..122W. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/122. ISSN 0004-637X.
  18. ^ a b c Neuhäuser, R.; Mugrauer, M.; et al. (June 2008). "Astrometric and photometric monitoring of GQ Lupi and its sub-stellar companion". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 484 (1): 281–291. arXiv:0801.2287. Bibcode:2008A&A...484..281N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078493. S2CID 5358020.
  19. ^ a b Schmidt, T. O. B.; Neuhäuser, R.; et al. (November 2008). "Direct evidence of a sub-stellar companion around CT Chamaeleontis". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 491 (1): 311–320. arXiv:0809.2812. Bibcode:2008A&A...491..311S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078840. S2CID 17161561.
  20. ^ a b Esteves, Lisa J.; De Mooij, Ernst J. W.; Jayawardhana, Ray (2015-05-12). "Changing Phases of Alien Worlds: Probing Atmospheres of Kepler Planets with High-Precision Photometry". The Astrophysical Journal. 804 (2): 150. arXiv:1407.2245. Bibcode:2015ApJ...804..150E. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/150. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 117798959.
  21. ^ a b Daemgen, S.; Hormuth, F.; Brandner, W.; Bergfors, C.; Janson, M.; Hippler, S.; Henning, Th (May 2009). "Binarity of Transit Host Stars - Implications on Planetary Parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 498 (2): 567–574. arXiv:0902.2179. Bibcode:2009A&A...498..567D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200810988. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 9893376.
  22. ^ a b Barros, S. C. C.; Almenara, J. M.; Deleuil, M.; Diaz, R. F.; Csizmadia, Sz.; Cabrera, J.; Chaintreuil, S.; Collier Cameron, A.; Hatzes, A.; Haywood, R.; Lanza, A. F.; Aigrain, S.; Alonso, R.; Bordé, P.; Bouchy, F. (2014-09-01). "Revisiting the transits of CoRoT-7b at a lower activity level". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 569: A74. arXiv:1407.8099. Bibcode:2014A&A...569A..74B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423939. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 59495602.
  23. ^ Piskorz, Danielle; Benneke, Björn; Crockett, Nathan R.; Lockwood, Alexandra C.; Blake, Geoffrey A.; Barman, Travis S.; Bender, Chad F.; Carr, John S.; Johnson, John A. (2017-08-01). "Detection of Water Vapor in the Thermal Spectrum of the Non-transiting Hot Jupiter Upsilon Andromedae b". The Astronomical Journal. 154 (2): 78. arXiv:1707.01534. Bibcode:2017AJ....154...78P. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa7dd8. ISSN 1538-3881.
  24. ^ Harrington, J.; Hansen, B.; Luszcz, S.; Seager, S.; Deming, D.; Menou, K.; Cho, J.; Richardson, L. J. (2006-10-27). "The phase-dependent Infrared brightness of the extrasolar planet upsilon Andromedae b". Science. 314 (5799): 623–626. arXiv:astro-ph/0610491. Bibcode:2006Sci...314..623H. doi:10.1126/science.1133904. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17038587. S2CID 20549014.
  25. ^ a b c Bonomo, A. S.; Desidera, S.; Benatti, S.; Borsa, F.; Crespi, S.; Damasso, M.; Lanza, A. F.; Sozzetti, A.; Lodato, G.; Marzari, F.; Boccato, C.; Claudi, R. U.; Cosentino, R.; Covino, E.; Gratton, R. (June 2017). "The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N@TNG XIV. Investigating giant planet migration history via improved eccentricity and mass determination for 231 transiting planets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 602: A107. arXiv:1704.00373. Bibcode:2017A&A...602A.107B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629882. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 118923163.
  26. ^ Anderson, D. R.; Hellier, C.; Gillon, M.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; Smalley, B.; Hebb, L.; Cameron, A. Collier; Maxted, P. F. L.; Queloz, D.; West, R. G.; Bentley, S. J.; Enoch, B.; Horne, K.; Lister, T. A.; Mayor, M. (2010-01-20). "WASP-17b: an ultra-low density planet in a probable retrograde orbit". The Astrophysical Journal. 709 (1): 159–167. arXiv:0908.1553. Bibcode:2010ApJ...709..159A. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/709/1/159. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 53628741.
  27. ^ Zellem, Robert T.; Lewis, Nikole K.; Knutson, Heather A.; Griffith, Caitlin A.; Showman, Adam P.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Cowan, Nicolas B.; Agol, Eric; Burrows, Adam; Charbonneau, David; Deming, Drake; Laughlin, Gregory; Langton, Jonathan (2014-07-02). "The 4.5 μm full-orbit phase curve of the hot Jupiter HD 209458b". The Astrophysical Journal. 790 (1): 53. arXiv:1405.5923. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790...53Z. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/790/1/53. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 18882576.
  28. ^ a b Öztürk, Oǧuz; Erdem, Ahmet (2019-06-01). "New photometric analysis of five exoplanets: CoRoT-2b, HAT-P-12b, TrES-2b, WASP-12b, and WASP-52b". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 486 (2): 2290–2307. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.486.2290O. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz747. ISSN 0035-8711.
  29. ^ Chilcote, Jeffrey; Pueyo, Laurent; Rosa, Robert J. De; Vargas, Jeffrey; Macintosh, Bruce; Bailey, Vanessa P.; Barman, Travis; Bauman, Brian; Bruzzone, Sebastian; Bulger, Joanna; Burrows, Adam S.; Cardwell, Andrew; Chen, Christine H.; Cotten, Tara; Dillon, Daren (2017-03-28). "1–2.4μm Near-IR Spectrum of the Giant PlanetβPictoris b Obtained with the Gemini Planet Imager". The Astronomical Journal. 153 (4): 182. arXiv:1703.00011. Bibcode:2017AJ....153..182C. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa63e9. ISSN 1538-3881.
  30. ^ Feng, Fabo; Butler, R. Paul; Vogt, Steven S.; Clement, Matthew S.; Tinney, C. G.; Cui, Kaiming; Aizawa, Masataka; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Bailey, J.; Burt, Jennifer; Carter, B. D.; Crane, Jeffrey D.; Dotti, Francesco Flammini; Holden, Bradford; Ma, Bo (2022-08-26). "3D Selection of 167 Substellar Companions to Nearby Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 262 (1): 21. arXiv:2208.12720. Bibcode:2022ApJS..262...21F. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac7e57. ISSN 0067-0049.
  31. ^ a b Bonomo, A. S.; Dumusque, X.; Massa, A.; Mortier, A.; Bongiolatti, R.; Malavolta, L.; Sozzetti, A.; Buchhave, L. A.; Damasso, M.; Haywood, R. D.; Morbidelli, A.; Latham, D. W.; Molinari, E.; Pepe, F.; Poretti, E. (2023-09-01). "Cold Jupiters and improved masses in 38 Kepler and K2 small planet systems from 3661 HARPS-N radial velocities. No excess of cold Jupiters in small planet systems". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 677: A33. arXiv:2304.05773. Bibcode:2023A&A...677A..33B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346211. ISSN 0004-6361.
  32. ^ a b "Planet Compare". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  33. ^ Hurt, Spencer A.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Latham, David W.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Esquerdo, Gilbert A.; Calkins, Michael L.; Berlind, Perry; Angus, Ruth; Latham, Christian A.; Zhou, George (2021-04-01). "A decade of radial-velocity monitoring of Vega and new limits on the presence of planets". The Astronomical Journal. 161 (4): 157. arXiv:2101.08801. Bibcode:2021AJ....161..157H. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abdec8. ISSN 0004-6256.