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An ironworks or iron works is an industrial plant where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i.e. the singular of ironworks is ironworks.

Ironworks succeeded bloomeries when blast furnaces replaced former methods. An integrated ironworks in the 19th century usually included one or more blast furnaces and a number of puddling furnaces or a foundry with or without other kinds of ironworks. After the invention of the Bessemer process, converters became widespread, and the appellation steelworks replaced ironworks.

The processes carried at ironworks are usually described as ferrous metallurgy, but the term siderurgy is also occasionally used. This is derived from the Greek words sideros - iron and ergon or ergos - work. This is an unusual term in English, and it is best regarded as an anglicisation of a term used in French, Spanish, and other Romance languages.

Historically, it is common that a community was built around the ironworks where the people living there were dependent on the ironworks to provide jobs and housing. ^[1] As the ironworks closed down (or was industrialised) these villages quite often went into decline and experienced negative economic growth. ^[2]

Varieties of ironworks

Primary ironmaking

Blast furnaces of Třinec Iron and Steel Works.

Ironworks is used as an omnibus term covering works undertaking one or more iron-producing processes.^[3] Such processes or species of ironworks where they were undertaken include the following:

Blast furnaces — which made pig iron (or sometimes finished cast iron goods) from iron ore;
Bloomeries — where bar iron was produced from iron ore by direct reduction;
Electrolytic smelting — Employs a chromium/iron anode that can survive a 2,850 °F (1,570 °C) to produce decarbonized iron and 2/3 of a ton of industrial-quality oxygen per ton of iron. A thin film of metal oxide forms on the anode in the intense heat. The oxide forms a protective layer that prevents excess consumption of the base metal.^[4]
Finery forges — which fined pig iron to produce bar iron, using charcoal as fuel in a finery (hearth) and coal or charcoal in a chafery (hearth);
Foundries — where pig iron was remelted in an air furnace or in a foundry cupola to produce cast iron goods;
Potting and stamping forges with melting fineries using the first process in which bar iron was made from pig iron with mineral coal or coke, without the use of charcoal;
Puddling furnaces — a later process for the same purpose, again with coke as fuel. It was usually necessary for there to be a preliminary refining process in a coke refinery (also called running out furnace). After puddling, the puddled ball needed shingling and then to be drawn out into bar iron in a rolling mill.

Modern steelmaking

From the 1850s, pig iron might be partly decarburised to produce mild steel using one of the following:^[5]

The Bessemer process in a Bessemer converter, improved by the Gilchrist–Thomas process;
The Siemens-Martin process in an Open hearth furnace;
Electric arc furnace, introduced in 1907;
Basic oxygen steelmaking, introduced in 1952.

The mills operating converters of any type are better called steelworks, ironworks referring to former processes, like puddling.

Further processing

After bar iron had been produced in a finery forge or in the forge train of a rolling mill, it might undergo further processes in one of the following:

A slitting mill - which cut a flat bar into rod iron suitable for making into nails.
A tinplate works - where rolling mills made sheets of iron (later of steel), which were coated with tin.
A plating forge with a tilt hammer, a lighter hammer with a rapid stroke rate, enabling the production of thinner iron, suitable for the manufacture of knives, other cutlery, and so on.
A cementation furnace might be used to convert the bar iron (if it was pure enough) into blister steel by the cementation process, either as an end in itself or as the raw material for crucible steel.

Manufacture

Most of these processes did not produce finished goods. Further processes were often manual, including

Manufacturing by blacksmiths or more specialist kind of smith.
It might be used in shipbuilding.

In the context of the iron industry, the term manufacture is best reserved for this final stage.

Notable ironworks

The notable ironworks of the world are described here by country. See above for the largest producers and the notable ironworks in the alphabetical order.

Africa

South Africa

Cape Town Iron and Steel Works in Kuilsrivier, Western Cape
Mittal Steel South Africa
Schofield's Iron Works in Macon, Georgia, circa 1877.

Americas

United States

American Iron Works in Hyattsville, Maryland
Bath Iron Works in Maine
Burden Iron Works in Troy, New York
Cambria Iron Company in Johnstown, Pennsylvania
Falling Creek Ironworks, Virginia.
Saugus Iron Works in Saugus, Massachusetts
Toledo Iron Works in Miami, Florida
Tredegar Iron Works at Richmond, Virginia
U.S. Steel
- Fairfield Works, near Birmingham, Alabama
- Gary Works, near Chicago, Illinois
- Granite City Works, near St. Louis, Missouri
- Great Lakes Works, near Detroit, Michigan^[6]
- Mon Valley Works (Homestead Steel Works, etc.), near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Vulcan Iron Works in Pennsylvania and other places

Asia

China

Anben Group, Anshan & Benxi, Liaoning
China Baowu Steel Group, in various locations, for example:
- Baosteel, Shanghai
- WISCO, Wuhan, Hebei
- Meishan Iron & Steel, Nanjing, Jiangsu
- Zhanjiang Iron & Steel, Zhanjiang, Guangdong
Baotou Steel, Baotou, Inner Mongolia
Shougang Group, Beijing

India

Five major steel works of Steel Authority of India, Ltd (SAIL)
Kalinganagar Works of Tata Steel in Kalinganagar, Odisha
Vijayanagar Works of JSW Steel in Bellary, Karnataka

Japan

The largest Japanese steel companies' main works are as follows:

JFE Steel
- Chiba Works (from former Kawasaki Steel), Chiba, Chiba, of JFE Eastern Works
- Keihin Works (from former NKK), Kawasaki, Kanagawa, of JFE Eastern Works
- Fukuyama Works (from former NKK), Fukuyama, Hiroshima, of JFE Western Works
- Kurashiki Works (from former Kawasaki Steel), Kurashiki, Okayama, of JFE Western Works
Kobe Steel
- Kakogawa Steel Works, Kakogawa, Hyogo
Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal
- Hirohata Works (広畑製鐵所, of former Nippon Steel), Himeji, Hyogo
- Kimitsu Steel Works, of former Nippon Steel), Kimitsu, Chiba
- Nagoya Works (名古屋製鐵所, of former Nippon Steel), Tokai, Aichi (near Nagoya)
- Ōita Works (大分製鐵所, of former Nippon Steel), Ōita, Ōita
- Yahata Steel Works (of former Nippon Steel), Kimitsu, Chiba
- Kashima Works (鹿島製鐵所, of former Sumitomo Metal), Kashima, Ibaraki
- Wakayama Works (和歌山製鐵所, of former Sumitomo Metal), Wakayama, Wakayama

Korea

POSCO
- Gwangyang Steelworks, south coast
- Pohang Steelworks, east coast
Hyundai Steel
- Incheon Steelworks, west coast

Vietnam

Formosa Ha Tinh Steel of Formosa Plastics Group in Ha Tinh Province

Europe

Italy

Cogne acciai speciali, Aosta (example of a mountain steel meel)
Ferreira di Servola, Trieste (operating since 1896)
Acciaieria di Piombino
Società Italiana Acciaierie Cornigliano di Cornigliano, Genova
Acciai speciali Termi, now ThyssenKrupp Terni
Acciaieria di Bagnoli, Napoli
Acciaieria di Taranto (biggest Integrated steel mill in Europe)

Sweden

Lummelunda Järnbruk
Österbybruk
Engelsberg Ironworks, Ängelsberg, Västmanland County
Storbrohyttan Gjuteri
Pershyttan
Galtström Ironworks
Forsbacka Ironworks km
Kengis Forge
Trångfors Forge
Motjärnshyttan
Gysinge Ironworks

Russia

Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast
Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk Oblast
Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Plant (of TMK), Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Oblast
Novolipetsk Steel, Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
Severstal, Cherepovets, Vologda Oblast
Ural Steel (of Metalloinvest), Novotroitsk, Orenburg Oblast
Volzhsky Pipe Plant (of OAO TMK), Volzhsky, Volgograd Oblast

Spain

Altos Hornos de Vizcaya in Bilbao
Arcelor facilities in Avilés and Gijón, formerly Ensidesa

Historical

Kindiba, in Burkina Faso. Ancient iron extraction site consisting of mines and three clay built furnaces.
Darkhill Ironworks, in the Forest of Dean, England. Experimental ironworks established in 1818 and designated an 'Industrial Archaeological Site of International Importance'
Royal Ironworks of St John, Ipanema, in São Paulo state, Brazil

References

^ Roos, Annie (2021). "Reproducing gender - The spatial context of gender in entrepreneurship". pub.epsilon.slu.se. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
^ Roos, Annie; Gaddefors, Johan (2022-04-07). "In the wake of the ironworks - entrepreneurship and the spatial connections to empowerment and emancipation". The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation: 146575032210898. doi:10.1177/14657503221089802. ISSN 1465-7503. S2CID 248043339.
^ Hayman, Richard (2005). Ironmaking: History and Archaeology of the British Iron Industry. History Press.
^ "A new iron age?". The Why Files. 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
^ Ghosh, Ahindra; Chatterjee, Amit (2008). Ironmaking and Steelmaking: Theory and Practice. Prentice-Hall of India.
^ Deaux, Joe (2019-12-20). "U.S. Steel to cut 1,545 Michigan jobs as weakness overwhelms Trump's protection". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2019-12-21.