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Kunjen
Kunjen
Uw
Native to	Australia
Region	Cape York Peninsula, Queensland
Ethnicity	Ngundjan (Ogh-Undjan), Uw Oykangand, Olkola
Native speakers	2 (2005)
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Paman Southwestern Upper Kunjen; ; ; ;
Dialects	Uw Oykangand; Uw Olkola; Ogh-Undjan; Kawarrang; Athina;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; kjn – Oykangand; olk – Olkol
Glottolog	kunj1248
AIATSIS	Y83 Kunjen (cover term), Y188 Kokiny, Y237 Athina
ELP	Kunjen; Olkol;
	Kunjen is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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Kunjen, or Uw, is a Paman language spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Uw Oykangand, Olkola, and related Aboriginal Australian peoples.^[2] It is closely related to Kuuk Thaayorre, and perhaps Kuuk Yak.

Dialects

Two of its dialects, Uw Olkola (Olgolo) and Uw Oykangand (Koko Wanggara), are very close, being mutually intelligible and sharing 97% of their core vocabulary.^[3] Another two, Ogh-Undjan and Kawarrangg, are also close, but somewhat more distant from the first pair. Kokinj (Kokiny) is a subdialect of Ogh-Undjan. A fifth variety, Athima, is poorly attested.

Below is a table showing the mutual intelligibility in vocabulary between the Kunjen dialects, based on a list of 100 basic words.^[4]

Kawarrangg
Uw Oykangand	97%	44%	38%
Uw Olkola		43%	38%
Ogh-Undjan			82%

A small dictionary of Kunjen has been compiled by Philip Hamilton.^[5] A great majority of words begin with a vowel (>96%), similar to the situation in distantly-related Arrernte. Exceptions include kinship terms and loanwords. Syllable onsets are thought to be present in all languages, so their absence in native lexicon is highly notable.

Respect register

As in many other Australian languages, such as Dyirbal, Kunjen also has a respect register, which is a polite way of speaking with a potential mother-in-law and is called Olkel-Ilmbanhthi. Most of the vocabulary is replaced, while affixes and function words are kept.^[6]

Normal Uw Oykangand:

Alka-nhdh

spear-INSTR

idu-rr

spear-PST

ay

I

"I speared it with a spear."

Equivalent in Olkel-Ilmbanhthi:

Udnga-nhdh

spear-INSTR

yanganyunyja-rr

spear-PST

ay

I

"I speared it with a spear."

Phonology

Vowels

Kunjen has 5 vowels:

Vowels^[7]
	Front	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i	u
Mid	e	o
Open	a

There is a lexical vowel harmony constraint in Kunjen: Close and mid vowels do not co-occur in a word.

Consonants

Kunjen has 27 consonants:

Consonants^[8]
		Peripheral		Laminal		Apical
		Bilabial	Velar	Palatal	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex
Plosive	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩	k ⟨k⟩	c ⟨ch⟩	t̪ ⟨th⟩	t ⟨t⟩
Plosive	voiced	b ⟨b⟩	g ⟨g⟩	ɟ ⟨j⟩	d̪ ⟨dh⟩	d ⟨d⟩
Nasal	plain	m ⟨m⟩	ŋ ⟨ng⟩	ɲ ⟨ny⟩	n̪ ⟨nh⟩	n ⟨n⟩
Nasal	prestopped	ᵇm ⟨bm⟩	ᶢŋ ⟨gng⟩	ᶡɲ ⟨jny⟩	ᵈ̪n̪ ⟨dnh⟩	ᵈn ⟨dn⟩
Fricative		f ⟨f⟩	ɣ ⟨ɣ⟩		ð ⟨ð⟩
Trill						r ⟨rr⟩
Approximant	Central	w ⟨w⟩		j ⟨y⟩			ɻ ⟨r⟩
Approximant	Lateral			ʎ ⟨ly⟩	l̪ ⟨lh⟩	l ⟨l⟩

In popular culture

The Uw Olkola word for the freshwater crocodile, ogakor, was used as the name of a tribe on the second season of the American reality television series, Survivor in 2001.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Y83 Kunjen (cover term) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (see the info box for additional links)
^ Crump, Des (10 August 2020). "Language of the Week: Week Eleven - Oykangand". State Library Of Queensland. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
^ "Description of the languages Uw Olkola and Uw Oykangand". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
^ Sommer, Bruce A. (January 1970). "An Australian Language Without CV Syllables". International Journal of American Linguistics. 36: 57–58. doi:10.1086/465090. S2CID 143977924.
^ "Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola wordlist". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
^ Evans, Nicholas (2006). "Warramurrungunji Undone: Australian Languages in the 51st Millennium". In Brenzinger, Matthias (ed.). Language Diversity Endangered. pp. 354–355.
^ Sommer 1969, pp. 37, 41.
^ Sommer 1969, pp. 37–40.
^ "Freshwater crocodile". oocities.org. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012.^{[self-published source?]}

Sommer, Bruce A. (1969). Kunjen phonology: synchronic and diachronic. Pacific Linguistics: Series B, Monographs. Vol. 11. Canberra: Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-B11.
"Uw Olkola and Uw Oykangand Language Information". geocities.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2002.^{[self-published source]}