Luxembourg's territories, centering on the ancestral castle, were captured from occupying French forces in the first stages of the fall of Napoleon. Some were eventually ceded to William VI of Nassau, Prince of Orange, who had been declared Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands in 1813, by his cousin King Frederick William III of Prussia who annexed other territories which had been held by princes of the various branches of the House of Nassau.[2] The Great Powers agreed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to re-constitute and elevate Luxembourg into a grand duchy, to be hereditary in the male line of the entire House of Nassau, beginning with the Prince of Orange, who was simultaneously but separately recognised as King of the Netherlands.
Thus William I of the Netherlands ascended the grand ducal throne as the first grand duke of Luxemburg. When the male line of the House of Orange-Nassau became extinct in 1890, the crown of the Netherlands went to his descendant, Wilhelmina of Orange-Nassau, but the crown of Luxembourg continued in the male line, devolving upon the head of the only surviving branch of the House of Nassau, ex-Duke Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg. His son, Guillaume IV (reigned 1905–1912), left no sons and was succeeded by his daughters, Marie-Adélaïde and then by Charlotte (reigned 1919–1964). Her descendants (from her marriage to Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma) comprise the Grand Ducal House in the 21st century.
Since the grand ducal decree of 21 September 1995, dynasts who are the children of a grand duke or hereditary grand duke hold the titles "Prince/Princess of Luxembourg" and "Prince/Princess of Nassau" with the style of Royal Highness.[3] Shortly after his accession to the throne in October 2000, Grand Duke Henri issued a grand ducal decree conferring upon his eldest son and heir, Prince Guillaume, the title of "Hereditary Grand Duke" and restoring to him the title "Prince of Bourbon-Parma".[5] Male line descendants of Grand Duchess Charlotte who are not the children of a grand duke or hereditary grand duke are "Prince/Princess of Nassau" with the style of His/Her Royal Highness.[3]
A grand ducal decree in 2012, concerning the family pact, further defined the rules of titles borne.[6]
The wives, children and male-line descendants of a prince of the dynasty whose marriage has not received grand ducal consent are "Count/Countess de Nassau".[3]
To date, the title of "His/Her Royal Highness Prince/Princess of Bourbon-Parma" has been returned to all legitimate members of the grand ducal family.[7] Indeed, the members of the grand ducal family have never ceased to actually be members of the Royal House of Bourbon-Parma.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
Religion
Grand Dukes Adolphe (1817–1905) and William IV (1852–1912) were Evangelical Christians. William married the Roman Catholic Marie Anne of Portugal, believing that a country in which the great majority of people were Roman Catholic should also have a Roman Catholic monarch. In 1907, William declared the Evangelical Counts of Merenberg to be non-dynastic and named his own Roman Catholic daughter, Marie-Adélaïde (1894–1924), heiress to the grand ducal throne; she in 1919 abdicated in favour of her sister, Charlotte (1896–1985), who was also Roman Catholic, and Charlotte's Roman Catholic descendants have reigned in Luxembourg ever since.
However, although Roman Catholicism is the claimed faith of the overwhelming majority of the Luxembourgish people (ca. 90–93%), it does not have the status of a state religion, nor is there any legal or constitutional obligation for the grand duke (as head of state) to be Roman Catholic.
Henri is the current grand duke of Luxembourg. He was born on 16 April 1955. He was married on 14 February 1981 to Maria Teresa Mestre y Batista, now Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg, who was born on 22 March 1956; in Havana, Cuba, and became Grand Duke when his father, Jean, abdicated on 7 October 2000. They have 5 children:
Guillaume is the Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the Grand Duke's eldest son, born on 11 November 1981. He was married on 20 October 2012 to Countess Stephanie of Lannoy, now Hereditary Grand Duchess Stephanie of Luxembourg, who was born on 18 February 1984. They have 2 sons:
Prince François of Luxembourg, the Hereditary Grand Duke's second son, was born on 27 March 2023 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City.
Prince Félix of Luxembourg, the Grand Duke's second son, born on 3 June 1984. He was married on 21 September 2013 to Claire Lademacher, now Princess Claire of Luxembourg, who was born on 21 March 1985. They have 3 children:
Princess Amalia of Nassau, Prince Félix's daughter, was born on 15 June 2014 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City.
Prince Liam of Nassau, Prince Félix's son, was born on 28 November 2016 in Geneva, Switzerland.
Prince Balthasar of Nassau, Prince Félix's son, was born on 7 January 2024 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City.
Prince Louis of Luxembourg, the Grand Duke's third son, born on 3 August 1986. He was married on 29 September 2006 to Tessy Antony, later Princess Tessy of Luxembourg until divorce, who was born on 28 October 1985. Upon marrying, Prince Louis renounced his right of succession prior to his marriage. Prince Louis and Antony divorced on 4 April 2019. They have 2 sons:
Prince Gabriel of Nassau, Prince Louis's eldest son, was born on 12 March 2006.
Prince Noah of Nassau, Prince Louis's youngest son, was born on 21 September 2007 at the Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City.
Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, now Princess Alexandra, Mrs. Bagory, the Grand Duke's daughter, born on 16 February 1991. She was married on 29 April 2023 to Nicolas Bagory, who was born on 11 November 1988. They have 1 child:
Victoire Bagory, daughter of Princess Alexandra, born on 14 May 2024 in Paris, France.
Prince Jean of Luxembourg, the Grand Duke's brother, was born on 15 May 1957. He was married on 27 May 1987 to Hélène Vestur, later Countess Hélène of Nassau until divorce, who was born in 1958. They have children. On 26 September 1986, Prince Jean renounced his right of succession to the Luxembourg throne. His children were styled as Count(ess) of Nassau until given the title HRH Prince(ss) of Nassau on 24 November 2004. Prince Jean and Vestur divorced in 2004 and, on 18 March 2009, he married Diane de Guerre, now Countess Diane of Nassau, who was born in 1962, in a civil ceremony in Roermond, the Netherlands. They have no children.[18]
Princess Marie Gabrielle of Nassau, now Princess Marie Gabrielle, Mrs. Willms, Prince Jean's daughter, was born out of wedlock on 8 September 1986. Married Antonius Willms, who was born in 1988, in 2017. They have 2 sons and 1 daughter.
Prince Constantin of Nassau, Prince Jean's eldest son, was born on 22 July 1988. He married Kathryn Mechie, now Princess Kathryn of Nassau, who was born in 1989, in 2020. They have 2 children.
Prince Felix of Nassau, Prince Constantin's son, born out of wedlock on 22 April 2018.
Princess Cosima of Nassau, Prince Constantin's daughter, born on 13 May 2022.
Prince Wenceslas of Nassau, Prince Jean's second son, was born on 17 November 1990. He married Elisabeth Lamarche, now Princess Elisabeth of Nassau, who was born in 1990, in 2021. They have 1 son.
Prince Calixte of Nassau, Prince Wenceslas's son, born in November 2022.
Prince Carl Johann of Nassau, Prince Jean's third son and youngest child, was born on 15 August 1992. He married Ivanna Jamin, now Princess Ivanna of Nassau, who was born in 1994, in 2019. They have 2 children.
Prince Xander of Nassau, Prince Carl Johann's son, born in 2021.
Princess Amadea of Nassau, Prince Carl Johann's daughter, born in 2022.
Princess Margaretha of Luxembourg, now Princess Margaretha of Liechtenstein, the Grand Duke's youngest sister. She was born on 15 May 1957. She was married on 20 March 1982 to Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein, who was born in 1947. They have had 3 surviving children.
Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, was born on 1 May 1963. He was married on 8 September 1994 to Sibilla Sandra Weiller (the daughter of Donna Olimpia Torlonia dei principi di Civitella-Cesi and Paul-Annik Weiller, and great-granddaughter of Alfonso XIII of Spain), now Princess Sibilla of Luxembourg.
Prince Paul-Louis of Nassau, Prince Guillaume's eldest son, was born on 4 March 1998.
Prince Léopold of Nassau, Prince Guillaume's second son, was born on 2 May 2000. He is the twin brother of Princess Charlotte.
Princess Charlotte of Nassau, Prince Guillaume's only daughter, was born on 2 May 2000. She is the twin sister of Prince Léopold.
Prince Jean André of Nassau, Prince Guillaume's youngest son, was born on 13 July 2004.
Princess Charlotte of Luxembourg, now Princess Charlotte, Mrs. Cunningham, the Grand Duke's first cousin, was born on 15 September 1967. She was married in 1993 to Marc Victor Cunningham, who was born on 24 September 1965. They have issue.
Prince Robert of Luxembourg, the Grand Duke's first cousin, was born on 14 August 1968 and married religiously on 19 September 1993 to Julie Elizabeth Houston Ongaro, now Princess Julie of Nassau, who was born on 9 June 1966.[3][19] They have issue.
Princess Charlotte of Nassau. Prince Robert's daughter, born 20 March 1995.
Prince Alexandre of Nassau, Prince Robert's eldest son, born 18 April 1997.
Prince Frederik of Nassau, Prince Robert's youngest son, born 18 March 2002.
The preference for men over women in succession to Luxembourg's throne was abandoned in favour of absolute primogeniture on 20 June 2011 by decree of Grand Duke Henri.[20] Henceforth, any legitimate female descendant of the House of Luxembourg-Nassau born of authorized marriage shall inherit the throne by order of seniority of line of descent and of birth as stipulated in Article 3 of the Constitution and the Nassau Family Pact without regard to gender, applicable first to succession by the descendants of Grand Duke Henri.[21] The Grand Duke's marshal issued an addendum to the decree explaining the context of the change: pursuant to the United Nations' 1979 call for nations to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, in 2008 the grand duchy dropped the exception to gender non-discrimination it had declared in the matter of the grand ducal succession.[22]
^
Huberty, Michel; Alain Giraud; F. and B. Magdelaine (1989). L'Allemagne Dynastique Tome V: Hohenzollern-Waldeck (in French). France. pp. 197–204, 210. ISBN2-901138-05-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ abcdefghde Badts de Cugnac, Chantal. Coutant de Saisseval, Guy. Le Petit Gotha. Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris 2002, pp. 572–573, 582, 665–668, 678, 684 (French) ISBN2-9507974-3-1
^Marco Matteucci (30 April 2011). La real casa Borbone-Parma dal ducato ad oggi. 150 anni di vicende familiari (in Italian). CLD Libri. ISBN978-8873991779.
^Gli ultimi Asburgo e gli ultimi Borbone in Italia (in Italian). 1971. p. 140. "All members of the Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg, descendants of Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix, were incorporated into the Bourbon-Parma Family, by grant to Prince Felix from his nephew, Duke Roberto Ugo, in 1964. All members of The Grand Ducal family of Luxembourg have since then been Princes and Princesses of Parma and Piacenza, or of Bourbon-Parma, with the treatment of Royal Highness. The title can be revoked from a descendant of Prince Felix only under the order of the Duke of Parma and Piacenza..."
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