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Don Quixote and his sidekick Sancho Panza, as illustrated by Gustave Doré: the characters' contrasting qualities^[1] are reflected here even in their physical appearances

In any narrative, a foil is a character who contrasts with another character, typically, a character who contrasts with the protagonist, in order to better highlight or differentiate certain qualities of the protagonist.^[2]^[3]^[4] A foil to the protagonist may also be the antagonist of the plot.^[5]

In some cases, a subplot can be used as a foil to the main plot. This is especially true in the case of metafiction and the "story within a story" motif.^[6]

A foil usually either differs dramatically or is an extreme comparison that is made to contrast a difference between two things.^[7] Thomas F. Gieryn places these uses of literary foils into three categories, which Tamara A. P. Metze explains as: those that emphasize the heightened contrast (this is different because ...), those that operate by exclusion (this is not X because...), and those that assign blame ("due to the slow decision-making procedures of government...").^[8]

Etymology

The word foil comes from the old practice of backing gems with foil to make them shine more brightly.^[9]

Shakespeare refers directly to the origin of the term "foil" in Henry IV, Part 1. Prince Hal says that when he starts behaving better, the change will impress people: "And like bright metal on a sullen ground/ My reformation, glittering o'er my fault/ Shall show more goodly and attract more eyes/ Than that which hath no foil to set it off."^[10]

Examples from literature

In Emily Brontë's 1847 novel Wuthering Heights, Edgar Linton is described as opposite to main character Heathcliff, in looks, money, inheritance and morals, however similar in their love for Catherine.

In Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, an 1818 novel by Mary Shelley, the two main characters—Dr. Frankenstein and his "creature"—are literary foils to each other, functioning to compare one to the other.

In David Copperfield, an 1850 novel by Charles Dickens, Edward Murdstone's marriage to David's mother Clara, contrasts with David's future marriage to Dora Spenlow, presented with a different outcome if David had endeavored to subdue his wife's caprices, as did Edward Murdstone with Clara's.

In Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice, Mary's absorption in her studies places her as a foil to her sister Elizabeth Bennet's lively and distracted nature.^[11]

Similarly, in William Shakespeare's tragedy Julius Caesar, the character Brutus has foils in the two characters Cassius and Mark Antony.^[12] In the play Romeo and Juliet, Romeo and Mercutio serve as character foils for one another, as well as Macbeth and Banquo in the play Macbeth. In the tragedy Hamlet, a foil is created between Laertes and Prince Hamlet to elaborate the differences between the two men.^[13] In Act V Scene 2, Prince Hamlet tells Laertes that he will fence with him and states, "I'll be your foil, Laertes" (5.2.272).^[14] This word play reveals the foil between Hamlet and Laertes that was developed throughout the play.

George and Lennie are foils to each other in John Steinbeck's 1937 novella Of Mice and Men. Lennie is huge and strong as a bull but mentally slow, while George is small, skinny and very smart.

In Frank Herbert's 1965 science fiction novel Dune, Feyd-Rautha serves as the narrative foil to Paul Atreides.^[15] While both characters are heirs of powerful noble houses, feature in the plans of the Bene Gesserit,^[16] and have received extensive combat training, Paul is compassionate and wishes to avoid war while Feyd is portrayed as interested solely in the acquisition of power.^[17]

In the Harry Potter series, Draco Malfoy can be seen as a foil to the Harry Potter character; Professor Snape enables both characters "to experience the essential adventures of self-determination"^[18] but they make different choices; Harry chooses to oppose Lord Voldemort and the Death Eaters wholeheartedly, whereas Draco struggles with his allegiances through the whole series.

References

^ Corwin, Norman (1 April 1978). Holes in a stained glass window. L. Stuart. ISBN 9780818402555. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
^ "foil | literature | Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". Oed.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ Auger, Peter (August 2010). The Anthem Dictionary of Literary Terms and Theory. Anthem Press. pp. 114–. ISBN 9780857286703. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
^ "What is a Foil? Definition, Examples of Literary Foil Characters". writingexplained.org/. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
^ "Chegg Study | Guided Solutions and Study Help | Chegg.com". Cramster.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ "Define Foil at Dictionary.com". Original publisher, Collins World English Dictionary, reprinted at Dictionary.com. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
^ Metze, Tamara Antoine Pauline (2010). Innovation Ltd. Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. pp. 61–. ISBN 9789059724532. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ Henry IV, Part 1, l.315-20
^ Leverage, Paula (2011). Theory of Mind and Literature. Purdue University Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 9781557535702. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
^ Marrapodi, Michele (1 March 2011). Shakespeare and Renaissance Literary Theories: Anglo-Italian Transactions. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 132–. ISBN 9781409421504. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
^ Hamlet : New Critical Essays. Kinney, Arthur F., 1933-. New York: Routledge. 2001. pp. 215–230. ISBN 0815338767. OCLC 45963065.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Shakespeare, William (2012). The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 275. ISBN 978-0-7434-7712-3.
^ "Dune: Part Two: Who Is Feyd-Rautha?". Game Rant. 13 May 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
^ "Fans Are Guessing Who'll Play Feyd-Rautha in 'Dune: Part Two'". Esquire. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
^ "Dune: Seriously, Where Is Feyd-Rautha?". CBR. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
^ Heilman, Elizabeth E. (5 August 2008). Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter. Taylor & Francis US. pp. 93–. ISBN 9780203892817. Retrieved 3 March 2013.