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LaRa (Lander Radioscience)
Operator	ESA & Roscosmos
Manufacturer	Antwerp Space N.V.
Instrument type	Radio science/Transponder
Function	Monitor the rotation and orientation of Mars
Mission duration	Planned: ≥ 1 Earth year
Website	lara.oma.be
Properties
Mass	less than 2.2 kg
Dimensions	Length: 23 cm for the transponder (7-9 cm for the antennas)
Power consumption	≈ 40 W
Spectral band	X band (uplink: 7.174 GHz, downlink: 8.428 GHz)
Host spacecraft
Spacecraft	Kazachok
Operator	ESA & Roscosmos
Launch date	August–October 2022
Rocket	Proton-M/Briz-M
Launch site	Baikonur

LaRa (Lander Radioscience) is a Belgian radio science experiment that will be placed onboard Kazachok, planned to be launched in 2022.^[2]^[4] LaRa will monitor the Doppler frequency shift of a radio signal traveling between the Martian lander and the Earth. These Doppler measurements will be used to precisely observe the orientation and rotation of Mars, leading to a better knowledge of the internal structure of the planet.^[5]^[6]

Instrument description

LaRa will obtain coherent two-way Doppler measurements from the X band radio link between Kazachok and large antennas on Earth, like those of the Deep space network. The relative radial velocity between the Earth and the Martian lander is inferred from Doppler shifts measured at the Earth ground stations. Masers at the Earth's ground stations ensure the frequency stability.^[6] Véronique Dehant, scientist at the Royal Observatory of Belgium, is the Principal Investigator of the experiment.^[2]^[7]

Antwerp Space N.V.,^[1] a subsidiary of OHB SE, is the manufacturer of the LaRa instrument.^[2] The main parts of the transponder are the coherent detector, the transmitter with the Solid-State Power Amplifier, the micro controller unit, the receiver and the power supply unit. The Allan deviation (quantifying the frequency stability of the signal) of the measurements is expected to be lower than $10^{-13}$ at 60 second integration time.

The LaRa high-performance antennas were designed at the Université catholique de Louvain in Belgium to obtain an optimal antenna gain centered on an elevation (angle of the line-of-sight from the lander to Earth) of about 30° to 55°.^[8] There will be three antennas: two for the transmission (for redundancy purposes) and one for reception.^[9] Cables connect the transponder to the three antennas.

Belgium and the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (BELSPO) fund the development and the manufacturing of LaRa through ESA's PRODEX program.^[10]

Scientific objectives

LaRa will study the rotation of Mars as well as its internal structure, with particular focus on its core. It will observe the Martian precession rate, the nutations, and the length-of-day variations, as well as the polar motion. The precession and the nutations are variations in the orientation of Mars's rotation axis in space, the precession being the very long term motion (about 170 000 years for Mars) while the nutations are the variations with a shorter period (annual, semi-annual, ter-annual,... periods). A precise measurement of the Martian nutations enables an independent determination of the size and density of the liquid core because of a resonance in the nutation amplitudes.^[11] The resonant amplification of the low-frequency forced nutations depends sensibly on the size, moment of inertia, and flattening of the core. This amplification is expected to correspond to a displacement of between a few to forty centimeters on Mars surface.^[12] Observing the amplification allows to confirm the liquid state of the core and to determine some core properties.

LaRa will also measure variations in the rotation angular momentum due to the redistribution of masses, such as the migration of ice from the polar caps to the atmosphere and the sublimation/condensation cycle of atmospheric CO₂.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b "LaRa". Antwerp Space. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Exomars 2020 surface platform". European Space Agency. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "LaRa instrument characteristics". Royal Observatory of Belgium. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
^ ^a ^b "N° 6–2020: ExoMars to take off for the Red Planet in 2022" (Press release). ESA. 12 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
^ Dehant, Veronique; Folkner, William; Renotte, Etienne; Orban, Daniel; Asmar, Sami; Balmino, Georges; Barriot, Jean-Pierre; Benoist, Jeremy; Biancale, Richard; Biele, Jens; Budnik, Frank; Burger, Stefaan; De Viron, Olivier; Häusler, Bernd; Karatekin, Özgur; Le Maistre, Sébastien; Lognonné, Philippe; Menvielle, Michel; Mitrovic, Michel; Pätzold, Martin; Rivoldini, Attilio; Rosenblatt, Pascal; Schubert, Gerald; Spohn, Tilman; Tortora, Paolo; Van Hoolst, Tim; Witasse, Olivier; Yseboodt, Marie (2009). "Lander radioscience for obtaining the rotation and orientation of Mars". Planetary and Space Science. 57 (8–9). Planetary and Space Science, Volume 57, Issues 8–9, July 2009, Pages 1050-1067.: 1050–1067. Bibcode:2009P&SS...57.1050D. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2008.08.009.
^ ^a ^b "LaRa Homepage". Royal Observatory of Belgium. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
^ "LaRa Team". Royal Observatory of Belgium. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
^ "Space Antennas – Antennas Group". Université Catholique de Louvain. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
^ LaRa (Lander Radioscience) on the ExoMars 2020 Surface Platform. (PDF) Véronique Dehant, Sébastien Le Maistre, Rose-Marie Baland, etal. EPSC Abstracts. Vol. 12, EPSC2018-31, 2018. European Planetary Science Congress 2018.
^ "Belgium and LaRa on their way to Mars" (Press release). Royal Observatory of Belgium. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
^ Dehant, V.; Van Hoolst, T.; Defraigne, P. (January 2000). "Computation of Mars' transfer functions for nutations, tides and surface loading". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 117 (1–4): 385–395. Bibcode:2000PEPI..117..385D. doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00108-9.
^ Yseboodt, M.; Dehant, V.; Péters, M.-J. (2017). "Signatures of the Martian rotation parameters in the Doppler and range observables". Planetary and Space Science. 144: 74–88. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2018.03.020. S2CID 126262079.
^ Karatekin, O.; de Viron, O.; Lambert, S.; Dehant, V.; Rosenblatt, P.; Van Hoolst, T.; Le Maistre, S. (August 2011). "Atmospheric angular momentum variations of Earth, Mars and Venus at seasonal time scales". Planetary and Space Science. 59 (10): 923–933. Bibcode:2011P&SS...59..923K. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.09.010.