Ibudilast (development codes: AV-411 or MN-166) is an anti-inflammatory drug used mainly in Japan, which acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, inhibiting the PDE4 subtype to the greatest extent,[1] but also showing significant inhibition of other PDE subtypes.[2][3]
In Japan, ibudilast oral capsules are approved for the treatment of asthma, and for improvement of dizziness secondary to chronic cerebral circulation impairment associated with sequelae of cerebral infarction.[4] Ibudilast ophthalmic solution is indicated for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis and hay fever.[5]
It may have some use reducing methamphetamine,[6][7] opioid,[8] and alcohol[9] addiction.
Ibudilast has bronchodilator, vasodilator[10] and neuroprotective effects,[11][12] and is mainly used in the treatment of asthma and stroke.[13] It inhibits platelet aggregation,[14] and may also be useful in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.[15]
Ibudilast crosses the blood–brain barrier and suppresses glial cell activation. This activity has been shown to make ibudilast useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain and it not only enhances analgesia produced by opioid drugs, but also reduces the development of tolerance.[16]
Ibudilast is principally a PDE4 inhibitor, but it also has significant affinity for PDE3, PDE10A, PDE11[17]. Ibudilast has also been shown to act as an antagonist at the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4).[18] This likely plays a large part in its effect, specifically its synergy with opioid drugs, its anti-inflammatory effect, and its own painkilling effect.[19] It is unknown if the PDE4-inhibiting properties potentiate the effects of TLR4 inactivation and/or vice versa, despite that some of their effects are shared, such as inflammation reducing properties.[20] TLR4 antagonists theoretically reverse the increase in pain and inflammation caused by most TLR4 agonists, which includes alcohol & many opiate or opioid drugs.[21]
This article details standard incentives given to Olympic athletes for winning a medal either by their National Olympic Committee, the government of their country/territory, or both. While the International Olympic Committee itself does not provide monetary rewards to Olympic medalists, many countries provide prize money to athletes for winning a medal at the Olympics.[1][2] In countries such as Singapore and India elite sport enjoys heavy government involvement, and athletes are…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أغسطس 2023) جعبر غربي قرية الاسم الرسمي جعبر غربي تقسيم إداري البلد سوريا محافظة محافظة الرقة منطقة منطقة الثورة ناحية ناحية الجرنية عدد السكان (2004) ال…
Tokyu Corporation東京急行電鉄株式会社JenisKK PublikIndustriJalur kereta swastaDidirikan2 September 1922Kantorpusat5-6, Nanpeidaicho, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, JapanWilayah operasiTokyo dan Kanagawa.TokohkunciKiyobumi Kamijo Toshiaki KoshimuraJasaJalur kereta penumpanglayanan terkait lainnyaPemilikDai-ichi Mutual Life Insurance Co. (6.8%) Nippon Life Insurance Co. (6.0%)Situs webwww.tokyu.co.jp Tokyu Corporation (東京急行電鉄株式会社code: ja is deprecated , Tōkyō Kyūkō Dentetsu K…
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Marsekal BesarHenry H. ArnoldJenderal Henry H. ArnoldNama lahirHenry Harley ArnoldJulukanHapLahir(1886-06-25)25 Juni 1886Gladwyne, PennsylvaniaMeninggal15 Januari 1950(1950-01-15) (umur 63)Sonoma, CaliforniaTempat pemakamanPemakaman Nasional ArlingtonPengabdian Amerika SerikatDinas/cabang Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat Angkatan Udara Amerika SerikatLama dinas1907-1947 (Angkatan Darat)1947-1950 (Angkatan Udara)Pangkat Jenderal Besar Marsekal BesarNRPO-2255Komandan Pasukan…
ذا ويف في تلال كويوت بوتس المتحجرة، أريزونا. المحمية الوطنية فيرملون كليفس هي صرح وطني في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وتوجد في «كوكونينو كاونتي» في ولاية أريزونا. وهي تشمل هضبة ذات مناخ جاف تنحدر نحو نهر كولورادو. تتخللها عدة أخاديد وتشكيلات صخورية أخرى. تبلغ مساحة المحمية
Film Titel Der Glöckner von Notre Dame Originaltitel The Hunchback of Notre Dame Produktionsland USA Originalsprache Englisch Erscheinungsjahr 1996 Länge 91 Minuten Altersfreigabe FSK 6 Stab Regie Gary Trousdale,Kirk Wise Drehbuch Irene Mecchi,Tab Murphy,Jonathan Roberts,Bob Tzudiker,Noni White Produktion Don Hahn Musik Alan Menken Schnitt Ellen Keneshea → Synchronisation → Chronologie Der Glöckner von Notre Dame 2 → Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (Originaltitel: The Hunchback o…
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Dutch association football player This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (May 2022) Colin van GoolPersonal informationDate of birth 10 February 1995Place of birth NetherlandsPosition(s) MidfielderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)-2014 Helmond Sport 0 (0)2014 VVV-Venlo[1] 1 (0)2014-2016 Helmond Sport[2] 3 (0)2016-2017 Canterbury United FC[3] 17 (0)2017 …
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