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Indian football league system

Indian football league system
CountryIndia
SportAssociation football
Promotion and relegationYes[note 1]
National system
FederationAll India Football Federation
ConfederationAFC
Top division
Second division
Cup competition
Association football in India

The Indian football league system is the league structure of football club competitions in India. The highest level of men's club football competition is the Indian Super League.[1][2] Indian Women's League, founded in 2016, is the highest level of women's football club competition in India.[3]

Men's

The Indian men's football league system consists of the top 4 national divisions organized by the All India Football Federation (AIFF) and commercial partners FSDL. From tier 5 are the various regional state football leagues, organized by the respective state associations under AIFF affiliation.

Pyramid

National leagues
Level League
1 Indian Super League
13 clubs – ↓ 0 relegations
2 I-League
12 clubs – 1 promotion ↑↓ 2 relegations
3 I-League 2
8 clubs – 2 promotions ↑↓ 2 relegations
4 I-League 3
25 clubs – 3 promotions ↑↓ relegation: TBA
State leagues
Level League(s) / Division(s)
State level West Bengal Delhi Tamil Nadu
[note 2]
Maharastra
[note 3]
Assam
[note 4]
Goa Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka
[note 5]
Manipur Meghalaya
[note 6]
Odisha Jharkhand Punjab Sikkim Tripura Ladakh Mizoram Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Chhattisgarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Kerala
[note 7]
Lakshadweep Madhya Pradesh Nagaland Puducherry Rajasthan Telangana Uttar Pradesh
[note 8]
Uttarakhand
5 1 CFL Premier Division

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Delhi Premier League

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CFA Senior Division

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MFA Elite Division

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PFL Super Division

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NDFA Elite Division League

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Kolhapur Senior League

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Thane Super Division

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Assam State Premier League

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Goa Professional League

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J&K Premier Football League

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BDFA Super Division

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Manipur State League

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Meghalaya State League

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FAO Diamond League

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JSA League Premier Division

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Punjab State Super Football League

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Sikkim Premier Division League

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Chandra Memorial A Division League

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Ladakh Super League

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Mizoram Premier League

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Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League

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Bihar State Soccer League

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Chhattisgarh State Men's Football League Championship

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DD Senior Division League / DNH Senior Division League

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Gujarat SFA Club Championship

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Haryana Men's Football League

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Himachal Football League

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Kerala Premier League

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Kavaratti Football League[4]

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Madhya Pradesh Premier League

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Nagaland Premier League

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Pondicherry Men's League Championship

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R-League A Division

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Rahim League A Division

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Lucknow Super Division

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Uttarakhand Super League

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6 2 CFL 1st Division
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2

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FD Senior Division League

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First Division

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MFA Super Division

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PFL Division One

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NDFA Super Division League

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1 division GSA A Division Football League

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GFA 1st Division League

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J&K Super Division

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BDFA A Division

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AMFA Cup

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Shillong Premier League

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FAO Gold League

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JSA League Super Division

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Punjab State League Second Division

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Sikkim B Division

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Chandra Memorial B Division League

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Ladakh District Leagues

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Mizoram 1st Division League

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1 division
7 3 CFL 2nd Division

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FD A-Division

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Second Division

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MFA Division One

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PFL Division Two

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NDFA Senior Division League

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GSA B Division Football League

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GFA 2nd Division League

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J&K A-Division

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BDFA B Division

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Thangjam Birchandra-Maipakpi Memorial Winners' Cup

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Second Division League

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FAO Silver League

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JSA League A Division

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Punjab State League Third Division

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Sikkim C Division

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Chandra Memorial C Division League

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2 divisions
8 4 CFL 3rd Division

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FD B-Division

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Third Division

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MFA Division Two

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PFL Division Three

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3 divisions GSA C Division Football League

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GFA 3rd Division League

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J&K B-Division

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BDFA C Division

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Manipur District Leagues

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Third Division League

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FAO 2nd Division League

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3 divisions
9 5 CFL 4th Division

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FD C-Division

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Fourth Division

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MFA Division Three

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4 divisions 4 divisions
10 6 CFL 5th Division

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5 divisions

Status evolution

Professional leagues
Amateur/Semi-professional leagues
Inter-state championship
Year Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5 and below
1941–1996 Santosh Trophy State leagues
1996–1997 National Football League State leagues (without top divisions)
1997–2006 National Football League National Football League Division 2 State leagues (without top divisions)
2006–2007 National Football League National Football League Division 2 National Football League Division 3 State leagues (without top divisions)
2007–2017 I-League I-League Division 2 State leagues (without top divisions)
2017–2022 I-League and Indian Super League I-League Division 2 State leagues (without top divisions)
2022–2023 Indian Super League I-League I-League 2 State leagues (without top divisions)
2023–present Indian Super League I-League I-League 2 I-League 3 State leagues (without top divisions)

Tier I

National Football League (1996–2007)

Founded in 1996, the National Football League was the first football league of India to be organised on a national scale,[5] in an aim to develop the sport & give platform for Indian footballers in a club league. However, due to several problems the league was defunct to make way for a new professional I-League.

I-League (2007–2022)

After the end of 2006–07 season, AIFF disbanded the NFL after allegedly missing the full aim of professionalism. To replace NFL, AIFF introduced a fully professional I-League, with ten clubs from the last season of NFL participating in the maiden season of I-League.[6] The league was declared as joint top tier in 2019–20 season when AFC approved AIFF's proposal to demote the AFC Champions League slot, for the AFC Cup. Three seasons later the league was completely demoted to second tier status in Indian football, with the league champions now promoted to the Indian Super League.

Indian Super League (2017–present)

The I-League suffered from lack of popularity due to poor marketing as the seasons passed by.[7] The deal between the Zee Sports and the AIFF, which was initially signed for a ten-year term in 2006, was terminated in 2010 after disagreement between both the parties. AIFF then signed a new 700-crore deal with Reliance Industries and the International Management Group on 9 December 2010.[8] The Indian Super League was officially launched on 21 October 2013 by IMGReliance, Star Sports, and the All India Football Federation with an aim of growing the sport of football in India and increasing its exposure in the country, this time with the big names and high professionalism.[9]

In 2017, The AFC were against allowing the ISL as the main league in India, while I-League clubs East Bengal and Mohun Bagan wanted a complete merger of the ISL and I-League.[10] A couple of weeks later, the AIFF proposed that both the Indian Super League and I-League should run simultaneously on a short–term basis, with the I-League winner qualifying for the AFC Champions League and the ISL champion to AFC Cup qualification stage.[11] The proposal from the AIFF was officially approved by the AFC on 25 July 2017.[12]

Two seasons later the AIFF and AFC announced in a meeting that the Indian Super League was officially the top-tier league of India with the AFC Champions League slot, while the I-League was with the AFC Cup slot. The first recommendation was to open a pathway for two I-League clubs to enter into the ISL by the end of the 2020–21 season, subject to the criteria being fulfilled. The second recommendation was allowing the winner of the I-League to stand a chance of getting promoted to the ISL with no participation fee, starting with the 2022–23 season. In its final recommendation it was agreed that the introduction of promotion and relegation into the top league would be implemented by the end of 2024–25 season, thus making ISL the top tier & I-League officially being 2nd tier competition.[13]

Tier II

NFL Second Division (1997–2007)

The NFL's second division was introduced by AIFF in 1997 to supplement the top division.[14] After the 2006–07 season, all the three tiers of NFL were defunct and replaced with I-League and I-League 2nd Division respectively.

I-League 2nd Division (2007–2022)

The National Football League's second division was succeeded by the I-League 2nd Division in 2008. The state FAs nominated top teams from their respective state leagues to AIFF who then selected the clubs based on criteria. The number of clubs in this league varied each season. Since 2017–18 season, the league saw introduction of I-League reserve sides which weren't eligible for promotion since I-League was then the top division.[15] After I-League lost its top tier status, I-League 2nd division too was demoted to third tier, re-establishing India's third tier since NFL's Third Division in 2006.

I-League (2022–present)

Starting from the 2022–23 season, I-League lost its top-tier status. The champions of the 2022–23 I-League were promoted to the ISL with no participation fee. In its recommendation for 2024–25, it was agreed to fully implement promotion and relegation between the two leagues.[16]

Tier III

NFL Third Division (2006)

Ten years after the formation of NFL, a third division was briefly introduced for one season in 2006[17] The NFL Third Division was the first third division tier football league in India to be organized on a national scale. The league was played from 25 November till 18 December 2006 as a promotional tournament for Indian National Football League Second Division. Five teams were promoted to the second division.[18][19] Starting from the 2022–23 season, I-League 2 filled the void in the third tier left by NFL Third Division in 2006.

I-League 2 (2022–present)

After demoting I-League to the second tier status in Indian football, its second division i.e., I-League 2nd Division was subsequently demoted to third tier. AIFF renamed the 2nd Division to I-League 2 to avoid disambiguation.[20]

Tier IV

I-League 3 (2023–present)

I-League 3 is set to serve as a platform for state champions and nominated teams. It forms the fourth tier of the Indian football league system, between the I-League 2 and the state leagues. No ISL reserve teams will be part of it.[21][22]

Tier V & below

Indian state leagues

There are currently total of 36 state associations (including union territories) affiliated with the AIFF.[23] These state associations have state leagues concurrently running. The top teams of state leagues are eligible for the I-League 3 (national 4th tier). Most state leagues have multiple divisions and a promotion/relegation system between these divisions. Calcutta Football League (Oldest football league in Asia) in West Bengal is the oldest state league and has the highest number of divisions with promotion/relegation system in place.[24]

System evolution

Years 1888–1893 1893–1898 1898–1941 1941–1977 1977–1996 1996–1997 1997–2001 2001–2006 2006–2007 2007–2011 2011–2014 2014–2017 2017–2022 2022–2023 2023–2024 2024-present
Level None 1893 1937
National leagues 1 Formation of Indian Football Association (IFA) Calcutta Football League Formation of All India Football Federation (AIFF) Santosh Trophy National Football League I-League Indian Super League Indian Super League
I-League
2 None None NFL Second Division I-League 2nd Division I-League
3 None NFL Third Division Discontinued I-League 2
4 None I-League 3
Regional leagues 5–11 State leagues
Tournaments/

Cup competitions

Durand Cup
IFA Shield
Federation Cup Super Cup Federation Cup
Indian Super Cup Discontinued
Santosh Trophy


Franchise Leagues

League State/Region Number of clubs Formed
Gujarat Super League Gujarat 6 2024
Super League Kerala Kerala 6 2024
Sikkim Premier League Sikkim 8 2023
Manipur Premier League Manipur 9 2023-24
North East Champions League Northeast India 8 2024-25

Women's

The women's football league system in India currently consists of top tier national league i.e. Indian Women's League, organized by the All India Football Federation (AIFF). From 2023-24 IWL 2nd Division will form the tier 2, and top 2 clubs will be promoted to IWL. Tier 3 are the State football leagues, organized by regional state associations under AIFF affiliation, in the league tier pyramid of women's football in India.

Pyramid

Level League(s) / Division(s)
National leagues
1 Indian Women's League
7 clubs – ↓ 0 relegations
2 Indian Women's League 2
8 clubs – 2 promotions ↑↓ relegations TBA
State leagues
State level Karnataka West Bengal Delhi Maharastra Tamil Nadu Assam Goa Manipur Meghalaya Odisha Jharkhand Punjab Sikkim Mizoram Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Kerala Madhya Pradesh Puducherry
3 1 Karnataka Women’s Super Division

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CWFL Premier Division A

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FD Women's Premier League

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WIFA Women's Football League

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Tamil Nadu Women's League

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Assam Women's League

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Goa Women's League

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Manipur Women's League

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SSA Women's Football League

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Odisha Women's League

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JSA Women's League

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Punjab Women's League

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Sikkim Women's Super League

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Mizoram Women's League

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Arunachal Women's Football Championship

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Bihar State Women's League

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Chhattisgarh State Women's Football League Championship

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Gujarat State Women's League

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Haryana Women's Football League

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Himachal Women's League

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Kerala Women's League

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Madhya Pradesh Women's Premier League

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Pondicherry Women's League

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4 2 Karnataka Women’s A Division CWFL Premier Division B FD Women’s Championship MFA Women's League PDFA Women's Division Kolhapur Women's League 1 division
5 3 Karnataka Women’s B Division 2 divisions

Status evolution

Professional leagues
Amateur/Semi-professional leagues
Inter-state championship
Year Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 & below
1991–2016 Senior Women's National Football Championship State leagues
2016–2023 Indian Women's League State leagues (without top divisions)
2023–present Indian Women's League Indian Women's League 2 State leagues (without top divisions)

Youth

Current Youth league system

Level Competition Age category
National Reliance Foundation Development League Under-21
Youth League Under-17
Junior League Under-15
Sub-Junior League Under-13
Subroto Cup Inter-school

Future Youth league system

On 7 January 2023, the AIFF unveiled Vision 2047, a new roadmap for Indian football with the planned reforms in India's league system.[25][26]

Structure Age category Participants Minimum matches
Boys
RFDL/Elite League Under-21 Elite licensed academies and professional clubs 35
Under-19
State Youth League champions
Under-17
Under-15
Under-13
Girls
Institutional League TBD Association clubs 14
Elite League 18 to 22 Universities
Elite and state youth league Under-17 State Youth League champions
Under-15
Under-13

National football championships

The national football championships are competitions contested among the regional state associations and government institutions under the All India Football Federation. Currently, six championship competitions are divided into age groups for both men and women. For sponsorship ties, it is referred to as the Hero National Football Championships.

Senior NFC (Santosh Trophy)

The Santosh Trophy[27] is a men's football competition contested by the regional state associations and government institutions under the AIFF. Before starting the National Football League in 1996, the Santosh Trophy was considered the top domestic championship in India.

Senior Women's NFC

Senior Women's National Football Championship for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy[28] is the women's football tournament which is contested among the regional state, territory federations and government institutions of India. It began to play in 1991. The league consisted of 30 teams for the 2019–20 season.

U-20, Junior & Sub-Junior NFC

The U-20 National Football Championship or Swami Vivekananda U20 National Football Championship[29] is a national level inter-state championship for boys under the age of 20.[30] All affiliated State Units of AIFF are eligible to participate in this championship.

The Junior National Football Championship or BC Roy Trophy[31] is for the Junior age groups, which was started in 1962. All affiliated State Units of AIFF are eligible to participate in this championship through the two tiers of the competition played across the country.

The Sub Junior National Football Championship or Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy[32] is a national level inter-state championship for boys under the age of 16, which was started in 1977. All affiliated State Units of AIFF can participate in this championship through the qualifying round.

Junior & Sub-Junior Girls' NFC

The U-19 Junior Girls' National Football Championship[33] was first introduced in 2001.

The U-17 Sub-Junior Girls' National Football Championship[34] was first introduced in 2003 and held at Ooty.

Institutional League

AIFF introduced the Institutional League for the institutional clubs. The league is not part of the Indian football pyramid.

Notes

  1. ^ The top tier division, Indian Super League currently follows promotion only.
  2. ^ Not a state-level, rather a district league and clubs from Chennai participate. Other district leagues also operate.
  3. ^ Not a state-level, rather a district league and clubs from Mumbai participate. Other district leagues also operate.
  4. ^ The state-level league was held from 2008 till 2015 but hasn't been held since. The district league has been held since 1998, and clubs from Guwahati participate. Other district leagues also operate.
  5. ^ Not a state-level, rather a district league and clubs from Bangalore participate.
  6. ^ Not a state-level, rather a district league and clubs from Shillong participate. A state-level Meghalaya State League was held thrice, in 2018, 2019, and 2023.
  7. ^ Various district Leagues make the lower tiers
  8. ^ Not a state-level, rather a district league and clubs from Lucknow participate.

See also

References

  1. ^ "AFC Executive Committee approve Indian football roadmap". All India Football Federation. 26 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  2. ^ "The AFC". the-AFC.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  3. ^ Rohan Puri (21 April 2016). "Women's football league from October". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  4. ^ Menon, Sandeep (24 January 2023). "From the Dweeps with a Lakshya". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  5. ^ "National Football League". indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  6. ^ "AIFF's I-League to have 10 teams". Rediff. 21 November 2007. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  7. ^ Dhar, Pulasta (6 January 2016). "The fall of the I-league". Livemint. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  8. ^ "AIFF signs 700-crore deal with IMG-RIL". Times of India. 9 December 2010. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  9. ^ "Reliance, Star India, IMG Set to Launch ISL". Indian Super League. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ^ "Still no consensus on ISL, I-League merger despite high-profile meet". The Times of India. 7 June 2017. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  11. ^ "ISL gets official recognition from AFC, becomes second national football league". FirstPost. 28 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  12. ^ "AFC competitions committee's decisions published". The Asian Football Confederation. 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  13. ^ "India clubs agree to work together on league roadmap". 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  14. ^ "NFL Division 2". indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  15. ^ "AIFF league committee meets at football house". 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  16. ^ "New roadmap for Indian football proposes Hero ISL as premier league". Indian Super League. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  17. ^ "NFL Division Three". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  18. ^ Arunava Chaudhary. "National Football League Third Division". indianfootball.de. Indian Football Network. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021.
  19. ^ "NFL Third Division 2006–07". RSSSF. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  20. ^ "AIFF League Committee meeting chaired online by Lalnghinglova Hmar". www.the-aiff.com. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  21. ^ "AIFF League committee announce I-League direct entry bidders and revamped league structure for IWL". Khel Now. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  22. ^ "Football: Five bids received for direct entry into I-League 2023-24 season". www.business-standard.com. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  23. ^ "State Associations". All India Football Federation. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  24. ^ "Calcutta Football League". Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  25. ^ "Vision 2047, The Indian Football strategic roadmap" (PDF). AIFF. 7 January 2023.
  26. ^ "'We dream of reviving the glory days of Indian Football,' says Kalyan Chaubey at the launch of 'Vision 2047'". AIFF. 7 January 2023.
  27. ^ "Hero Senior NFC". www.the-aiff.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  28. ^ "Hero Senior Women's NFC". www.the-aiff.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  29. ^ "AIFF announces U20 Men's NFC; to be held in Chhattisgarh". www.the-aiff.com.
  30. ^ "AIFF announces men's U20 National Championships in Chattisgarh". thebridge.in.
  31. ^ "Hero Junior NFC". www.the-aiff.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  32. ^ "Hero Sub Junior NFC". www.the-aiff.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  33. ^ "Hero Junior Girl's NFC". www.the-aiff.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  34. ^ "Hero Sub Junior Girl's NFC". www.the-aiff.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2021.

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Đan MạchBiệt danhDe Rød-Hvide (Đỏ trắng)Danish Dynamite (Thuốc nổ Đan Mạch)Olsen-banden (Băng đảng Olsen)Hiệp hộiDBULiên đoàn châu lụcUEFA (châu Âu)Huấn luyện viên trưởngKasper HjulmandĐội trưởngSimon KjærThi đấu nhiều nhấtPeter Schmeichel (129)Ghi bàn nhiều nhấtPoul Nielsen (52) Jon Dahl Tomasson (52)Sân nhàParkenMã FIFADEN Áo màu chính Áo màu phụ Áo màu khác Hạng FIFAHiện tại 19 (20 tháng 7 năm 202…

Bài viết này cần thêm chú thích nguồn gốc để kiểm chứng thông tin. Mời bạn giúp hoàn thiện bài viết này bằng cách bổ sung chú thích tới các nguồn đáng tin cậy. Các nội dung không có nguồn có thể bị nghi ngờ và xóa bỏ. Các[liên kết hỏng] hợp chất vô cơ cho thấy sự đa dạng phong phú: A: Diborane có tính năng liên kết bất thường B: Caesium chloride có cấu trúc tinh thể nguyên mẫu C: Fp…

Hester NeedhamPotret Hester Needham pada tahun 1874 beserta tanda tangannya.Lahir(1843-01-23)23 Januari 1843London, Inggris, Britania RayaMeninggal12 Mei 1897(1897-05-12) (umur 54)Maga, Mandailing, Keresidenan Tapanuli, Hindia BelandaSebab meninggalPenyakit edemaTempat pemakamanKompleks Gereja HKBP Aek Bingke, Panyabungan Utara, Mandailing NatalDikenal atasMisionaris wanita pertama di Tanah BatakKarya terkenalGod First (Hester Needham's work in Sumatra)Orang tuaWilliam Needham (bapak)C…

Army officer and former international rugby player Major General SirDouglas KendrewKCMG, CB, CBE, DSO & Three Bars22nd Governor of Western AustraliaIn office25 October 1963 – 6 January 1974MonarchElizabeth IIPremierSir David Brand John TonkinPreceded bySir Charles GairdnerSucceeded bySir Hughie Edwards Personal detailsBornDouglas Anthony Kendrew(1910-07-22)22 July 1910Barnstaple, Devon, EnglandDied28 February 1989(1989-02-28) (aged 78)Islip, Northa…

Trong kinh tế, phân bổ nguồn lực / phân bổ tài nguyên là sự phân công các nguồn lực sẵn có cho các mục đích sử dụng khác nhau. Trong bối cảnh của toàn bộ nền kinh tế, các nguồn lực có thể được phân bổ bằng nhiều phương tiện khác nhau, chẳng hạn như thông qua thị trường hoặc việc lập kế hoạch . Trong quản lý dự án, phân bổ tài nguyên hoặc quản lý tài nguyên là lập lịch cho các ho…

Ambassade de Russie en France Russie France Lieu 40-50 boulevard Lannes Paris 75016 Coordonnées 48° 51′ 58″ nord, 2° 16′ 13″ est Ambassadeur Alexeï Mechkov Nomination 23 octobre 2017 Site web france.mid.ru/fr Géolocalisation sur la carte : Paris Ambassade de Russie en France Géolocalisation sur la carte : France Ambassade de Russie en France Voir aussi : Ambassade de France en Russie Ambassadeurs en France Consuls en France modifier …

1982 Indian filmKurukkante KalyanamTheatrical release posterDirected bySathyan AnthikadWritten byP. BalakrishnanProduced byRasheeda RasheedStarringSukumaran MadhaviCinematographyAnandakuttanEdited byG. VenkitaramanMusic byZero Babu Guna SinghProductioncompanyRiyas FilmsDistributed bySoori FilmsRelease date 12 November 1982 (1982-11-12) Running time120 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Kurukkante Kalyanam (transl. Fox's wedding) is a 1982 Indian Malayalam-language comedy f…

7-ма піхотна дивізія (Третій Рейх)7. Infanterie-Division Емблема 7-ї піхотної дивізії ВермахтуНа службі 1 жовтня 1934 — 18 липня 1944березень — 8 травня 1945Країна  Третій РейхНалежність  ВермахтВид  Сухопутні військаТип піхотаЧисельність піхотна дивізіяУ складі 17-й армійсь…

Branch of zoology specializing in Bryozoa Bryozoology is a branch of zoology specializing in Bryozoa, commonly known as moss animals, a phylum of aquatic invertebrates that live in clonal colonies. Organizations The International Bryozoology Association was founded in August 1968 by 16 zoologists and paleozoologists in Stockholm.[1] Journals Annals of Bryozoology Bryozoologists Samantha L.L. Hill Eliza Jelly[2] Randolph Kirkpatrick Raymond C. Osburn Mary Dora Rogick[3] Eh…

1010 edict to relocate the Vietnamese capital Edict on the Transfer of the Capital in original Hán văn text. Part of a series on the History of Hanoi Âu Lạc period Cổ Loa Citadel Chinese period Jiaozhi Siege of Jiao (271) Long Biên Tống Bình Siege of Songping (Tang-Nanzhao war) Đại La Imperial period Edict on the Transfer of the Capital Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long Sack of Thăng Long (1285) Sack of Thăng Long (1288) Sack of Thăng Long (1371) Sack of Thăng Long (1383) Battle …

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2019) روبرت في. ريتشاردسون   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 4 نوفمبر 1820[1]  مقاطعة غرانفيل  الوفاة 6 يناير 1870 (49 سنة)   كلاركتون  مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الح…

Indian cricketer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Anjum Chopra – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Anjum…

Australian rugby league club, based in Penrith District, NSW St Marys Saints RLFCClub informationFull nameSt Marys Saints Rugby League Football ClubColours  Bottle Green   WhiteFounded1908; 115 years ago (1908)Current detailsGround(s)St Marys Leagues StadiumCoachShane ElfordCaptainNathan SmithCompetitionPenrith District Rugby LeagueRon Massey CupSydney ShieldRecordsPremierships3 Third Tier1 Fourth Tier (1993, 1994, 2001 (MC), 2017 (SS))Runners-up5 Third Tier1 Second T…

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