The accident marked the deadliest aviation disaster involving a South Korean airliner since the 1997 crash of Korean Air Flight 801 in Guam (which had 229 fatalities) and became the deadliest aviation incident on South Korean soil, surpassing the 2002 crash of Air China Flight 129 that killed 129 people.[2] This was the first fatal crash in the history of Jeju Air, which was 19 years old at the time of the accident.[3]
The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-8AS[a] registered as HL8088, and was equipped with two CFM International CFM56-7B engines.[6][7] It first flew on 19 August 2009 and was delivered new to Ryanair registered as EI-EFR. Ryanair leased the aircraft until 2017, after which it was transferred to Jeju Air by the lessor, SMBC Aviation Capital.[8][9][10] Within the last year, it flew 1,389 times internationally to more than 12 countries and 747 times domestically.[11] Less than a month before the crash, Jeju Air had resumed regular international services at Muan International Airport following a suspension caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the aircraft involved was making four flights a week between Muan and Bangkok,[12] a service that Jeju Air began on 8 December.[13]
In the 48 hours before the crash, the aircraft made 13 flights that included stops in Muan, Jeju Island and Incheon as well as to Beijing, Bangkok, Kota Kinabalu, Nagasaki and Taipei. It was also used by a Gwangju-based travel agency to make charter trips to Bangkok over the Christmas season.[14] Prior to its final trip, the mandatory aircraft pre-flight maintenance was recorded to have been done in 28 minutes – the minimum time allowed by South Korean government regulation.[15] No issues were found in the aircraft's safety pre-check before its final flight, according to Jeju Air.[16]
Jeju Air initially said that the crashed aircraft was not involved in any prior incident, but data from the Korea Airports Corporation showed that in February 2021, the aircraft was damaged when its tail struck the runway during takeoff from Gimpo International Airport in Seoul, for which Jeju Air was fined 2.2 billion won ($1.5 million) by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for violating safety regulations. Amid criticism over the airline's omission of the incident, Jeju Air said it considered the incident as "minor", which led to its omission in accident records.[17]
Passengers and crew
Of the 175 passengers, 2 were Thai nationals, and the other 173 were South Korean.[18][19] The oldest on board was born in 1946, and the youngest in 2021.[20][21] Nine members of the same family that included the three-year-old child were also on board.[22] Of the 181 people on board, 82 were male and 93 were female.[23] There were 5 passengers under the age of 10.[24] The captain was an employee of Jeju Air since 2019 and had accumulated over 6,820 hours of flight experience; the first officer had over 1,650 hours.[12] The crew also included four flight attendants.[25]
Most passengers were returning home from a five-day Christmas package tour to Bangkok.[26] Thirteen passengers were reported to be active or former government officials on a provincial or local/municipal level, eight were current or former civil servants from Hwasun County, and five were administrative officers of the Jeonnam Provincial Office of Education.[27] Eighty-one passengers were residents of Gwangju, while 76 others, including one Thai national, resided in South Jeolla Province. The remaining passengers originated from North Jeolla Province, Gyeonggi Province, Seoul, Jeju Island, South Gyeongsang Province and South Chungcheong Province.[28]
On 29 December, the aircraft took off from Suvarnabhumi Airport at 2:28a.m ICT (UTC+7).[30] Thai officials stated that neither the aircraft nor the runway had been reported as abnormal.[31] It was carrying 181 occupants: 175 passengers and 6 crew.[32]
At 8:54 a.m. KST (UTC+9), the plane was authorized to land at Muan International Airport in South Korea.[33] As the plane was preparing to land, it was warned at 8:57 a.m. about the potential for a bird strike.[4][33][34] A minute later, it issued a mayday alert.[4][34] At 9:00a.m., the plane attempted an emergency landing, being forced to go around[33][34] after the landing gear was not deployed.[34] A minute later, it received authorization to attempt a landing from the opposite direction.[33]
Snapshots from footage showing the aircraft skidding down and overshooting the runway before colliding with the concrete structure
The crash occurred between 9:03[34] and 9:07a.m.[35] as the aircraft belly landed,[36][37] touching down 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) along the runway.[11] It overshot,[36][37] with video footage showing the aircraft sliding down the runway on the engine nacelles with a sustained nose-high attitude.[38] It continued 250 metres (820 ft) past the runway threshold before colliding with an embankment holding the ILS array and exploding.[11][38] Wreckage from the aircraft continued through the perimeter wall, causing partial damage.[11] Local residents said they saw flames and sparks originating from the aircraft's right wing and heard explosions and "metal scraping" before impact. Some reported seeing a flock of birds being ingested into the right engine, causing a fire.[39] The only survivors were two crew members rescued from the tail section of the aircraft.[35] A local restaurant owner heard "loud bangs" that sounded like the backfiring of a motorcycle engine, leading him to rush to the restaurant rooftop and record a 54-second video on his cell phone of the aircraft's descent and crash which subsequently went viral.[40][41]
Emergency crews responding to the crash
Emergency services received multiple calls around 9:03a.m.,[32] and the fire response issued a level-3 emergency, its highest alert.[42] According to the National Fire Agency and the Ministry of National Defense, 1,562 personnel, including 490 firefighters, 500 military personnel and 455 police officers, were dispatched.[43][44] One of the survivors was rescued at 9:23 a.m., and the other was rescued from the tail section at 9:50 a.m.[33] The fire was extinguished within 43 minutes of the crash,[45][46] and the flight recorders were retrieved within the day.[31] The flight data recorder was found partially damaged without a connector linking its data storage unit to the power supply, while the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was intact.[47][48]
The two flight attendants seated in the aft jump seats were the only survivors of the crash and were conscious.[31][20] Hydraulic equipment was used to rescue one of the survivors, who had been pinned down by a fallen cabinet.[25] They both sustained moderate to serious wounds, one with fractures to his ribs, shoulder blade and upper spine,[31] and the other with injuries to her ankle and head.[49] Both received medical treatment at separate hospitals in Mokpo before being transferred to a hospital in Seoul.[50][23] Both survivors appeared to be disoriented and were unable to remember what had happened immediately following the landing.[51]
By 1:36 p.m., the firefighters had switched to search operations to recover bodies.[52] A temporary morgue was set up in an airport hangar[53] to handle the bodies recovered from the wreckage, and a waiting room was created for family members of the occupants at the airport with civil servants assigned to each family for support while they awaited news from the crash.[54] Tents were also erected inside of the airport to temporarily house arriving family members.[55] Later at night, the family members were temporarily accommodated at the dormitories of Mokpo National University.[56]
Regular operations of Muan International Airport were ordered suspended until 7 January 2025.[57] At the time of the crash, ongoing construction work had shortened the runway's length from 2,800 to 2,500 meters (9,200 to 8,200 ft); officials from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport dismissed the possibility of the relatively short runway length having contributed to the accident.[58]
Victims
A total of 179 people were confirmed dead,[59] including all 175 passengers and 4 crew members. Local fire officials said that passengers were ejected from the aircraft after it hit a barrier at the end of the runway, leaving little chance of survival.[60] Firefighters said some bodies were scattered 100 to 200 m (330 to 660 ft) from the crash site while others were found mutilated or burnt among the wreckage.[61] Police officials said it would require over a week to identify the more than 600 human remains recovered.[62] Some family members provided officials with DNA samples at the airport to help identify the dead.[4]
On 30 December, at 12:10a.m., South Jeolla Province Governor Kim Yung-rok said 120 bodies had been identified, 159 bodies had had their fingerprints collected, and that the remaining 20 would be identified using DNA samples.[63] The fire department, at 2:47a.m., said 137 bodies had been identified and DNA were still being collected to identify the remaining dead.[64] By 31 December, 174 of the dead had been identified, including 32 via DNA comparison.[65] All 179 victims were identified by 1 January 2025.[66]
Investigation
Diagram of Jeju Air Flight 2216
At a press conference, Lee Jeong-hyun, Muan County fire chief, said that the cause of the landing gear failure was presumed to have been adverse weather combined with a bird strike;[67] the weather around the airport at the time of the crash was favorable with almost no wind, rain or clouds, and visibility was 9 kilometers (5.6 mi).[68][69]
Bird strike
Six minutes before the crash, the airport traffic control issued a warning of a possible bird strike. A minute later, the pilot declared a mayday.[70] Authorities said that a bird strike may have caused a malfunction that affected the hydraulic system controlling the landing gear and that there was insufficient time for the pilots to manually deploy the landing gear.[71] Muan International Airport has the highest rate of bird strikes of the 14 regional airports in South Korea, with a strike rate of 0.09%. Prior to the crash, ten cases of bird strikes had been recorded at Muan since 2019. Although the absolute number of strikes is small in statistical terms, the strike rate of 0.09% of flights is significantly higher than other major airports like Gimpo (0.018%) and Jeju (0.013%).[72][73] The airport was constructed near major bird habitats and feeding grounds, such as the Yeongsan lake and the mudflats of the southwest coast.[74] The development of the nearby land had caused local birds to take increasingly erratic routes, and climate change has led to many species of migratory birds becoming resident birds.[75]The Chosun Ilbo reported that environmental impact assessments had recommended the deployment of sound cannons, lasers and warning lights at the airport. However, their implementation was delayed due to runway extension work.[76]
The said assessments also expressed concern over plans to expand the length of the airport runway from 2,800 to 3,160 metres (9,190 to 10,370 ft) by 2025, and that three bird habitats existed adjacent to the airport, with a bird population of up to 1,760. Official regulations require that a single runway operated for nine hours or less requires a minimum of four personnel to drive away birds. However, it was found that only one of Muan's four staff charged with this task was on duty on the day of the disaster.[72]The Korea Times, citing an investigation headquarters official, reported that the investigation will also examine the impact of the shortened declared distance.[77]
Kim In-gyu, director of the Korea Aerospace University Flight Education Center, stated that it was unusual for all three landing gears to fail and that "it is difficult to conclude that a bird strike alone was responsible". Other experts said that even if one engine failed, the second engine should have been able to supply power to lower the landing gear.[78]
Thrust reversal and wing flaps
Professor Choi Kee-young of Inha University noted that a thrust reverser and wing flaps seemingly did not work.[78] After reviewing the footage of the crash, Professor Shawn Pruchnicki of Ohio State University commented that "A thrust reverser, used to slow the plane on landing, appeared to be in use on only one engine, which is unusual".[69] Keith Tonkin of Aviation Projects in Brisbane, Australia, said the wing flaps had not been extended during the landing, and the aircraft was traveling down the runway faster than the typical landing speed.[4]
Kim Kwang-il, a professor of Aeronautical Science at Silla University in Busan, South Korea, noted the short interval between the mayday call and the moment of the crash, saying that "The pilot likely judged that attempting a landing was safer than trying to stay airborne without engine power." Other specialists expressed belief that the decision for a rushed belly landing was influenced by fumes entering the cabin and concerns about the engine fire, but that the failure to burn off fuel beforehand contributed to the severity of the crash.[71]
Non-standard barrier
Kim Kwang-il also criticized the presence of the barrier which the aircraft crashed into, saying that the emergency landing was made in a skilled manner and that the aircraft "could have skidded further and stopped naturally" had it not been for the barrier, which he said violated international aviation safety standards against the presence of a solid obstruction.[79] David Learmount, an aviation safety expert, pointed out on Sky News that the aircraft was still intact after it touched down and remained so until it struck the barrier: "That kind of structure should not be there. That is awful. That is unbelievably awful. To have a hard object about 200 metres or less into the overrun, I've never seen anything like this anywhere ever before."[80] Remarks in the airport's operating manual, published by the Korea Airports Corporation on 9 May 2024,[81] said the barrier was too close to the end of the runway, and recommended conducting a review of the location of the equipment.[82]
The barrier in question was a concrete structure on an earthen berm, located about 250 metres (820 ft) from the end of the runway. It supported a localizer, an antenna array for the instrument landing system that assists aircraft navigation. The structure, berm, and localizer had a combined height of 4 metres (13 ft). Airport officials said the localizer was raised to runway level to ensure its proper functioning due to the slanted terrain at the end of the runway. The structure and berm were constructed in 2023 when the localizer was replaced.[83] Simon Hatfield, an aviation safety consultant, criticized the use of a berm to place the localizer at the correct height, saying that the aircraft would have simply plowed through the localizer and come to a rest if the localizer had been positioned on flatter terrain.[40] Comparisons were also made with localizers in Gimpo International Airport, where they are installed directly at ground level, and Incheon International Airport, whose localizers are mounted at less than 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) above the ground. Additionally, the localizers at both airports are placed on structures designed to be frangible, or to break apart upon impact,[84][85] which is considered to be the global best practice.[80] A transport ministry official said that there were plans to evaluate the safety of similar localizer support structures at other airports.[84]
On 2 January, the Jeonnam Provincial Police Agency carried out "search and seizure operations" at Muan airport, a regional aviation office, and Jeju Air's headquarters in Seoul. The airline's CEO, Kim E-bae, was also placed under an overseas travel ban.[92]
On 3 January, authorities began moving the wreckage of the aircraft, starting with the tail section.[93] Authorities also began conducting digital forensic analysis on 107 mobile phones recovered from the crash site following approval from families of the victims.[94]
Aftermath
Woo Won-shik, Speaker of the National Assembly, at the victims' memorial on 30 December
The government declared Muan a special disaster zone and issued a period of national mourning until 5 January 2025.[31] It also set up 90 memorial altars in 17 cities nationwide for public displays of grief,[95] with attendance estimated to have reached nearly 158,000.[96] Acting president and acting prime minister Choi Sang-mok, who acceded to the presidency two days before the accident following his acting predecessor Han Duck-soo's impeachment, ordered rescue efforts[97] and emergency benefits for relatives of the victims.[98] In under two hours, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety activated its Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters (중앙재난안전대책본부). Two days after the incident Ko Ki-dong, the acting interior minister, visited Muan.[99]Korail announced a dedicated KTX train service, departing from Seoul for Mokpo at 3:00 p.m., free of charge for the family members of the passengers to reach Muan airport.[100][101] The Gwangju Bar Association created a legal support task force to assist those affected by the disaster.[102] Messages of sympathy and ritual offerings were left by passersby in the perimeter fence of Muan airport.[103] The flag at the Thai embassy in Seoul was set at half-mast in mourning for the victims.[30]
A briefing was held in a conference room at the Muan International Airport, where first responders from the Muan Fire Department provided information to family members of the passengers. Several attendees expressed anger for not receiving hourly updates promised by government officials, for not being allowed near the accident site, and for being given inconsistent reports on which passengers had died. Many also expressed anger at Jeju Air for holding their press conference in Seoul, with no company officials present at the Muan Airport briefing. Acting President and acting Prime Minister Choi Sang-mok visited the site of the disaster, where several family members of passengers expressed dissatisfaction to him regarding the lack of real-time updates for those affected.[104][105] He also visited a memorial altar for the victims in Muan on 30 December.[106]
The government of Gwangju designated a week-long mourning period from 29 December to 4 January 2025, with several New Year events and celebrations being cancelled.[107] The governments of Jeonju, Jangheung County, Wando County, Haenam County, and South Jeolla Province also cancelled their regional New Year's Eve–associated events and instituted periods of mourning in response to the tragedy.[108][109] The announcement of South Korea's direction for its economic policy in 2025 was postponed due to the disaster.[110] Four hearings by the National Assembly of Korea on the 2024 South Korean martial law crisis on 30 December were also postponed,[111] as was a mass rally scheduled in Seoul on 31 December supporting the removal of impeached President Yoon Suk Yeol.[112] The Seoul Metropolitan Government scaled back activities for the new year.[113] It also imposed a six-month suspension of operations on the cruise boat operator Hyundai Cruise for holding a fireworks display on 30 December despite requests not to proceed. The firm apologized while saying that it was unable to cancel the event because it had already been pre-booked.[16] South Korean media outlets scaled back entertainment programs for the new year, while several K-pop figures postponed releases of music and content on social media.[114]
An increase in booking cancellations was recorded by Jeju Air following the crash, with 33,000 domestic flight reservations and 34,000 international reservations called off by 1:00 p.m. on 30 December.[115] That same day, a Boeing B737-800 operated by Jeju Air as Flight 7C101 experienced problems with its landing gear shortly after taking off from Gimpo International Airport on its way to Jeju at 6:37 a.m., prompting it to return to Gimpo at 7:25 a.m. Twenty-one passengers backed out from boarding a transfer flight offered an hour later.[116] Jeju Air later announced a 10–15% reduction in flights for the winter season to carry out maintenance work.[117]
On 30 December, authorities ordered the inspection of all Boeing 737-800 aircraft operated by South Korean airlines and an expanded review into safety standards at Jeju Air.[86] The inspections were supposed to be completed by 3 January 2025, but the deadline was extended by a week.[118] The Republic of Korea Air Force and the Republic of Korea Navy also conducted special inspections of its air assets following orders from the defense ministry.[119]
The families of the victims formed a support group and said that no funerals for their relatives would be held until all of them had been identified.[120] After all fatalities had been identified on 1 January, the first funeral for the victims was held the next day.[121] More than a thousand individuals, including representatives of ten organizations, volunteered to assist affected families at Muan airport. At least 18,000 people visited a joint memorial altar set up at the airport.[122][123]
Reactions
Domestic
Choi Sang-mok, acting president and deputy prime minister, holds a emergency meeting with Kim Yung-rok (Governor of South Jeolla Province), Kang Gi-jung (Mayor of Gwangju Metropolitan City), and Kim San (Mayor of Muan)
Jeju Air released a statement on its website apologizing for the accident and temporarily removed links to purchase tickets.[126][127] Its CEO, Kim E-bae,[31] released an apology on the Jeju Air website.[128][129] Chang Young-shin, the chair of Jeju Air's parent company Aekyung Group, also issued an apology. The airline deployed 260 employees to assist families of the victims in Muan.[130]
An emergency text message was sent by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety two hours and forty-five minutes after the disaster, leading to criticism from Muan County locals at its belatedness and an apology from county officials. Two emergency text messages sent by the Yeonggwang County government also drew criticism for relaying irrelevant information that included messages of condolence and support instead of disaster and response information, as standardized by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety.[131]
International
Thai Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra expressed condolences and ordered the Thai foreign ministry to assist the relatives of Thai crash victims.[132] Condolences were also expressed by several world leaders and their respective governments[b] as well as the European Union and the United Nations.[146] Multiple diplomatic missions in South Korea and the Boeing company also expressed their condolences to victims' families.[147][148]
S7 Airlines Flight 778 (runway overrun leading to a crash through a perimeter fence and garages before exploding into flames, 125 killed), 2006
TAM Airlines Flight 3054 (runway overrun caused in part by non-functioning thrust reverser and collision with obstacles after the runway, 199 killed), 2007
TACA Flight 390 (runway overrun and crash into an embankment due to pilot error, 5 killed), 2008
Notes
^ abThe aircraft was a Boeing 737-800. For aircraft made up to 2016, Boeing assigned a unique code for each company that buys one of its airliners, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built, hence "737-8AS" designates a 737–800 built for Ryanair (customer code AS).[5]
^Choe, Sang-Hun; Jin, Yu Young; Zhuang, Yan (29 December 2024). "What to Know About South Korea's Worst Plane Crash in Decades". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024. Sunday's crash was the worst aviation accident involving a South Korean airline since a Korean Air jet slammed into a hill in Guam, a U.S. territory in the western Pacific, in 1997.
^ abKim, Sol-bin. "'21년생 세살 아기도' 가족 여행객 다수, 탑승자 명단마저 슬픔..." ['3-year-old baby included' Many family travelers, even the passenger list is sad...]. Yonhap Today (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
^Choi, Seong-guk (29 December 2024). '3박5일' 크리스마스 방콕 여행객들 '참변'...여행사 전세기 ['3 Nights 5 Days' Christmas Bangkok Travelers 'Tragedy'... Travel Agency Charter Plane]. News1 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024. 29일 오전 전남무안국제공항에서 불시착해 폭발 화재사고가 난 여객기에는 대부분 크리마스마스에 맞춰 태국 방콕으로 3박 5일 일정으로 여행을 떠났던 탑승객들이 탔던 것으로 파악됐다. [It has been discovered that most of the passengers on the passenger plane that made an emergency landing and exploded and caught fire at Jeonnam Muan International Airport on the morning of the 29th were on a 3-night, 5-day trip to Bangkok, Thailand for Christmas.]
^Deok-jong, Jang (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] 전남 지자체 전현직 13명·교육공무원 5명 탑승 [Muan Jeju Air Disaster: 13 Current and Former Local Government Officials and 5 Educational Civil Servants on Board]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
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^ abLee, Ga-yeong (29 December 2024). 제주항공기, 동체 끌고 활주로 달리다 외벽 '쾅'... 무안공항 사고 상황 [Jeju Air plane drags fuselage and runs on runway, bangs on outer wall... Muan Airport accident situation]. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
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^Gu, Dong-wan; Ahn, Junhyun; Go, Yu-chan (29 December 2024). 무안공항 사고 목격자 "공항 인근에 시신 널려 있었다" [Witness to Muan Airport Accident: "Bodies were strewn around the airport"]. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
^Lee, Seon-mok (30 December 2024). [제주항공 무안참사] 사망자 120명 신원 확인 [[Jeju Air Muan Disaster] 120 dead people identified]. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 30 December 2024.
^Hwang, Hye-kyungbo (29 December 2024). '제주항공 여객기 참사' 179명 숨져...137명 신원 확인 ['Jeju Air Passenger Plane Disaster' 179 Dead... 137 Identities Confirmed]. YTN (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
^Ki-seong, Kim (31 December 2024). "무안공항 '제주항공참사' 사흘째...사망자 179명 중 174명 신원 확인" [Muan Airport 'Jeju Air Disaster' 3rd day... 174 of 179 dead confirmed]. Incheon Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 January 2025. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
^Go, Kyung-ju (29 December 2024). 갯벌·철새 서식지...무안공항, 조류충돌 발생률 14개 공항 중 가장 높아 [Mudflats and migratory bird habitats... Muan Airport has the highest bird collision rate among 14 airports]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
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^Cha, Jeong-yun (30 December 2024). '컨트롤타워' 부재 속 참사...재난 대응 공백 우려 [Disaster in the Absence of a 'Control Tower'... Concerns Over Disaster Response Gap]. YTN (in Korean). Archived from the original on 30 December 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
^Lee, Chan-seon (29 December 2024). 무안공항 유가족 지원 KTX 특별 열차 '서울~목포' 운행 [Special KTX train 'Seoul~Mokpo' to support families of Muan Airport victims]. News1 Korea (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
^Hye-in, Kim (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] "생존 가능성 없다" 소식에 탑승객 가족들 통곡 [[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] Passenger Families Cry at the News of "No Chance of Survival"]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
^Cheon, Jeong-in (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] "사망자 명단 왜 다르냐"...유가족 분통 [[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] "Why is the list of the deceased different?"... Bereaved families are furious]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
^Kim, Dong-cheol (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] 전주시, 제야 행사 취소...수습·지원에 집중 [[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] Jeonju Cancels New Year's Eve Event... Focuses on Recovery and Support]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
^Jang, Ah-reum (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] 광주·전남 해맞이 행사 취소 [[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] Gwangju and Jeonnam Sunrise Event Cancelled]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
^Lee, Jun-seo (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] 정부, '2025년 경제정책방향' 발표 순연 [[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] Government Postpones Announcement of '2025 Economic Policy Direction']. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
^Sang-seo, Lee (29 December 2024). [무안 제주항공 참사] 사고 3시간 지나 긴급재난문자 '늑장 발송' [[Muan Jeju Air Disaster] Emergency disaster text message sent 'late' 3 hours after the accident]. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved 29 December 2024.
^Lee, Seung-hoon (29 December 2024). "日 총리 "안타까운 사고로 희생된 분들과 유족에 애도"" [Japanese Prime Minister: "Condolences to those who died in the unfortunate accident and their bereaved families"]. Maeil Business Newspaper (in Korean). Archived from the original on 29 December 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2024.
Cari artikel bahasa Cari berdasarkan kode ISO 639 (Uji coba) Kolom pencarian ini hanya didukung oleh beberapa antarmuka Halaman bahasa acak Bahasa Bahasa Melayu Modern Bahasa Melayu ModernBahasa Melayu Modenبهاس ملايو مودن Dituturkan di Indonesia Malaysia Brunei Darussalam Singapura WilayahAsia Tenggara MaritimEtnisMelayu, lalu menjadi basantara oleh penduduk Kepulauan NusantaraPenutur10,3 juta penutur di Malaysia[1], 77 juta di As...
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Church of Universal Eclectic WiccaA floral Pentagram is a commonly used symbol in Universal Eclectic Wicca.AbbreviationCUEWFormation1969 (1969), Westchester, NYFounderJayne TomasTypeEclectic Wicca traditionHeadquartersGreat Falls...
Place in Upper Carniola, SloveniaSavljeSavljeLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°5′19″N 14°30′23″E / 46.08861°N 14.50639°E / 46.08861; 14.50639Country SloveniaTraditional regionUpper CarniolaStatistical regionCentral SloveniaMunicipalityLjubljanaElevation[1]305 m (1,001 ft) Savlje (pronounced [ˈsaːu̯ljɛ]; German: Saule[2]) is a formerly independent settlement in the northern part of the capital Ljubljana in central Slov...
Ornamental GardensAriel of the Ornamental GardensAddress75 National Capital Commission Scenic Driveway, Ottawa, On K1a 0z2, CanadaLocationOttawa, Ontario, CanadaHours7 am-9pmPhone Number(613) 230-3276Governing BodyAgriculture and Agri-Food CanadaNational Historic Site of Canada The Ornamental Gardens are an agricultural facility that emphasizes research, education, and beauty as part of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Central Experimental Farm. As the name indicates, the gardens are centra...
Not to be confused with Algebraic solution. Complex number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with rational coefficients The square root of 2 is an algebraic number equal to the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs of length 1. An algebraic number is a number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with integer (or, equivalently, rational) coefficients. For example, the golden ratio, ( 1 + 5 ) / 2 {\displaystyle (1+{\sqrt {5}})/2} , is an...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Ceglie Messapica – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Comune in Apulia, ItalyCeglie Messapica Cégghie (Sicilian)ComuneComune di Ceglie MessapicaLocation of Ceglie Messapica Ceglie MessapicaLo...
烏克蘭總理Прем'єр-міністр України烏克蘭國徽現任杰尼斯·什米加尔自2020年3月4日任命者烏克蘭總統任期總統任命首任維托爾德·福金设立1991年11月后继职位無网站www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/（英文） 乌克兰 乌克兰政府与政治系列条目 宪法 政府 总统 弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基 總統辦公室 国家安全与国防事务委员会 总统代表（英语：Representatives of the President of Ukraine） 总...
Cultural center in Barcelona The CCCB in 2007 The Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (also known by its acronym, CCCB) is an arts centre in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Situated in the Raval district, the centre's core theme is the city and urban culture. The CCCB organizes exhibitions, debates, festivals and concerts, film cycles, courses, lectures, and other activities.[1] Activities Situated in the Raval district, the centre's core theme is the city and urban culture. Th...
Kapal Republik Indonesia Jalanidhi adalah salah satu bekas kapal perang TNI-AL. Kapal ini kini sudah tidak lagi digunakan. KRI Jalanidhi dengan nomor lambung 933 ini merupakan kapal perang Indonesia jenis kapal pemetaan yang bertugas untuk pemetaan wilayah-wilayah di Indonesia. KRI Jalanidhi memenuhi kebutuhan pemetaan Indonesia untuk tujuan militer dan pengawasan wilayah-wilayah Indonesia. KRI Jalanidhi dibangun oleh Sasebo Heavy Industries, Jepang. KRI Jalanidhi pada masa aktifnya memiliki ...
Russo-Georgian War Main topics Background Prelude Timeline Responsibility Information war Cyberattacks International reaction Protests Humanitarian impact / response Financial impact Infrastructure damage Reconstruction efforts International recognition ofAbkhazia and South Ossetia Occupied territories of Georgia Related topics Georgian–Ossetian conflict Abkhaz–Georgian conflict Transnistria conflict Belarusian–Russian Milk War Russo–Ukrainian War Second Cold War vte Main art...
American business news organization QuartzAvailable inEnglishOwnerG/O MediaKey peopleJay LaufZach SewardKate WeberRevenue $26.9 million (2019)[1]Net income-$18.4 million (2019)[1]URLqz.com CommercialYesLaunchedSeptember 24, 2012; 11 years ago (2012-09-24)Quartz[2] is an American English language news website owned by G/O Media. Focused on international business news, it was founded in 2012 by Atlantic Media in New York City as a digitally na...
Town in Inner Carniola, SloveniaPostojnaTownFrom top, left to right: Postojna from a nearby hill, Postojna Cave entrance manor, St. Stephen's Church, Villa Jurca, Karst Research Institute, Railway station FlagSealPostojnaLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 45°46′33.11″N 14°12′49.18″E / 45.7758639°N 14.2136611°E / 45.7758639; 14.2136611Country SloveniaTraditional regionInner CarniolaStatistical regionLittoral–Inner CarniolaMunicipalityPostojnaArea �...
For the context of these debates, see Gun violence in the United States. Gun Reform redirects here. For current gun laws in the US, see Gun law in the United States. Results of U.S. opinion study on gun control conducted by Pew Research in 2022. According to their study, U.S. opinion on gun control issues is divided along political lines, as shown in this 2021 survey. Several gun policy proposals continue to draw support from Americans. Nearly nine-in-ten (87%) favor preventing people with m...
South African television channel This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (July 2024) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (July 2024) (Learn how and when to remove th...
Questa voce sull'argomento centri abitati del Québec è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Saint-MichelmunicipalitàSaint-Michel – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Canada Provincia Québec Divisione censuariaMontérégie TerritorioCoordinate45°14′N 73°34′W45°14′N, 73°34′W (Saint-Michel) Superficie60,3 km² Abitanti2 884 (2011) Densità47,83 ab./km² Altre informa...
Para otros usos de este término, véase Caldas (desambiguación). Caldas Departamento de Colombia Desde arriba y de izquierda a derecha: Volcán nevado del Ruiz, Manzanares, paisaje cultural cafetero, Aguadas, Salamina, Norcasia y plantación de café en Chinchiná. BanderaEscudo Lema: Primero Caldas Himno: Himno de Caldas Ubicación de Caldas en Colombia Coordenadas 5°17′00″N 75°21′00″O / 5.2833333333333, -75.35Capital ManizalesEntidad Departamento de Colombia...
The correct title of this article is Document #7. The omission of the # is due to technical restrictions. 2001 studio album by Pg. 99Document #7Studio album by Pg. 99Released2001RecordedSpring 2000StudioOblivion Studios (Upper Marlboro, Maryland)GenreHardcore punk, screamo, emoviolenceLength25:26LabelHappy Couples Never Last, Magic Bullet RecordsProducerMike BossierPg. 99 chronology Document #6(2000) Document #7(2001) Document #8(2001) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllM...
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Feature-oriented programming – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In computer programming, feature-oriented programming (FOP) or feature-oriented software development (FOSD) is a programming paradigm for program generation in software produc...
