Gait abnormality

Gait abnormality
Other names	Abnormalities of gait

Quadrupedalism in a Kurdish family
Specialty	Neurology, orthopedics

Gait abnormality is a deviation from normal walking (gait). Watching a patient walk is an important part of the neurological examination. Normal gait requires that many systems, including strength, sensation and coordination, function in an integrated fashion. Many common problems in the nervous system and musculoskeletal system will show up in the way a person walks.^[1]

Presentation and causes

Patients with musculoskeletal pain, weakness or limited range of motion often present conditions such as Trendelenburg's sign, limping, myopathic gait and antalgic gait.

Patients who have peripheral neuropathy also experience numbness and tingling in their hands and feet. This can cause ambulation impairment, such as trouble climbing stairs or maintaining balance. Gait abnormality is also common in persons with nervous system problems such as cauda equina syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease (with characteristic Parkinsonian gait), Alzheimer's disease, vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, myasthenia gravis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. Research has shown that neurological gait abnormalities are associated with an increased risk of falls in older adults.^[2]

Orthopedic corrective treatments may also manifest into gait abnormality, such as lower extremity amputation, healed fractures, and arthroplasty (joint replacement). Difficulty in ambulation that results from chemotherapy is generally temporary in nature, though recovery times of six months to a year are common. Likewise, difficulty in walking due to arthritis or joint pains (antalgic gait) sometimes resolves spontaneously once the pain is gone.^[3]^[4] Hemiplegic persons have circumduction gait, where the affected limb moves through an arc away from the body, and those with cerebral palsy often have scissoring gait.^{[citation needed]}

References

^ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th ed., Ch. 346, Approach to the Patient with Neurologic Disease
^ Verghese, Joe; Ambrose, Anne F.; Lipton, Richard B.; Wang, Cuiling (2010-03-01). "Neurological gait abnormalities and risk of falls in older adults". Journal of Neurology. 257 (3): 392–398. doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5332-y. ISSN 0340-5354. PMC 2838981. PMID 19784714.
^ "Gait Abnormality Coding Checklist by Jun Mapili, PT, MA13212503469Ed". Selmanholman.com. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
^ ICD-9-cm Chrisenders Archived May 21, 2005, at the Wayback Machine

External links

Videos of various abnormal gaits

v t e Signs and symptoms relating to movement and gait
Gait	Gait abnormality CNS Scissor gait Cerebellar ataxia Choreic gait Festinating gait/Parkinsonian gait Magnetic gait Marche à petit pas Propulsive gait Stomping gait Spastic gait Truncal ataxia Vestibular gait Muscular Myopathic gait/Waddling gait Trendelenburg gait Pigeon gait Foot drop Steppage gait Toe walking Asymmetric gait Leaping gait Asynchronous gait Gunslinger's gait Hemiparetic gait Limp Antalgic gait Deformity Lotus gait
Coordination	Ataxia Cerebellar ataxia Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesia Pronator drift Dyssynergia Sensory ataxia Asterixis Abasia Hemimotor neglect
Abnormal movement	Athetosis Chorea Tremor Fasciculation Fibrillation Myokymia Myoclonus Hyperkinesia / Hypokinesia Myotonia / Pseudomyotonia Hypotonia Stereotypy Akathisia Echopraxia Echolalia
Posturing	Abnormal posturing Stooped posture Camptocormia Osteoporosis Opisthotonus Spasm Trismus Cramp Tetany Hypertonia Joint locking Catalepsy Waxy flexibility Grimacing Tonic immobility
Paralysis	Flaccid paralysis Periodic paralysis Spastic paraplegia Spastic diplegia Spastic paraplegia Syndromes Monoplegia Diplegia / Paraplegia Hemiplegia Triplegia Tetraplegia / Quadruplegia General causes Upper motor neuron lesion Lower motor neuron lesion Sleep paralysis
Weakness	Hemiparesis Gowers' sign Locomotive syndrome Ptosis
Range of motion	Contracture Bethlem sign Club foot Joint stiffness Ankylosis Hypermobility Gorlin sign EDS HSD Boutonniere deformity Swan neck deformity Scoliosis Kyphosis
Other	Rachitic rosary Flat feet Overpronation/Flexible flat feet Knock-knee Bow-leggedness Back knee Hyporeflexia Hyperreflexia Clasp-knife response Shivering Hypnic jerk Astasia-abasia Vertigo Motion sickness Conversion disorder Shell shock Stupor Catatonia Dancing mania

Musculoskeletal examination

Leg

Hip examination	Barlow maneuver Galeazzi test Allis test Ober's test Ortolani test Patrick's test Thomas test Trendelenburg's sign
Knee examination	Ballottement Clarke's test Drawer test Lachman test Meniscus Apley grind test McMurray test Ligament and meniscus Unhappy triad Patellar tap Pivot-shift test Valgus stress test
Foot and ankle	Hubscher's maneuver Mulder's sign Thompson test
General	Gait abnormality Lasègue's sign Trendelenburg gait Gower's sign Straight leg raise Unequal leg length

Arm

Shoulder examination	Apprehension test Jobe's test Neer impingement test Yergason's test Rotator cuff Hawkins–Kennedy test Watson's test
Elbow examination	Cozen's test Elbow extension test
Hand and wrist	Durkan's test Finkelstein's test Froment's sign Lunotriquetral shear test Phalen maneuver Tinel sign Watson's test
General	Bethlem sign

Spine

Gaenslen's test
Low back pain
Lower back flexibility
- Schober's test
- Waddell's signs
Sacroiliitis
- Larrey's sign

Other

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