Haplogroup G (mtDNA)
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup
This article is about the human mtDNA haplogroup. For the human Y-DNA haplogroup, see
Haplogroup G-M201 .
Haplogroup G Possible time of origin 35,700 YBP[ 1] Possible place of origin East Asia Ancestor M12'G Descendants G1, G2, G3, G4 Defining mutations 709, 4833, 5108[ 2]
In human mitochondrial genetics , Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup .
Origin
Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M . Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4.
Distribution
It is an East Asian haplogroup.[ 3] Sea of Okhotsk .[ 4] [ 5] Ainu , Siberian , Mongol , Tibetan and Central and North Asian Turkic peoples people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō). It is also found at a lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia , Central Asia , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , and Nepal .[ 6] [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] haplogroup A , haplogroup C , and haplogroup D , haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas .
Table of Frequencies by ethnic group
Population
Frequency
Count
Source
Subtypes
Itelmen 0.681
47
Starikovskaya 2005 G1=32
Koryak 0.419
155
Starikovskaya 2005 G1=65
Chuvantsi (Markovo , Chukotka )0.281
32
Volodko 2008 G1=9
Negidal 0.273
33
Starikovskaya 2005 G1=9
Tharu (Chitwan , Nepal )0.233
133
Fornarino 2009 G2a=19, G(xG2a)=12
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.200
20
Comas 2004 G2a=4
Ainu 0.196
51
[ 10] G1=8, G2=2
Tibetan (Lhasa , Tibet )0.182
44
Ji 2012 G2a=3, G3b=3, G2(xG2a)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator )0.170
47
Jin 2009 G2a=5, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2, G3=1
Korean (Arun Banner )0.167
48
Kong 2003 G2(xG2a)=3, G2a=3, G1a=1, G3=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi , Tibet )0.167
24
Ji 2012 G=4
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang )0.163
49
Yao 2004 G2a=3, G2(xG2a)=3, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=2
Tibetan (Shannan , Tibet )0.158
19
Ji 2012 G=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.146
82
Volodko 2008 G1=12
Kyrgyz (Talas )0.146
48
Yao 2004 G2a=7
Tibetan (Shannan , Tibet )0.145
55
Ji 2012 G2a=4, G2(xG2a)=3, G3b=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang )0.128
47
Yao 2004 G2a=5, G3=1
Tharu (Morang , Nepal )0.125
40
Fornarino 2009 G2a=4, G(xG2a)=1
Japanese (Gifu )0.116
1617
Fuku 2007 G=188
Ulch 0.115
87
Starikovskaya 2005 G1=9, G2=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner )0.114
44
Kong 2003 G(xG1a, G2, G3)=5
Tibetan (Qinghai )0.107
56
Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=2, G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator )0.106
47
Derenko 2007 G2a=4, G1=1
Tuvan 0.105
95
Starikovskaya 2005 G2=6, G3=4
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng , Guangxi )0.105
19
[citation needed G2=2
Japanese 0.104
211
Maruyama 2003 G4a=12, G2a=6, G4b=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG2, G4a, G4b)=1
Tibetan (Chamdo , Tibet )0.103
29
Ji 2012 G3b=2, G2a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse , Tibet )0.103
29
Ji 2012 G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1
Korean (South Korea )0.103
185
Jin 2009 G2(xG2a)=7, G2a=6, G3=4, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Tokyo )0.102
118
Zheng 2011 G=12
Khamnigan (Buryatia )0.101
99
Derenko 2007 G2a=9, G3=1
Han (Beijing )0.100
40
Jin 2009 G2a=2, G2(xG2a)=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Manchurian 0.100
40
Jin 2009 G1a=3, G2a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou , Guangxi )0.098
41
[citation needed G2=4
Japanese (Tōkai )0.096
282
Umetsu 2005 G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=12, G1b=2
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky )0.095
105
Fedorova 2013 G1b=9, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Barghut (Hulunbuir )0.094
149
Derenko 2012 G2=13, G3=1
Chukchi 0.091
66
Starikovskaya 2005 G1=6
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng , Guangxi )0.091
11
[citation needed G2=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner )0.089
45
Kong 2003 G1a=2, G2a=2
Hui (Xinjiang )0.089
45
Yao 2004 G2a=2, G1a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō )0.088
217
Asari 2007 G1a=11, G(xG1a, G1b)=7, G1b=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner )0.085
47
Kong 2003 G(xG1a, G2, G3)=4
Zhuang Napo County , Guangxi)0.085
130
[citation needed G2=8
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.083
36
Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=2, G3=1
Kalmyk (Kalmykia )0.082
110
Derenko 2007 G2a=7, G1=1, G(xG1, G2a, G3)=1
Buryat 0.080
25
Starikovskaya 2005 G2=1, G3=1
Buryat 0.079
126
Kong 2003 G2a=8, G2(xG2a)=2
Korean (South Korea )0.079
203
Umetsu 2005 G1a=9, G(xG1a, G1b)=7
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.074
68
Wen 2004 G2(xG2a)=5
Dargin (Dagestan )0.071
28
Marchani 2008 G=2
Uzbek (Xinjiang )0.069
58
Yao 2004 G2a=2, G3=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Chinese (Shenyang , Liaoning )0.069
160
Umetsu 2005 G(xG1a, G1b)=8, G1a=3
Korean (South Korea )0.068
103
Derenko 2007 G2a=3, G1=2, G3=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital )0.068
633
Fuku 2007 G=43
Yakut (northern Yakutia )0.068
148
Fedorova 2013 G2a5=6, G2a(xG2a5)=2, G1b=2
Chukchi (Anadyr )0.067
15
Derenko 2007 G1=1
Naxi (Lijiang , Yunnan )0.067
45
Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=3
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.067
30
Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Tuvinian 0.067
105
Derenko 2007 G2a=4, G1=2, G3=1
Gelao (Daozhen County , Guizhou )0.065
31
[citation needed G2a=2
Mien (Shangsi , Guangxi )0.063
32
[citation needed G2=2
Korean (South Korea )0.061
261
Kim 2008 G(xG2)=11, G2=5
Mansi 0.061
98
Starikovskaya 2005 G2=6
Japanese (Miyazaki )0.060
100
Uchiyama 2007 G4a=2, G1a=1, G1b=1, G2a1(xG2a1a)=1, G2a1a=1
Han (Beijing Normal University )0.058
121
Zheng 2011 G=7
Tibetan (Zhongdian , Yunnan )0.057
35
Wen 2004 G3=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang )0.057
53
Yao 2004 G1a=1, G2a=1, G(xG1a, G2, G3)=1
Altai Kizhi 0.056
90
Derenko 2007 G1=4, G2a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi , Tibet )0.056
54
Ji 2012 G2(xG2a)=1, G2a=1, G3b=1
Han (Denver , Colorado)0.055
73
Zheng 2011 G=4
Kazakh (Kazakhstan )0.055
55
Yao 2004 G2a=3
Japanese (Tōhoku )0.054
336
Umetsu 2005 G1a=13, G(xG1a, G1b)=5
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin )0.054
56
Starikovskaya 2005 G1=3
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.050
20
Comas 2004 G2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo , Yunnan )0.050
40
[citation needed G2=2
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.050
20
Comas 2004 G2a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.050
40
Comas 2004 G2a=2
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.050
40
Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Orok (Sakhalin )0.049
61
Bermisheva 2005 G=3
Gelao (Daozhen County , Guizhou )0.049
102
[citation needed G(xG2, G3)=4, G2a1=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk )0.049
164
Fedorova 2013 G2a(xG2a5)=6, G2a5=2
Hmong (Jishou , Hunan )0.049
103
[citation needed G3=2, G(xG2, G3)=2, G2=1
Vietnamese 0.048
42
Jin 2009 G1a=1, G3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū )0.047
256
Umetsu 2005 G(xG1a, G1b)=9, G1a=3
Tujia (western Hunan )0.047
64
Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=1, G2(xG2a)=1, G3=1
Tajik (Tajikistan )0.045
44
Derenko 2007 G2a=1, G3=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky )0.045
22
Fedorova 2013 G1b=1
Hazara (North West Frontier Province & Balochistan )0.043
23
Quintana-Murci 2004 G=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner )0.042
48
Kong 2003 G2(xG2a)=2
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk )0.041
73
Derenko 2007 G2a=2, G1=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna , Yunnan )0.040
50
Wen 2004 G2a=2
Korean (northern China)0.039
51
Jin 2009 G2a=1, G2(xG2a)=1
Kumik (Dagestan )0.038
26
Marchani 2008 G=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin , Guangxi )0.038
26
[citation needed G2=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.036
111
Fedorova 2013 G2a(xG2a5)=2, G2a5=1, G1b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou )0.036
28
[citation needed G(xG1a, G2)=1
Cun (Hainan )0.033
30
[citation needed G=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.033
30
Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=1
Lingao (Hainan )0.032
31
[citation needed G=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.032
31
Wen 2004 G(xG2, G3)=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin , Guangxi )0.031
32
[citation needed G(xG2, G3)=1
Nogai (Dagestan )0.030
33
Marchani 2008 G=1
Han (Southwest China ; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou)0.029
137
Ji 2012 G1=3, G2=1
Han (southern California )0.028
390
Ji 2012 G=11
Telenghit (Altai Republic )0.028
71
Derenko 2007 G2a=2
Yakut (Yakutia )0.028
36
Derenko 2007 G2a=1
Hmong (Wenshan , Yunnan )0.026
39
[citation needed G(xG2, G3)=1
Yakut 0.026
117
Kong 2003 G2a=2, G1a=1
Evenk (Ust-Maysky , Oleneksky , and Zhigansky )0.024
125
Fedorova 2013 G1b=2, G2a(xG2a5)=1
Uzbek (Surkhandarya , Uzbekistan )0.024
42
Quintana-Murci 2004 G=1
Evenk (Buryatia )0.022
45
Derenko 2007 G3=1
Taiwanese (Taipei , Taiwan )0.022
91
Umetsu 2005 G(xG1a, G1b)=2
Han (Taiwan )0.021
1117
Ji 2012 G=24
Han (Xinjiang )0.021
47
Yao 2004 G2a=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash )0.021
47
Yao 2004 G2a=1
Hindu (New Delhi )0.021
48
Fornarino 2009 G(xG2a)=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agachsky , Altai Republic )0.020
98
Derenko 2012 G2=1, G3=1
Turkish (Anatolia, Turkey)0.020
50
Quintana-Murci 2004 G=1
Khanty 0.019
106
Pimenoff 2008 G2=2
Uyghur (Kazakhstan )0.018
55
Yao 2004 G2(xG2a)=1
Khakassian (Khakassia )0.018
57
Derenko 2007 G3=1
Mansi 0.016
63
Pimenoff 2008 G2=1
Okinawa 0.015
326
Umetsu 2005 G(xG1a, G1b)=3, G1a=2
Persian (eastern Iran )0.012
82
Derenko 2007 G2a=1
Pakistani (Karachi, Pakistan)0.010
100
Quintana-Murci 2004 G=1
Li (Hainan )0.009
346
[citation needed G=3
Dolgan (Anabarsky , Volochanka , Ust-Avam , and Dudinka )0.006
154
Fedorova 2013 G1b=1
Cham (Bình Thuận , Vietnam )0.006
168
[citation needed G=1
Taiwan aborigines 0.002
640
[citation needed G=1
Dingban Yao (Mengla , Yunnan )0.000
10
[citation needed -
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.000
18
Volodko 2008 -
Filipino (Palawan )0.000
20
Scholes 2011 -
Yi (Hezhang County , Guizhou )0.000
20
[citation needed -
Hindu (Chitwan , Nepal )0.000
24
Fornarino 2009 -
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua , Hunan )0.000
24
[citation needed -
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin , Guangxi )0.000
25
[citation needed -
Kurd (northwestern Iran )0.000
25
Derenko 2007 -
Iu Mien (Mengla , Yunnan )0.000
27
[citation needed -
Andhra Pradesh (tribal )0.000
29
Fornarino 2009 -
Tujia (Yanhe County , Guizhou )0.000
29
[citation needed -
Batak (Palawan )0.000
31
Scholes 2011 -
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan , Guangxi )0.000
31
[citation needed -
Bapai Yao (Liannan , Guangdong )0.000
35
[citation needed -
Tibetan (Nagchu , Tibet )0.000
35
Ji 2012 -
Aleut (Commander Islands )0.000
36
Volodko 2008 -
Eskimo (Sireniki )0.000
37
Volodko 2008 -
Eskimo (Naukan )0.000
39
Volodko 2008 -
Nganasan 0.000
39
Volodko 2008 -
Thai 0.000
40
Jin 2009 -
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan , Guangxi )0.000
42
[citation needed -
Eskimo (Chaplin )0.000
50
Volodko 2008 -
Teleut (Kemerovo )0.000
53
Derenko 2007 -
Han (Hunan & Fujian )0.000
55
Zheng 2011 -
Saami (Finland)0.000
69
Tambets 2004 -
Shor (Kemerovo )0.000
82
Derenko 2007 -
Eskimo (Canada)0.000
96
Volodko 2008 -
Saami (Sweden)0.000
98
Tambets 2004 -
Aleut (Aleutian Islands )0.000
163
Volodko 2008 -
Saami (Norway)0.000
278
Tambets 2004 -
Eskimo (Greenland )0.000
385
Volodko 2008 -
Subclades
Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from eastern Europe (Poles, Ukrainians, Lipka Tatars) and western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to southern China (Hmong and Tujia in Hunan and Mien in Guangxi ) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic - or Turkic -speaking populations of northern East Asia and Central Asia. G2a also has been found with high frequency in some samples of Tharus from southern Nepal.[ 11] [ 12] Azeri in Iran,[ 13] Uyghur in Artux, Xinjiang, China ;[ 14] Komis and Udmurts .[ 15] Ukrainian from the Lviv region of western Ukraine. Subclade G2a5 has been observed in Japan, Korea, and among Buryats , Barghuts , and various Turkic peoples (Karachay, Balkar, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Telengit, Tubalar, Yakut).
Subclade G1 is almost completely responsible for the high frequency of haplogroup G in populations located around the Sea of Okhotsk (Itelmen, Koryak, Negidal, Ulch, Ainu, Chukchi, Nivkh, etc. ). G1 in Luoravetlans (Koryak & Chukchi) is essentially G1b, and this subclade is also found with generally low frequency in populations of Yakutia to the west (Evens, Yukaghirs, Evenks, Yakuts, Dolgans) as well as in Japan.[ 16] Sarikoli ,[ 14] [ 17] [ 17] [ 17] [ 17] Shenyang ), Tajikistan (Pamiris [ 14] Seletar .
Subclade G3 is relatively rare. It has been found mainly among Koreans ,[ 18] Tibetans , and presently Turkic - or Mongolic -speaking populations in southern Siberia and vicinity, and occasionally among Evenks in Buryatia , Japanese , Pumi , Naxi ,[ 17] Uyghurs ,[ 14] Sarikolis ,[ 14] Tajiks , Pashtuns and Hazaras in Afghanistan, Kashmir , Han Chinese in Sichuan,[ 17] Hmong and Tujia in western Hunan , and Vietnamese .
Subclade G4 has been found in Japan and possibly in one Chinese individual from Guizhou.[ 17]
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup G subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation [ 2]
See also
References
^ Soares, Pedro; Luca Ermini; Noel Thomson; Maru Mormina; Teresa Rito; Arne Röhl; Antonio Salas; Stephen Oppenheimer; Vincent Macaulay; Martin B. Richards (4 June 2009). "Supplemental Data Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock" . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 84 (6): 82–93. doi :10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001 . PMC 2694979 PMID 19500773 . ^ a b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation" . Human Mutation . 30 (2): E386–E394. doi :10.1002/humu.20921 PMID 18853457 . ^ Haplogroup G. ^ mtDNA Haplogroup Testing Archived 2006-12-14 at the Wayback Machine ^ Volodko, Natalia V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; et al. (2008). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas" . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 82 (5): 1084–1100. doi :10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019 . PMC 2427195 PMID 18452887 . ^ Umetsu, Kazuo; Tanaka, Masashi; Yuasa, Isao; et al. (2005). "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations". Electrophoresis . 26 (1): 91–98. doi :10.1002/elps.200406129 . PMID 15624129 . S2CID 44989190 . ^ Fuku, Noriyuki; Soo Park, Kyong; Yamada, Yoshiji; et al. (2007). "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians" . Am. J. Hum. Genet . 80 (3): 407–415. doi :10.1086/512202 . PMC 1821119 PMID 17273962 . ^ Asari, M; et al. (2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Leg Med . 9 (5): 237–240. doi :10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007 . PMID 17467322 . ^ Ranaweera, Lanka; Kaewsutthi, Supannee; Win Tun, Aung; Boonyarit, Hathaichanoke; Poolsuwan, Samerchai; Lertrit, Patcharee (2014). "Mitochondrial DNA history of Sri Lankan ethnic people: Their relations within the island and with the Indian subcontinental populations" . Journal of Human Genetics . 59 (1): 28–36. doi :10.1038/jhg.2013.112 PMID 24196378 . S2CID 41185629 . ^ Tajima A, Hayami M, Tokunaga K, et al. (2004). "Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages" . Journal of Human Genetics . 49 (4): 187–193. doi :10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x PMID 14997363 . ^ Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; et al. (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 9 (1): 154. Bibcode :2009BMCEE...9..154F . doi :10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 PMC 2720951 PMID 19573232 . ^ Pimenoff, Ville N; Comas, David; Palo, Jukka U; et al. (2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers" . European Journal of Human Genetics . 16 (10): 1254–1264. doi :10.1038/ejhg.2008.101 PMID 18506205 . S2CID 19488203 . ^ Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, et al. (2013), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Iranians." PLoS ONE 8(11): e80673. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673
^ a b c d e Min-Sheng Peng, Weifang Xu, Jiao-Jiao Song, et al. (2018), "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations." European Journal of Human Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8
^ Kristiina Tambets, Bayazit Yunusbayev, Georgi Hudjashov, et al. , "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations." Genome Biology (2018) 19:139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1
^ Uchiyama, Taketo; Hisazumi, Rinnosuke; Shimizu, Kenshi; et al. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture" . Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology . 12 (1): 83–96. doi :10.3408/jafst.12.83 ^ a b c d e f g Qing-Peng Kong, Chang Sun, Hua-Wei Wang, et al. (2011), "Large-Scale mtDNA Screening Reveals a Surprising Matrilineal Complexity in East Asia and Its Implications to the Peopling of the Region." Molecular Biology and Evolution 28(1):513–522. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq219
^ Jin, H-J; Tyler-Smith, C; Kim, W (2009). "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers" . PLOS ONE . 4 (1): e4210. Bibcode :2009PLoSO...4.4210J . doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0004210 PMC 2615218 PMID 19148289 .
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