Junnar (Marathi pronunciation: [d͡ʒunːəɾ]) is a city in the Pune district of the Indian state of Maharashtra.[1] The city has history dating back to the first millennium. The nearby fort of Shivneri was the birthplace of Maratha king Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire. Junnar was declared the first tourism taluka in Pune district by the government of Maharashtra on 9 January 2018.[2]
History
Junnar has been an important trading and political centre for the last two millennia. The town is on the trade route that links the ports of western India or more specifically of Konkan with Deccan interiors. The first mention of Junnar comes the Greco-Roman travellers from the first millennium,[3][4][5] The Indo-ScythianWestern Satraps ruled at Junnar during the 2nd century CE as shown by their cave inscriptions in the area of Junnar, at Manmodi Caves.[6] "Yavana" Greeks also left donative inscriptions in the 2nd century CE at Lenyadri and Manmodi Caves.[7] According to Damodar Kosambi, the real name of Junnar may have been Tagara. In his opinion, the name Junnar may be the contracted form of Jirnanagar (Old city).[8]
In the 1400s, the Russian traveler, Afanasy Nikitin spent many months in Junnar during the monsoon season. He describes vividly the life in the Bahamani-ruled area around Junnar.[9]
After the collapse of the Bahamanis, the breakaway state of Nizam Shahi had Junnar as their first capital in the 1490s.[10] Later in early 1600s, Malik Ambar the Nizam Shahi general again moved his capital there.[11] The father of Shivaji, Shahaji Raje Bhonsale worked for Malik Ambar early in his career. Shivaji was born at the nearby Shivneri fort.
Junnar has an average elevation of 689 metres (2,260 feet).[12] The Kukadi River flows to the north.
Teak Forest
The Junnar area has been historically famed for its teak forest. The Shaniwar Wada, the de facto seat of government of the Maratha Empire in Pune was completed in 1732 by PeshwaBajirao I.Teak from Junnar was used extensively in its construction.
Demographics
Scouts in Junnar.
As of 2001[update] India census,[13] Junnar had a population of 24,740. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Junnar has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 72%. In Junnar, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Transport
State Transport buses run between Pune and Junnar from Shivajinagar ST stand from 06:30 AM every hour.
Also bus facility available from Mumbai (kalyan) for every 10–30 minutes from 05:20 AM till 12:30 AM.
Same is the case from Ahmednagar and Nashik. Transportation from Ahmednagar and Mumbai takes a route of NH 222 while from Pune and Nashik will take a route of NH 50.
Junnar Tourism
Junnar area is dotted with historic places including Shivneri, the birthplace of the Maratha king Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the cave temple at Lenyadri, Kulswami khandoba temple wadaj, One of the famous temple of Lord Ganesha Ozar, and the walled town of Junnar itself. Also Junnar has historical underground water chain which it exists at Sayyed Wada (Nehr e Hussaini hauz) Junnar in the remembrance of Karbala. This water reservoir exist today.
Jivdhan, Jivdhan (or Jeevdhan) is a hill fortress situated 1 km near the modern day town of Ghatghar in Junnar Taluka of Pune district in Maharashtra, India.
Hadsar Fort
Hadsar, fort is among the many forts in Junnar region of Pune district which were meant for protection of the ancient commercial trade route from Mawal region to Kalyan via Naneghat. There is a marvelous sculpture design of the bastion and the fort entrance, which is not seen elsewhere. They are all carved from a single rock.
Cave temples
Manmodi Caves Chaitya. Woodcut from Photograph, 1880.Location of Buddhist caves around the city of Junnar.
Surroundings of Junnar are very rich with ancient cave temples. In total there are more than 220 individual rock-cut caves located in four hills around Junnar.[14] Junnar has the largest and longest cave excavations in India.[15] The most famous among the caves is the Lenyadri complex. It represents a series of about 30 rock-cut mostly Buddhist caves. Cave 7 is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to the god Ganesha. It is one of the Ashtavinayak shrines, a set of the eight prominent Ganesha shrines in Maharashtra. Twenty-six of the caves are individually numbered. The caves face to the south and are numbered serially from east to west.[16][17][18] Caves 6 and 14 are chaitya-grihas (chapels), while the rest are viharas (dwellings for monks). The latter are in the form of dwellings and cells. There are also several rock-cut water cisterns; two of them have inscriptions. The layout of the caves, in general, are similar in pattern and shape. They generally have one or two sides with two long benches for occupants' use.[16][17][18]
The caves date from between the 1st and 3rd century AD; the Ganesha shrine situated in Cave 7 is dated to the 1st century AD,[16][19] though the date of conversion to a Hindu shrine is unknown. All of the caves arise from Hinayana Buddhism.[16]
The caves of Junnar are grouped according to the following classification:[20]
Tulja Leni or Tuljalena, on the Tuljabai hill, 4 km west of Junnar.
Shivneri group or Sivaneri group, 3 km southwest of Junnar.
East facing group (1, 2, and 3)
West facing group
South facing group
Manmodi group, on Manmodi hill, 3 km south of Junnar.
Bhimasankar group
Amba-Ambika group
Bhutalinga group
Lenyadri or Ganesh lena group, 5 km north of Junnar.
About 20 km to the northwest of Junnar, the Naneghat caves can also be seen.
Saudagar Gumbaz
Saudagar Gumbaz
The monument is located in Hapusbaug village, 10 km away from Junnar. It was built in the 17th century, and is considered the finest building from the islamic era of the town. The tombs has a double-storied facade with a single large space.It is an example of an early post-Bahmani type architecture.[21][22] It is on the List of Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra.
Yavana Inscriptions
Several inscriptions related to donations by Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) have been found at the Junnar caves.[23] These inscriptions are located in the Shivneri Caves:[24]
One inscription mentions the gift of two cisterns to the monks by a Yavana donor named Irila.[23]
Another inscription mentions the gift of a dining hall to the samgha by a Yavana donor named Chita.[23]
At Manmodi Caves, another Yavana donor named Chanda dedicated a hall front to the Samgha.[23]
Agritourism or agrotourism, as it is defined most broadly, involves any agriculturally based operation or activity that brings visitors to a farm or ranch. Few popular such venture, "Parashar Agri & Village Tourism centre", is situated in village Rajuri of Junnar Taluka, and other Rashmigreenland Agri Tourism Center, located at the foothills of Leynadri temple, Golegaon, Junnar.[citation needed]
An emerging group of youth from junnar are trying new trends into the business of agrotourism. Arranging Treks, tours, leaving in countryside, tents under the sky are features you can try out here with them. Easy accessible from Pune, Mumbai and Nashik.
Leopard
There have been numerous cases of leopards attacking people and livestock in Junnar in recent years with many fatalities. According to field studies, carried out in Junnar, the man-leopard crisis has been brought about not only by development but by the recent translocations of the leopards. The problem is most acute in areas bordering Junnar Forest Division where sugarcane plantations provide a good hiding place for leopards.[25] There is a leopard rescue centre located at Manikdoh for this cause also Manikdoh dam one of bigger dam is situated Near Junnar.
^Margabandhu, C. "Trade Contacts between Western India and the Graeco-Roman World in the early centuries of the Christian era." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient/Journal de l'histoire economique et sociale de l'Orient (1965): 316-322.
^Deo, S. B. "The Genesis of Maharashtra History and Culture." Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 43 (1984): 17-36.
^Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay. Asiatic Society of Bombay. 1986. p. 219. If Konow is right, then the length of time for Ksatrapa rule in the Nasik-Karla-Junnar region would be at least thirty-five years.
^ abcd"Lenyadri Group of Caves, Junnar". Archaeological Survey of India official site. Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India. 2009. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
^ abcdeReligions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, BRILL, 2013 p.97 Note 97
^"The Junnar Cave 18 speaks of three Yavanas...." in Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture - D. R. Bhandarkar - 1989, p.60
^Shingote, R.J., 2011. THE PREDATORS OF JUNNAR: LOCAL PEOPLES’KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS LEOPARDS AND LEOPARD CONSERVATION (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University).[1]
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