House of Cámara

House of Cámara
Noble family
The Coat of arms of the House of Cámara as depicted in the Livro do Armeiro-Mor, the oldest and most important roll of arms of the Kingdom of Portugal, circa 1520.
Place of originAlcalá de Henares, Spain (Kingdom of Castile)
Founded1227 (798 years ago)
FounderGonzalo de la Cámara
(Spanish branch)
João Gonçalves da Câmara (Zarco)
(Portuguese branch)
Juan de la Cámara
(Yucatecan branch)
Titles

The House of Cámara (also known in Spanish as de la Cámara or in Portuguese as da Câmara or Gonçalves da Câmara) is an aristocratic family with a rich history in Spain, Portugal and Mexico.

Gonzalo de la Cámara was elevated to knighthood after fighting under the command of King Ferdinand III of Castile during the Battle of Baeza in 1227. Throughout the following centuries, they continued to serve the Spanish Crown, participating in battles during the Reconquista,[1] a series of military campaigns to reclaim the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule. The family's noble status was further confirmed by Ferdinand the Catholic and Joanna I of Castile.[2] Although Gonzalo de la Cámara originated from Alcalá de Henares, some of his descendants settled in Galicia and Portugal. One of the most notable members of this lineage was Juan Rodríguez de la Cámara, a 15th-century man of letters born in Padrón, Galicia.

In the Kingdom of Portugal, members of the family participated in the discovery and conquest of Madeira[3] and held the hereditary title of Captain-Major (Capitães dos Donatários) of São Miguel in the Azores. During the War of the Portuguese Succession, the Câmara family supported Philip II's claim to the throne, helping him win the Battle of Vila Franco do Campo and carry out the Iberian Union. Honored by the Portuguese Crown, the family was bestowed various noble titles, including Counts of Calheta (1576), Count of Vila Franca (1583), Count of Ribeira Grande (1662), Marquis of Castelo Melhor (1766), Count of Taipa (1823), Marquis of Ribeira Grande (1855), and Count of Canavial (1880), among others.[4][5] This influence was manifested by their inclusion in the Livro do Armeiro-Mor, an important Portuguese armorial that included the coats of arms of royalty and major noble families of Europe. The Câmara family maintained an influential presence in Portuguese politics and society until the collapse of the monarchy in 1910, when noble titles were abolished.

In Mexico, the Cámara family has a history that dates back to 1542 when Juan de la Cámara, a key figure in the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, contributed to the foundation of Mérida.[6] As part of the criollo aristocracy in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, they solidified their status as major landowners and members of the Mexican nobility.[7][8] Their ownership of Cancún and its surroundings further underscores their enduring influence.[2] Between 1870 and 1920, the henequen industry in Yucatán boomed as sisal fiber was in high demand in international markets during the Second Industrial Revolution. This economic boom enabled a handful of Yucatecan families, including the Cámara, to amass extraordinary wealth, ranking among the most affluent in the Americas.[9][10] Politically, the Cámara family left its mark through its ties to Maderism, exemplified by the marriage of María Cámara Vales to José María Pino Suárez, Vice President of Mexico. However, the Mexican Revolution and subsequent agrarian reforms led to the expropriation of their vast estates, precipitating a decline in their economic and political influence. Despite these setbacks, the family's descendants have continued to distinguish themselves across a range of fields, including business, politics, culture, law, and diplomacy, well into the 20th century.

History

The origins of the family date back to 1227 when Gonzalo de la Cámara, a military officer, was ennobled by orders of King Ferdinand III of Castile, thus recognizing his outstanding participation in the surrender of Baeza by the Moors.

Although Gonzalo de la Cámara was originally from Alcalá de Henares, his descendants settled in Galicia, in the north of Spain; One of the most distinguished was Juan Rodríguez de la Cámara, a poet from the late 15th century who was born in Padrón, a municipality in the Galician province of La Coruña. Speaking about his family origins, the Spanish Royal Academy of History (Real Academia de la Historia) tells us that his "family name, Cámara, appears registered in the tomb of the main local church, he must have been born in the Galician town of his last name or in its vicinity in the last years of the fourteenth century, in a family belonging to the nobility."[11]

Portuguese branch

São Miguel, the largest island in the Azores, was governed by the family between the 15th and 18th centuries.

Over time, a branch of the family settled in the neighboring Kingdom of Portugal. In 1420, João Gonçalves da Câmara (Zarco), a descendant of this line, discovered the Archipelago of Madeira.

For many centuries, the family maintained the hereditary title of Captain-Major (Capitães dos Donatários) of the island of São Miguel in the Azores. Similarly, for five hundred years, until the dissolution of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910, his descendants held no less than 2 marquisate, 5 countships and a lordship, becoming one of the most important noble families of the Kingdom of Portugal. By 1520, the heraldry of the family was already represented in the Livro do Armeiro-Mor, the oldest and most important armorial of the Kingdom of Portugal that included the arms of royalty and the main noble families of Europe.

Built in the 17th century, the Palace of the Counts of Calheta was the residence of the Camara family in Lisbon.

In 1573, the captain of São Miguel, Manuel da Câmara passed on the administration of the island to his son Rui Gonçalves da Câmara (the third such Rui in the family), and went to live in Lisbon until his death in 1578, at a time when the reign of the Cardinal King was nearing its end.[12] Following the king's death several pretenders lined-up to assume the monarchy, including Philip II of Spain, António, Prior of Crato and the Infanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, among others.[12] But, it was the conflict between António and Philip II that took centre stage: following António's defeat at the Battle of Alcântra, he remained king in only the Azores (barring São Miguel, where the nobles were indifferent to the monarch).[12]

Rui, meanwhile, following his father's death had chosen to remain in Lisbon, and was there when the continent fell to Philip II.[12] He aligned himself, and by association, his family to the Philippine succession.[12] For his part, King Philip conceded to him, the title of Count of Vila Franca.[12] At the time, the Countship was the highest honorific title that the King could bestow on a Portuguese citizen, especially one that was not his own son.[12] There were few counts in Portugal, and many of them were wealthy and powerful.[12] The selection of the designation was specifically chosen to privilege the nobles of the island of São Miguel, where the provincial capital had been of Vila Franca do Campo until 1522.[12]

Yet, the municipal authorities at the time did not appreciate that D. Rui was named Count in their name, since that title was conferred by a Spanish King.[12] Philip II undeterred responded that the title was merely honorific, and that the title did not transgress any of the rights and privileges of the "citizens" of the town.[12]

João Gonçalves de Camara (Zarco), discovered Madeira in 1419.

Rui da Câmara eventually arrived in his countship along with a second fleet, ordered to the archipelago to conquer the island of Terceira, which had held out (along with other islands) the acclamation of Philip as King of Portugal.[12] This began a period of unified power in the Azores under the flag of Spain, that would continue until the Restoration of Portuguese independence.[12] In the meantime, the Gonçalves da Câmara line enjoyed privileges in the Azores, under successive Captains-Donataráios and Counts of Vila Franca.[12][13][14]

In the aftermath of the succession of John IV to the throne,[14] many of the islands of the Azores acclaimed the monarch and Rodrigo da Câmara, 3rd Count of Vila Franca, eventually accepted his reign following the defeat of the Spanish at the fortress of Terceira and a personal letter from John IV.[15] Rodrigo kept his titles and privileges following the defeat, but, in 1650, the Inquisition investigated and arrested the Count from several complaints raised against him associated with sexual escapades.[15] His possessions, privileges and titles were confiscated and his family's position was in crisis: the noble eventually died a miserable death in the Convent of Cape St. Vincent in 1601.[15] Although his wife was unable to liberate her husband, she was able to influence the King into restoring their family honours and possessions following her husband's death, thanks to her family connections as descendant of Vasco da Gama.[16] Her son was the direct beneficiary of this warming of ties. Owing to the tarnished nature of the Countship of Vila Franca, it was decided by the King to substitute Ribeira Grande for the blemished former provincial title.[16] The use of Vila Franca had already been a polemic decision in the first place, since Philip II of Spain had not consulted the Portuguese before instituting the honorific.[16]

On the initiative of the Marquis of Pombal, King José I of Portugal signed a decree on August 2, 1766 creating the Captaincy General of the Azores, based in Angra do Heroísmo. The Captain General now governed the entire civil, judicial, and military service of the archipelago. By that same decree, the Captains were abolished, ending more than three hundred years of history. However, the family continued to hold their other noble titles until the establishment of the Portuguese Republic in 1910. João da Câmara, a playwright and son of the 8th Count of Ribeira Grande, was the first Portuguese citizen to be nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature. in 1901.

In 1580, Philip II of Spain became King of Portugal, uniting the Spanish and Portuguese Empires. His claim faced challenges during the War of the Portuguese Succession, when he received decisive support from the Câmara family.

List of counts of Vila Franca

  1. Rui Gonçalves da Câmara, 1st Count of Vila Franca (1578–1601)
  2. Manuel da Câmara, 2nd Count of Vila Franca (1601–1619)
  3. Rodrigo da Câmara, 3rd Count of Vila Franca (1619–1662)
  4. Manuel da Câmara, 4th Count of Vila Franca (1662–1673)[17]

List of counts of Ribeira Grande

  • D. Manuel Luís Baltazar da Câmara, 1st Count of Ribeira Grande (1630–1675);
  • D. José Rodrigo da Câmara, 2nd Count of Ribeira Grande (1665–1724);
  • D. Luís Manuel da Câmara, 3rd Count of Ribeira Grande (1685–1723);
  • D. José da Câmara, 4th Count of Ribeira Grande (1712–1757);
  • D. Guido Augusto da Câmara e Ataíde, 5th Count of Ribeira Grande (1718–1770);
  • D. Luís António José Maria da Câmara, 6th Count of Ribeira Grande (1754–1802);
  • D. José Maria Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, 7th Count of Ribeira Grande (1784–1820);

List of marquess of Ribeira Grande

  • D. Francisco de Sales Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, 8th Count of Ribeira Grande (1819–1872), created 1st Marquis of Ribeira Grande by decree of King Pedro V of Portugal, issued on September 5, 1855
  • D. José Maria Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, 9th Count of Ribeira Grande (1843–1907);
  • D. Vicente de Paula Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara, 10th Count of Ribeira Grande (1875–1946);

Pretendants

Following the fall of the monarchy, the Republican government abolished noble and honorific titles. Yet, some of the descendants still maintained those honorific titles and claims, including: D. José Maria Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara; D. José Vicente Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara; and D. José Cabral Gonçalves Zarco da Câmara.

Mexican branch

One of the Cámara Houses, a pair of townhouses built for the Cámara family in the Paseo de Montejo between 1908 and 1911. They were designed in the fashionable Beaux-Arts style by Gustave Umbdenstock, the French architect,

The Colonial Period

Juan de la Cámara, originally from Alcalá de Henares, arrived in the New World in 1539 with Francisco de Montejo during the Spanish conquest of Yucatán. In 1542, he became one of the founders of Mérida, serving as its chief constable (alguacil mayor) and later as mayor (alcalde).[18] All members of Mérida’s first municipal council (cabildo) could prove they belonged to the Spanish nobility (hidalguía), reflecting Charles V's policy to reserve high political office, encomiendas and land-grants for members of the Old World aristocracy.

Despite their influence, the Cámara family and other conquistadors struggled to gain the recognition they felt entitled to. The Spanish Crown was hesitant to grant titles in the New World, fearing the rise of a powerful local nobility. However, in 1543, Charles V designated the conquistadores of Yucatán as "first and principal conquerors," granting them preferential treatment over later settlers. Still, landownership among these families often dwindled, with only 45% of grants remaining within the original families by the second generation.[19] J.H. Elliott, an Oxford historian, noted that high attrition rates, due to death or return to Spain, were common.[19] This makes the Cámara family a remarkable exception, enduring from the Conquest in the 16th century to the present day. During the Colonial period (1521–1821), they emerged as one of the most prominent families of Mexican nobility, becoming leading landowners in the Yucatán Peninsula, rivaled only by the Peón family, who, though arriving in the 18th century, inherited the estates (mayorazgo) of the now-extinct Montejo family.

Over the years, the Cámaras strategically intermarried with descendants of other prominent conquistadors, including Francisco de Montejo and Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, forming a tightly-knit criollo aristocracy sustained through endogamy. Their noble ties extended to the Mendoza and Arellano families, connecting them to figures like Hernán Cortés and Cardinal Mendoza, a statesman under the Catholic Monarchs.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Raymundo Cámara, was a powerful landowner and industrialist.

A genealogical study by Manuela Cristina García Bernal underscores the emergence of a privileged caste in Yucatecan society, an insular oligarchy descended from prominent conquistadores. This closed society preserved and enhanced its lineage through selective marriages, defending its origins and maintaining elite status over five centuries.[8]

The Henequen Boom

Between 1870 and 1920, the Cámara family rose to prominence during Yucatán’s henequen boom, a period that transformed the region into Mexico’s wealthiest.[28][29] Henequen, indispensable for industrial and naval applications, brought immense revenue to Yucatán. By 1900, exports to the United States alone generated approximately $1.7 billion annually (equivalent to $62 billion in 2023).[30] This economic surge positioned Yucatán as the most prosperous and industrialized region in Mexico at the turn of the century.

Against this backdrop, traditional landowning families dating back to the colonial era adapted to the shifting economic landscape,[31] amassing "incalculable fortunes, placing them among the wealthiest individuals in the Americas."[9] Among these families, Raymundo Cámara emerged as a key figure within an elite oligarchy. This group "concentrated land ownership, produced 50% of the henequen, controlled close to 90% of its trade, and directed regional politics"[32]

John Kenneth Turner portrayed the lifestyles of these elite families, noting that they "lived in expensive palaces in Mérida, many of them owning houses abroad. They traveled extensively, spoke multiple languages, and constituted a highly cultured class upon which the entire Yucatán Peninsula depended."[33] Similarly, Gilbert Joseph, a Yale historian, described their opulent lifestyles, noting how they "elbowed their way confidently past bowing waiters to the roulette tables of San Remo with the silver Peruvians, the cattle-Argentines, and the steel Americans. French lessons were all the rage. A team of Parisian milliners and modistes visited Mérida to take orders from the grandest dames. At least once a year, Yucatecos polished their linguistic skills and exhibited their sartorial splendor abroad, with local social columnists faithfully reporting their European triumphs."[10]

House Of Cámara.

The Cámara family also played a role in shaping 20th-century Mexican history. María Cámara was married to José María Pino Suárez, Vice President of Mexico and a prominent figure in the Mexican Revolution. Meanwhile, Alfredo and Nicolás Cámara, served as governors of Quintana Roo and Yucatán, respectively. Following Pino Suárez's assassination in 1913, the family faced political persecution, prompting many members to seek exile in Europe. Their influence extended beyond politics into culture, diplomacy, and the arts, with descendants making notable contributions to classical music (Pablo Castellanos), anthropology (Fernando Cámara), philanthropy (Gonzalo Cámara), law (Alfredo Pino), and diplomacy (Ismael Moreno).[34]

The Cámara family has also played a prominent historical role in the state of Campeche, with its influence and legacy enduring across multiple generations. Following Campeche's separation from the Yucatán Peninsula in 1863, descendants of Don José María Macedonio Cámara Zavala chose to retain properties and establish themselves in the new state. This decision solidified their presence in the city of San Francisco de Campeche and various regions within its territory.

Today, they continue to manage significant and productive properties, such as the San Francisco Ich Ek estate in Hopelchén, contributing to the region's social and economic development. Among the notable members of the family is Carlos Pérez Cámara, who served as a senator and governor of Campeche. In Palizada Municipality and surrounding areas of Tabasco, figures such as Gonzalo Cámara Evia have played key roles in the region's commercial development, alongside Carlos Pellicer Cámara, a renowned writer, poet, museographer, and Mexican politician. In his honor, the Carlos Pellicer Cámara Regional Museum of Anthropology stands today.

The family also owned extensive properties, including several large haciendas in the Yucatán Peninsula, many of which were expropriated during the 1937 agrarian reforms. Despite their once-great power, many haciendas eventually fell into disuse. A few of the haciendas owned by members of the Cámara family in the early 20th century include San Antonio Cámara,[35] Chucmichén,[35] Santa Ana,[36] Xcalak,[36] San Diego Azcorra,[37] Itzincab Cámara,[38] Polyuc,[36] and Dzuiché,[36] among others. They were also the owners of the iconic Cámara Houses in Mérida.

See also

Bibliography

  • Barreto, Maxcahrenas. Portuguese columbus : secret agent of King John II.. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. OCLC 935190217 ISBN 978-968-16-5995-0[39]
  • Melo, Carlos. História dos Açores: Da descoberta a 1934 . Ponta Delgada: Câmara Municipal de Ponta Delgada, 2008.
  • Faria e Maia, Francisco de Athayde M. de.. Capitães dos donatários (1439–1766). Lisboa, Portugal: Núcleo Gráfico da Escola Preparatória de F. Arruda, 1972. OCLC 976699653[40]
  • Valdés Acosta, José María. A Través de las Centurias (Vol. I). México DF: Talleres Litográficos de la Impresora Bravo, 1979. OCLC 6626094[41]
  • García Bernal, Manuela Cristina. La Sociedad en Yucatán (1700–1750). Sevilla, España: Editorial CSIC, 1972. OCLC 1178651[42]
  • González Muñoz, Victoria and Martínez-Ortega, Ana. Cabildos y élites capitulares en Yucatán (1700–1725). Sevilla, España: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, 1989. OCLC 782343653[43]
  • Ladd, Doris. The Mexican Nobility at Independence (1780–1826) . Austin, Texas: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1976. OCLC 491921643[44]

References

  1. ^ Valdés Acosta (1979),p. 367
  2. ^ a b "Las 24 Familias Yucatecas con Hidalguía y Algunas Más". 9 December 2013.
  3. ^ Barreto (2014), p.314
  4. ^ Melo Bento (2008), p.52
  5. ^ "Câmara". Heraldry Institute of Rome.
  6. ^ González Muñoz and Martínez Ortega (1989),p. 169
  7. ^ Ladd, Doris M. (1978). The Mexican Nobility at Independence, 1780–1826. University of Texas Press. pp. Appendix. ISBN 978-0292750272.
  8. ^ a b Bernal, Manuela Cristina García (1972). La sociedad de Yucatán (1700–1750) (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press. ISBN 978-84-00-02030-9.
  9. ^ a b Montiel, Elsie. ""Yucatán's Green Gold"". UNAM.
  10. ^ a b Joseph, Gilbert Michael (1988). Revolution from Without: Yucatán, Mexico, and the United States, 1880–1924. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0822-5.
  11. ^ "Juan Rodríguez de la Cámara | Real Academia de la Historia". dbe.rah.es. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Carlos Melo Bento (2008), p.47
  13. ^ Carlos Melo Bento (2008), p.48
  14. ^ a b Carlos Melo Bento (2008), p.49
  15. ^ a b c Carlos Melo Bento (2008), p.50
  16. ^ a b c Carlos Melo Bento (2008), p.52
  17. ^ Technically, Manuel da Câmara did not hold his title for long, as the Inquisition had stripped these rights and privileges with the condemnation and imprisonment of his father
  18. ^ Cogolludo, Diego López de (1957). Historia de Yucatán: Notas y acotaciones (in Spanish). Editorial Academia Literaria.
  19. ^ a b Elliott, J. H. (2006-01-01). Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13355-4.
  20. ^ Cogolludo, Diego López de (1957). Historia de Yucatán: Notas y acotaciones (in Spanish). Editorial Academia Literaria.
  21. ^ Yucatán en el tiempo: A-B (in Spanish). Inversiones Cares. 1998. ISBN 978-970-9071-01-6.
  22. ^ Gallardo, Ricardo Ortega y Pérez (1908). Historia genealógica de las familias más antiguas de México (in Spanish). Imprenta de A. Carranza y hijos.
  23. ^ Calvert, Patricia (2003). Hernando Cortés: Fortune Favored the Bold. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-1482-7.
  24. ^ Castro, Luis de Salazar y (1685). Historia genealogica de la Casa de Silva: donde se refieren las acciones mas señaladas de sus Señores, las Fundaciones de sus Mayorazgos, y la calidad de sus alianças matrimoniales (in Spanish). por Melchor Alvarez y Mateo de Llanos.
  25. ^ Peón, Joaquín de Arrigunaga (1967). Estirpe de conquistadores (in Spanish). Academia Yucateca de Historia y Genealogía Francisco de Montejo.
  26. ^ Mañé, Jorge Ignacio Rubio (1971). Los Sanjuanistas de Yucatán: Manuel Jiménez Solís, el Padre Justis (in Spanish). Boletin del Archivo General de la Nación.
  27. ^ Acosta, José María Valdés (1923). A través de las centurias: obra especial que contiene apuntes históricos, relatos genealógicos, reseñas biográficas, páginas literarias, antiguos documentos y retratos, etc., etc., etc (in Spanish). Talleres "Pluma y Lápiz".
  28. ^ Montiel, Elsie. "Yucatán's Green Gold". UNAM.
  29. ^ Villanueva Mukul, Eric. "Yucatán: historia y cultura henequenera la cosolidación del nacionalismo revolucionario (1938–80)". Senate of Mexico.
  30. ^ "$1,692,885,618.87 in 1900 → 2023 | Inflation Calculator". www.in2013dollars.com. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  31. ^ Domínguez, Marisa Pérez; Sarmiento, Marisa Pérez de (2002). Historia de una elección: la candidatura de Olegario Molina en 1901 (in Spanish). UADY. ISBN 978-970-698-026-7.
  32. ^ Sergio, Quezada (2016-08-02). Yucatán. Historia breve (in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Economica. ISBN 978-607-16-4065-9.
  33. ^ Turner, John Kenneth (1910). Barbarous Mexico. C. H. Kerr. ISBN 9780722297940.
  34. ^ Cruz, Sergio Contreras (1987). Discursos sobre la Revolución Mexicana: testimonios del 20 de noviembre (in Spanish). Partido Revolucionario Institucional, Comité Ejecutivo Nacional, Secretaría de Capacitación Política. ISBN 978-968-483-010-3.
  35. ^ a b Breton, Yvan; Labrecque, Marie-France (1981). L'Agriculture, la pêche et l'artisanat au Yucatan: prolétarisation de la paysannerie maya au Mexique (in French). Presses Université Laval. ISBN 978-2-7637-6918-9.
  36. ^ a b c d Ramos, Raquel Padilla (2018-12-28). Los irredentos parias.: Los yaquis, Madero y Pino Suárez en las elecciones de Yucatán, 1911 (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. ISBN 978-607-539-239-4.
  37. ^ Albornoz, Raúl Amílcar Aguilar (1998). Sitios patrimoniales: haciendas y quintas (in Spanish). Ayuntamiento de Mérida, Dirección de Desarrollo Urbano.
  38. ^ Molina, Víctor M. Suárez (1977). La evolución económica de Yucatán a través del siglo XIX: apuntes históricos (in Spanish). Ediciones de la Universidad de Yucatán.
  39. ^ https://www.worldcat.org/title/portuguese-columbus-secret-agent-of-king-john-ii/oclc/935190217&referer=brief_results [bare URL]
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  41. ^ https://www.worldcat.org/title/a-traves-de-las-centurias/oclc/6626094&referer=brief_results [bare URL]
  42. ^ Bernal, Manuela Cristina García (1972). La sociedad de Yucatán, 1700–1750. OCLC 1178651.
  43. ^ Muñoz, Victoria González (1989). Cabildos y élites capitulares en Yucatán: Dos estudios. OCLC 782343653.
  44. ^ https://www.worldcat.org/title/mexican-nobility-and-independence-1780-1826/oclc/491921643&referer=brief_results [bare URL]

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Об экономическом термине см. Первородный грех (экономика). ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Ран�...

Rohlstorf

Rohlstorf Lambang kebesaranLetak Rohlstorf di Segeberg NegaraJermanNegara bagianSchleswig-HolsteinKreisSegeberg Municipal assoc.Trave-LandPemerintahan • MayorGerhard SchrammLuas • Total19,68 km2 (760 sq mi)Ketinggian34 m (112 ft)Populasi (2013-12-31)[1] • Total1.192 • Kepadatan0,61/km2 (1,6/sq mi)Zona waktuWET/WMPET (UTC+1/+2)Kode pos23821Kode area telepon04553, 04559Pelat kendaraanSESitus webwww.amt-tr...

 

Walter Chaffe

Walter Chaffe Nazionalità  Regno Unito Tiro alla fune Palmarès Competizione Ori Argenti Bronzi Giochi olimpici 0 1 1 Per maggiori dettagli vedi qui Statistiche aggiornate al 15 giugno 2010 Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Walter Chaffe (Dunsford, 2 aprile 1870 – Plaistow, 22 aprile 1918) è stato un tiratore di fune britannico. Biografia Ha partecipato ai giochi olimpici di Londra del 1908, dove ha vinto, con la squadra della K Division Metropolitan Police Team, la meda...

 

Les Oiseaux (film)

Vous lisez un « bon article » labellisé en 2008. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Les Oiseaux. Les Oiseaux Affiche américaine du film[1] Données clés Titre original The Birds Réalisation Alfred Hitchcock Scénario Evan Hunter Acteurs principaux Tippi HedrenRod TaylorJessica TandyVeronica CartwrightSuzanne Pleshette Sociétés de production Universal Pictures Pays de production États-Unis Genre HorreurThriller Durée 120 minutes Sortie 1963 Pour plus de détails, voir Fiche...

Avelin

Avelincomune Avelin – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia RegioneAlta Francia Dipartimento Nord ArrondissementLille CantoneTempleuve TerritorioCoordinate50°32′N 3°05′E / 50.533333°N 3.083333°E50.533333; 3.083333 (Avelin)Coordinate: 50°32′N 3°05′E / 50.533333°N 3.083333°E50.533333; 3.083333 (Avelin) Superficie13,79 km² Abitanti2 565[1] (2009) Densità186 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. postale59710 Fuso orarioUTC...

 

中华人民共和国腐败案件列表

政治腐敗 概念 反腐敗 賄賂 裙帶關係 腐败经济学（英语：Economics of corruption） 选举操控 精英俘获（英语：Elite capture） 权力寻租 竊盜統治 黑手黨國家 裙帶關係 行贿基金 買賣聖職 各国腐败 亚洲 中国 治貪史 中華人民共和國 朝鲜 菲律宾 欧洲 俄羅斯（英语：Corruption in Russia） 乌克兰 英国 法国 查论编   此条目的内容是1949年中華人民共和國成立以后中国大陆的国家�...

 

أتراك

هذه المقالة عن المجموعة العرقية الأتراك وليس عن من يحملون جنسية الجمهورية التركية أتراكTürkler (بالتركية) التعداد الكليالتعداد 70~83 مليون نسمةمناطق الوجود المميزةالبلد  القائمة ... تركياألمانياسورياالعراقبلغارياالولايات المتحدةفرنساالمملكة المتحدةهولنداالنمساأسترالي�...

جميرينكا

  جميرينكا (بالأوكرانية: Жмеринка)‏(بالبيلاروسية: Жмерынка)‏  جميرينكا جميرينكا تقسيم إداري البلد أوكرانيا  [1][2] التقسيم الأعلى فينيتسا أوبلاست (3 مارس 1975–)[3]  خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 49°02′33″N 28°05′57″E / 49.0425°N 28.099166666667°E / 49.0425; 28.099166666667  ...

 

Zecca di Milano

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando la zecca romana di Milano, vedi Zecca di Mediolanum. Zecca di MilanoSulla destra, la zecca di Milano su un dipinto del 1820LocalizzazioneStato Italia RegioneLombardia LocalitàMilano Indirizzovia Zecca Vecchia Coordinate45°27′45.05″N 9°11′04.07″E45°27′45.05″N, 9°11′04.07″E Informazioni generaliCondizioniDemolito Costruzione1474 DemolizioneXIX secolo Usocivile Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La Zecca di Milano era il luog...

 

Мария де Молина

Мария де Молина королева-консорт Кастилии и Леона 1284—1295 Предшественник Виоланта Арагонская Преемник Констанция Португальская Рождение около 1264[1]неизвестно, Молина-де-Арагон Смерть 1 июля 1321(1321-07-01)[2]Вальядолид, Королевство Кастилия и Леон Место погребения Мона...

William Caspar Graustein

American mathematician William Caspar GrausteinLeft to right, upper: Graustein, Smith, lower: Rellich, Mary Graustein, at the ICM, Zürich 1932.Born(1888-11-15)15 November 1888Cambridge, MassachusettsDied22 January 1941(1941-01-22) (aged 52)Cambridge, MassachusettsNationalityAmericanAlma materHarvard UniversitySpouseMary Florence (nee Curtis)Scientific careerFieldsMathematicsInstitutionsHarvard UniversityDoctoral advisorEduard Study William Caspar Graustein (15 November 1888 – 22 ...

 

18-й гвардійський винищувальний авіаційний полк (СРСР)

18-й гвардійський штурмовий авіаційний полк(1993—2009) 18-й гвардійський авіаційний полк винищувачів-бомбардувальників(1982—1993) 18-й гвардійський винищувальний авіаційний полк(1942—1982) 6-й винищувальний авіаційний полк(1938—1942)Ветеранський знак до 30-річчя створення полку.На служ�...

 

A Treatise on the Astrolabe

Medieval instruction manual on the astrolabe by Geoffrey Chaucer So-called Chaucer Astrolabe dated 1326, similar to the one Chaucer describes, British Museum A Treatise on the Astrolabe is a medieval instruction manual on the astrolabe by Geoffrey Chaucer. It was completed in 1391. It describes both the form and the proper use of the instrument, and stands out as a prose technical work from a writer better known for poetry, written in English rather than the more typical Latin. Significance T...

Virginia

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Virginia (disambigua). Virginiastato federato(EN) Commonwealth of Virginia LocalizzazioneStato Stati Uniti AmministrazioneCapoluogoRichmond GovernatoreGlenn Youngkin (R) dal 2022 Data di istituzione25 giugno 1788 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo37°32′27″N 77°25′58″W37°32′27″N, 77°25′58″W (Virginia) Altitudine0 - 1 746 m s.l.m. Superficie110 862 km² Abitanti8 470...

 

Kadenicarpus horripilus

Species of cactus Kadenicarpus horripilus Conservation status Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1] CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Caryophyllales Family: Cactaceae Subfamily: Cactoideae Genus: Kadenicarpus Species: K. horripilus Binomial name Kadenicarpus horripilus(Lem.) Vázquez-Sánchez[3] Synonyms[3] Bravocactus horripilus (Lem.) Doweld Echinocactus cae...