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Kaskaskia River
Kaskaskia River
	A coal loading facility on the Kaskaskia River near New Athens in St. Clair County, Illinois
	Kaskaskia River watershed map
Location
Country	United States
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Interstate 74 in Champaign County, Illinois west of Champaign, Illinois
• coordinates	39°59′30″N 88°21′22″W / 39.991698°N 88.3561656°W
• elevation	~840 ft (260 m), (Yankee Ridge)
Mouth
• location	Mississippi River 10 mi (16 km) northwest of Chester
• coordinates	37°58′30″N 89°56′15″W / 37.974942°N 89.937372°W
• elevation	~350 ft (110 m)
Length	approximately 325 miles (523 km)
Basin size	approximately 5,746 sq mi (14,880 km2)
Discharge
• average	14,832 cu ft/s (420.0 m3/s)
Basin features
GNIS ID	426395

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The Kaskaskia River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 325 miles (523 km) long,^[2] in central and southern Illinois in the United States.^[3] The second largest river system within Illinois, it drains a rural area of farms, as well as rolling hills along river bottoms of hardwood forests in its lower reaches. The lower reaches of the river have been canalized to allow barge traffic. In 1819, Vandalia up the river in the interior of the then new state of Illinois was chosen as its capital, which it served as until 1839.

"Cascasquia" is an alternative, supposedly more French, spelling of "Kaskaskia" that is sometimes encountered.^{[citation needed]} It was named after a clan of the Illiniwek encountered by the early French Jesuits and other settlers. "Okaw River" was an alternative name for the Kaskaskia that persists in place names along the river, including Okawville, and in a major tributary, the West Okaw River.

Hydrography

The Kaskaskia rises in east central Illinois in several farm ditches along the west side of Champaign. The headwaters of the river is just north of Interstate 74, where it is marked with a sign. The river flows south across rural Champaign and Douglas counties, then southwest across southern Illinois, past Vandalia. It joins the Mississippi from the north approximately 10 miles (16 km) northwest of Chester and 40 miles (64 km) south-southeast of St. Louis, Missouri. The watershed of the river encompasses approximately 5,746 square miles (14,880 km²), approximately 10.2% of the state of Illinois.

The Kaskaskia is impounded in Shelby County to form Lake Shelbyville. It is also impounded in Clinton County southwest of Vandalia to form Carlyle Lake.

For most of the 19th century, the river joined the Mississippi at Chester. Deforestation of river banks of the Mississippi and tributaries to fuel the hundreds of steamboats that plied the river had several significant environmental effects: destabilizing the banks, causing the Mississippi to become wider and more shallow, causing more severe flooding and leading to lateral channel changes in the American Bottoms area.^[4] In the aftermath of a major 1881 flood, the Mississippi changed its channel and moved east to flow along the lower 10 miles (16 km) of the channel of the Kaskaskia, shifting the confluence 10 miles north. As a result, a small portion of Illinois, including the former capital, Kaskaskia, was cut off from Illinois when the river moved to its east side. It is now located on the west side of the Mississippi. The community of Kaskaskia can now only be reached from the Missouri shore. The Kaskaskia River State Fish & Wildlife Area is located along the lower river in southern Illinois.

Fort Kaskaskia was located near the mouth of the river in Randolph County.

References

^ 32&filenum= 1081 River Discharge Database^{[permanent dead link]}
^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed May 13, 2011
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kaskaskia River
^ F. Terry Norris, "Where Did the Villages Go? Steamboats, Deforestation, and Archaeological Loss in the Mississippi Valley", in Common Fields: an environmental history of St. Louis, Andrew Hurley, ed., St. Louis, MO: Missouri Historical Society Press, 1997, pp. 73-89