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Frenchman Formation
Frenchman Formation
Stratigraphic range: Upper Cretaceous PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Type	Geological formation
Underlies	Ravenscrag Formation
Overlies	Battle Formation, Whitemud Formation, Eastend Formation, Bearpaw Formation
Thickness	up to 113 meters (371 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Other	Claystone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates	49°29′27″N 108°54′17″W / 49.49073°N 108.90467°W
Region	Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: ; Alberta ; Saskatchewan
Country	Canada
Type section
Named for	Frenchman River
Named by	Furnival, 1942

The Frenchman Formation is stratigraphic unit of Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. It is present in southern Saskatchewan and the Cypress Hills of southeastern Alberta. The formation was defined by G.M. Furnival in 1942^[2] from observations of outcrops along the Frenchman River, between Ravenscrag and Highway 37. It contains the youngest of dinosaur genera, much like the Hell Creek Formation in the United States.

Lithology

The Frenchman Formation consists of olive-green to brown, fine- to coarse-grained, cross-bedded sandstone with interbedded claystone bands and minor beds and lenses of intraformational clay-clast conglomerate.^[1] A conglomerate layer with well-rounded quartzite pebbles is present above the basal unconformity in some areas.^[3]

Thickness and distribution

The Frenchman Formation is present in southwestern Saskatchewan and the Cypress Hills area of southeastern Alberta. Its maximum reported thickness is about 113 m.^[3]

Age

The Frenchman Formation is of latest Maastrichtian age, and the top of the formation coincides with the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, as evidenced by biostratigraphic changes and, in some areas, the presence of the terminal Cretaceous iridium anomaly.^[4]

Relationship to other units

Although some early workers included the Frenchman Formation in the overlying Ravenscrag Formation, the two are separated by the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and are now treated separately. The contact is abrupt but conformable, and occurs at the base of the No. 1 or Ferris coal seam of the Ravenscrag Formation.^[3]

The Frenchman is separated from the underlying formations by an erosional unconformity, and depending on the depth of the erosion, the Frenchman rests on the Whitemud Formation, the Battle Formation, the Eastend Formation, or the Bearpaw Formation.^[3] It is equivalent in age to the lower part of the Scollard Formation, the lower part of the Willow Creek Formation, the lower part of the Coalspur Formation in Alberta, and the Hell Creek Formation in Montana and North Dakota.

Paleontology

Mammals and birds

J.E. Storer described fossil mammals from the Gryde locality in the Frenchman Formation, including Parectypodus and Alphadon.^[5] A bone (the humeral end of the left coracoid) of a bird attributed to the genus Cimolopteryx has also been described from the Gryde locality.^[6]

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Frenchman Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Ankylosaurus	A. magniventris				An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid
Cimolopteryx	C. rara
Edmontosaurus	E. annectens			"Complete skull, [three or four] partial skulls."^[7]	A hadrosaurid^[8]
Edmontosaurus	E. saskatchewanensis			Junior synonym of E. annectens^[8]
Thescelosaurus	T. assiniboiensis			Nearly complete skeleton
Sphaerotholus^[9]	cf. S. buchholtzae			"nearly complete left postorbital"	The first pachycephalosaurid reported from the Frenchman Formation
Torosaurus	T. latus			Frill	A large chasmosaurine ceratopsian distinct from Triceratops. Fossils have also been unearthed in the Scollard Formation.^[10]
Chasmosaurinae indet.					^[11]
Triceratops	T. prorsus	Redpath, Saskatchewan		Nearly Complete Skull, one other partial skull	^[11] Being one of the most popular Dinosaurs, they are widely known.
Tyrannosaurus	T. rex			Nearly complete skeleton	"Scotty", possibly the largest T. rex ever discovered, is from the Frenchman Formation

References

^ ^a ^b Lexicon of Canadian Geological Units. "Frenchman Formation". Retrieved 2010-01-17.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Furnival, G.M., 1942. Preliminary Map, Cypress Lake, Saskatchewan; Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 42-5, contains Preliminary Map 42-5, Cypress Lake, West of Third Meridian, Saskatchewan, Scale: 1 inch to 2 miles.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Glass, D.J., editor, 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, Alberta, 1423 p. on CD-ROM, ISBN 0-920230-23-7.
^ Lerbekmo, J.F., Sweet, A.R. and St. Louis, R.M. 1987. The relationship between the iridium anomaly and palynofloral events at three Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary localities in western Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 99:25-330.
^ Storer, J.E. (1991). The mammals of the Gryde local fauna, Frenchman Formation (Maastrichtian: Lancian), Saskatchewan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 350-396.
^ Tokaryk, T.T. and James, P.C. 1989. Cimolopteryx sp. (Aves: Charadriiformes) from the Frenchman Formation (Maastrichtian), Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 26, p. 2729-2730.
^ "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 440.
^ ^a ^b Campione, N.E. and Evans, D.C. (2011). "Cranial Growth and Variation in Edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): Implications for Latest Cretaceous Megaherbivore Diversity in North America." PLoS ONE, 6(9): e25186. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025186
^ Mallon, Jordan C.; Evans, David C.; Tokaryk, Tim T.; Currie, Margaret L. (2015-09-01). "First pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Frenchman Formation (upper Maastrichtian) of Saskatchewan, Canada". Cretaceous Research. 56: 426–431. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.06.005. ISSN 0195-6671.
^ Mallon, Jordan C; Holmes, Robert B; Bamforth, Emily L; Schumann, Dirk (2022). "The record of Torosaurus (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) in Canada and its taxonomic implications". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 195 (1): 157–171. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab120. ISSN 0024-4082.
^ ^a ^b Tokaryk, T. 1986. Ceratopsian dinosaurs from the Frenchman Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Saskatchewan. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100:192–196.