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Kosmos-3M
(R-14 11K65M)
	Drawing of the Kosmos-3M with bulges on payload fairing for launching SAR Lupe
Function	Orbital launch vehicle
Manufacturer	Yuzhnoye / NPO Polyot
Country of origin	Soviet Union, Russia
Size
Height	32.4 m (106 ft)
Diameter	2.4 m (7 ft 10 in)
Mass	109,000 kg (240,000 lb)
Stages	2
Capacity
Payload to Low Earth orbit
Mass	1,500 kg (3,300 lb)
Payload to Sun-synchronous orbit
Mass	775 kg (1,709 lb)
Launch history
Status	Retired
Launch sites	Plesetsk Cosmodrome,; Site 132; Site 133/3; Kapustin Yar Site 107
Total launches	444
Success(es)	424
Failure(s)	20
First flight	15 May 1967
Last flight	27 April 2010
First stage – R-14U
Powered by	1 RD-216
Maximum thrust	1,485 kN (334,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	291 seconds
Burn time	131 seconds
Propellant	AK27I / UDMH
Second stage – S3M
Powered by	1 11D49
Maximum thrust	157 kN (35,000 lbf)
Specific impulse	293 seconds
Burn time	350 + 350 seconds
Propellant	AK27I/UDMH
	[edit on Wikidata]

The Kosmos-3M (Russian: Космос-3М meaning "Cosmos", GRAU index 11K65M) was a Russian space launch vehicle, member of the Kosmos rocket family. It was a liquid-fueled two-stage launch vehicle, first launched in 1967 and with over 420 successful launches to its name.

The Kosmos-3M used UDMH fuel and AK27I oxidizer (red fuming nitric acid) to lift roughly 1,400 kg (3,100 lb) of payload into orbit. It differed from the earlier Kosmos-3 in its finer control of the second-stage burn, allowing operators to tune the thrust and even channel it through nozzles that helped orient the rocket for the launching of multiple satellites at one time.

PO Polyot manufactured these launch vehicles in the Russian city of Omsk for decades. It was originally scheduled to be retired from service in 2011;^[2] however, in April 2010 the Commander of the Russian Space Forces confirmed that it would be retired by the end of 2010.^[3] One further launch, with Kanopus-ST, was planned; however, this was cancelled in late 2012 as the launch vehicle had exceeded its design life while in storage ahead of the launch.

Launches

Date	Site	Payload(s)	References
19 April 1975	Kapustin Yar	Aryabhata
7 June 1979	Kapustin Yar	Bhaskara I	^[4]
20 November 1981	Kapustin Yar	Bhaskara II	^[5]
28 April 1999	Kapustin Yar	ABRIXAS	^[6]
28 June 2000	Plesetsk	Nadezhda, Tsinghua-1, SNAP-1	^[7]^[8]
28 Nov 2002	Plesetsk	ALSAT-1, Mozhayets	^[9]^[10]
27 Sept 2003	Plesetsk	NigeriaSAT-1, BILSAT-1, UK-DMC (BNSCSat), Mozhayets-4, KAISTSat-4, Larets, Rubin-4	^[10]^[11]
2 July 2007	Plesetsk	SAR-Lupe-2
11 September 2007	Plesetsk	Kosmos-2429
27 March 2008	Plesetsk	SAR-Lupe 4
19 June 2008	Kapustin Yar	Orbcomm	^{[citation needed]}
22 July 2008	Plesetsk	SAR-Lupe 5
21 July 2009	Plesetsk Site 132/1	Kosmos 2454 (Parus) Sterkh-1

Accidents

A total of 446 Kosmos 3Ms were launched from 1967 to 2010, with 22 failures. Some of the more noteworthy ones:

On 22 December 1970, a launch of a target vehicle for ASAT tests lost thrust at liftoff and fell back onto the pad at Plesetsk, exploding and badly damaging it.^{[citation needed]}

On 26 June 1973, a Kosmos 3M exploded on the pad at Plesetsk during a propellant loading accident, killing nine people.^[12]

An attempted launch of an Intercosmos scientific satellite on 3 June 1975 failed 84 seconds into the launch when the first stage engine shut down.^{[citation needed]}

An attempted launch of a military radar calibration satellite on 25 January 1983 suffered another first stage failure about 40 seconds into launch when the RD-219 started losing thrust. The onboard computer automatically shut the engine off and the launch vehicle fell into the Northern Dvina. Due to the tense relations between the U.S. and Soviet Union at this time, the U.S. military was widely suspected of having shot down the launch vehicle and General Secretary Yuri Andropov personally informed of this possibility. However, a group of locals ice fishing in the Dvina had witnessed the booster plunge into the river and reported what they'd seen to authorities. After this and a quick examination of telemetry, sabotage was ruled out. The failure was traced to high-frequency combustion instability, which had been a problem with the RD-219 engine and was also responsible for the 1970 and 1975 Kosmos 3M failures. The engine was redesigned and no further launches were lost due to first stage engine failures.^{[citation needed]}

More recently, on 21 November 2000, a Kosmos 3M launcher failed to place the QuickBird 1 satellite into orbit due to a failure of its second stage. The launch vehicle and satellite reentered the atmosphere over Uruguay, and an inquest into the accident was inconclusive.^{[citation needed]}