Federal Hall

Federal Hall National Memorial
New York City Landmark No. 0047, 0887
View of Federal Hall in 2019
Map
Location of Federal Hall in New York City
Location26 Wall Street, Financial District, Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates40°42′26″N 74°0′37″W / 40.70722°N 74.01028°W / 40.70722; -74.01028
Area0.45 acres (0.18 ha)
BuiltMay 26, 1842
ArchitectTown and Davis; John Frazee (Interior Rotunda)
Architectural styleGreek Revival
Visitation156,707 (2004)
WebsiteFederal Hall National Memorial
Part ofWall Street Historic District (ID07000063[2])
NRHP reference No.66000095[1]
NYSRHP No.06101.000085
NYCL No.0047, 0887
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[6]
Designated NMEMAugust 11, 1955
Designated CPFebruary 20, 2007
Designated NYSRHPJune 23, 1980[3]
Designated NYCLDecember 21, 1965 (exterior)[4]
May 27, 1975 (interior)[5]

Federal Hall is a memorial and historic site at 26 Wall Street in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The current Greek Revival–style building, completed in 1842 as the Custom House, is owned by the United States federal government and operated by the National Park Service as a national memorial called the Federal Hall National Memorial. The memorial is named for an earlier Federal style building on this same site, completed in 1703 as City Hall, which the government of the newly independent United States used as its capital building and called Federal Hall during the 1780s.

The 1703 building had served as New York's City Hall and hosted the 1765 Stamp Act Congress before the American Revolution. After the United States became an independent nation, it served as the meeting place for the Congress of the Confederation, the nation's first central government under the Articles of Confederation, from 1785 to 1789, and the building was expanded and updated. With the establishment of the United States federal government in 1789, it hosted the 1st Congress and was where George Washington was sworn in as the nation's first president. It was demolished in 1812 to make way for another government building.

The current structure, designed by Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, was built as the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York before serving as a Subtreasury building from 1862 to 1925. The current national memorial commemorates the historic events that occurred at the previous structure. The memorial building is constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Its architectural features include a colonnade of Doric columns, as well as a domed rotunda designed by the sculptor John Frazee. The facade and part of the interior are New York City designated landmarks, and the building is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

First structure

In the 17th century, the area north of Wall Street was occupied by John Damen's farm. Damen sold the land in 1685 to captain John Knight, an officer of Thomas Dongan's administration. Knight resold the land to Dongan, and Dongan resold it in 1689 to Abraham de Peyster and Nicholas Bayard. Both de Peyster and Bayard served as Mayors of New York.[7]

City Hall

Old City Hall with court and jail

The original structure on the site was built as New York's second City Hall from 1699 to 1703, on Wall Street, in what is today the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.[8][9] This structure had been designed by James Evetts to replace Stadt Huys, the city's first administrative center.[10] It measured two stories high, with wings extending west and east.[11] The stones from Wall Street's old fortifications were used for City Hall.[9] Also housed at City Hall was a public library (which had 1,642 volumes by the year 1730), as well as a firehouse with two fire engines imported from London.[12] The upper stories were used as a debtors' prison.[11]

In 1735, John Peter Zenger, an American newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there.[9][10] His acquittal on the grounds that the material he had printed was true established freedom of the press as it was later defined in the Bill of Rights.[9][13]

City Hall was first remodeled in 1765, when a third story was added.[11] That October, delegates from nine of the Thirteen Colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain. Drawn together for the first time in organized opposition to British policy, the attendees drafted a message to King George III, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons, claiming entitlement to the same rights as the residents of Britain and protesting the colonies' "taxation without representation".[9][10] The Sons of Liberty took over the building from the British during the American Revolutionary War in 1775. Afterward, City Hall served as the meeting place for the Continental Congress.[10]

Federal Hall

Federal Hall, Seat of Congress, 1790 hand-colored engraving by Amos Doolittle, depicting Washington's April 30, 1789, inauguration

After the American Revolution, City Hall was home to the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation.[12][14] The first meeting of the Confederation Congress took place at City Hall on April 13, 1784.[12]

Design and construction

The Congress of the Confederation still needed a permanent structure, and the New York City Council and mayor James Duane wished for the city to be the United States capital. Private citizens and the government of New York City contributed $65,000 toward the renovation of the old City Hall.[15] The Patriots felt that the building should be remodeled in a distinctively American architectural style while also preserving the pre-colonial structure.[10] Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French architect who had helped the Americans during the Revolutionary War, was selected to remodel the structure.[10][15]

L'Enfant's expansion was characteristic of Georgian-style designs, although he used larger proportions, and added American motifs.[16] An arched promenade was built through the street-level basement, with four heavy Tuscan columns supporting a balcony. On balcony level, four high Doric columns were installed, supporting a pediment that depicted an American eagle with thirteen arrows (one for each of the original Thirteen Colonies).[15][16][17] L'Enfant also created a recessed gallery behind the columns, and he placed decorative swags above the second-story windows.[16] The ground-story room for the United States House of Representatives measured 60 by 60 feet (18 by 18 m) across and about two stories high. A smaller room for the United States Senate was on the second floor.[15] L'Enfant's design influenced the development of what later became the Federal style.[18]

Usage

Archibald Robertson's View up Wall Street with City Hall (Federal Hall) and Trinity Church, New York City, from around 1798

The city moved all of its municipal offices out of the building in late 1788, but the New York Society Library's 3,500-volume library remained in the building for the time being. Work progressed quickly between September 1788 and March 1789.[15] The building was renamed Federal Hall in 1789 when New York was chosen as the nation's first seat of government under the Constitution. The 1st Congress met there beginning on March 4, 1789.[19] The first inauguration of George Washington, the first-ever inauguration of a President of the United States, occurred on the balcony of the building on April 30, 1789.[20][21][22] Many of the most important legislative actions in the United States occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall. For example, on September 25, 1789, the United States Bill of Rights was proposed in Federal Hall, establishing the freedoms claimed by the 1765 Stamp Act Congress.[21][23] The Judiciary Act of 1789 was also enacted in the building, setting up the United States federal court system.[21]

In 1790, the United States capital moved to Philadelphia.[24][25] What had been Federal Hall was turned into quarters for the state assembly and courts.[26] The Federal Hall building was one of the few structures in the area to survive an 1804 fire that caused $2 million in damage (equivalent to $47 million in 2023).[12] With the opening of the current New York City Hall in 1812, the New York City government no longer needed Federal Hall, and the building was demolished.[25][27][28] Part of the original railing and balcony floor, where Washington had been inaugurated, is on display in the memorial[29] and was at one point held by the New-York Historical Society.[30] Nassau Street had originally curved around the building to the west, while Broad Street had run to the east.[12][31] Nassau Street was straightened after the building was demolished, and it runs to the west of the modern Federal Hall National Memorial.[7]

Second structure

The current Greek Revival structure was the first building that was specifically constructed for the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[32] The Custom House previously had been located in Government House, a converted residence on Bowling Green.[33][34] The old building was described as "ordinary and inconvenient", and it had become overcrowded, prompting the federal government to lease additional space in 1831.[34] Samuel Swartwout, the Customs Collector for the Port of New York, advocated in 1832 for "spacious, safe, secure" accommodations.[34] Land for the new building had been purchased incrementally in 1816, 1824, and 1832.[35]

Custom House

Custom House in 1850

The firm of Town and Davis, composed of Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, won an architectural design competition for the new Custom House building and was awarded the contract for the building's design in August 1833.[5][34] Town estimated that the plans would cost $250,000 if the Custom House building was made of granite, or $320,000 to $350,000 if it was of masonry, brick, and marble.[34] The original design called for a colonnade of eight columns facing Wall and Pine Streets, square pilasters on Nassau Street, a massive coffered dome protruding above the roof, and a cruciform floor plan.[36][37] The building would have also been decorated with details such as acroteria, metopes, and triangular pediments.[37] Town suggested that Samuel Thomson, architect of the Administration Building at Sailors' Snug Harbor, be named the construction superintendent.[38][39][40]

Work on the Custom House began in January 1834, but the Customs Service then requested that the plans for the new building be downsized due to increasing costs. As a result, the dome was reduced in size and the original double colonnade on the facade was changed to a single colonnade.[40] Thomson resigned in April 1835, taking the plans with him. Sculptor John Frazee was named the superintendent in Thomson's stead; he worked to piece together Town and Davis's original plans.[38][39][40] Frazee influenced the design of the interior and decorative details, and he modified plans for the attic to a full-height third story.[40] Frazee got into a dispute with building commissioner Walter Bowne and was dismissed in 1840, although he was rehired in 1841.[39]

The Custom House building opened in 1842[39][40][41] at a cost of $928,312 (equivalent to $30 million in 2023).[39] Importers would perform their business at a counter in the building's central rotunda.[42] The building came to be associated with political patronage. "The Seven Stages of the Office Seeker", an 1852 print by Edward Williams Clay, satirized how Democratic Party patronage under New York governor Martin Van Buren was centered around the Custom House.[42][43] By 1861, the structure had become too small to accommodate all of the customs duties of the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.[44] The U.S. government decided to move the customs offices one block to 55 Wall Street, then occupied by the Merchants' Exchange.[45] The federal government of the United States signed a lease with the Merchants' Exchange in February 1862, intending to move into the building that May.[46] The customs offices were moved to 55 Wall Street starting in August 1862.[47]

Subtreasury

After the relocation of the Custom House, 26 Wall Street was transformed into a building for the United States Subtreasury.[41][47][48] The Subtreasury desks were arranged around the rotunda of the building.[49] Gold and coin storage vaults were placed along a passage near the north side of the rotunda. Bars were stored to the west, or left, and gold certificates and coins were stored to the east, or right. A vault for small change was also provided. A coin division was on the east side of the building, on the floor of the rotunda, toward Pine Street. Silver was stored in the northwest corner of the building, in the basement. An armory was placed on the upper stories, and various fortifications were mounted at the top of the building to protect the money.[50] Adjoining the Subtreasury to the east was the United States Assay Office, a branch of the United States Mint that performed all Mint functions except creating the coinage.[51] At its peak, the Subtreasury building held seventy percent of the federal government's money.[28]

The Subtreasury (Federal Hall Memorial) seen after the Wall Street bombing in 1920
In the Wall Street bombing of 1920, the Subtreasury (Federal Hall Memorial) received no damage.

In 1883, John Quincy Adams Ward's bronze statue of George Washington was put up on the Subtreasury's ceremonial front steps.[52][39] The statue "mark[ed] the exact height Washington stood when taking the oath of office on the balcony" of the eighteenth-century edifice, overlooking the crowds filling Broad Street up to Wall Street.[53] By 1903, the building held over $275 million in gold, silver, and various other types of money; this amounted to nearly one-tenth of all of the United States' money at that point.[54] A plaque memorializing the Northwest Ordinance was dedicated at the Subtreasury in 1905.[55][56]

By 1917, the Subtreasury building held $519 million worth of gold and several million dollars more in coins.[57] In the Wall Street bombing of 1920, a bomb was detonated across from the Subtreasury at 23 Wall Street, in what became known as The Corner.[58] Thirty-eight people were killed and 400 injured,[59][60] though the Subtreasury was undamaged.[58]

The Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Subtreasury system in 1920, and the Subtreasury office closed on December 7 of that year.[61] The Assay Office leased the Subtreasury building to the Fed, which was constructing a building of its own, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building, two blocks north.[62] The Fed started moving its monetary holdings from the Subtreasury to the new Fed building in May 1924.[63] This prompted concern among local financiers that the federal government was planning to sell the building to a private entity.[35] That July, nationalist group American Defense Society started advocating against a possible sale of the building.[64][65]

Use by other government offices

Ultimately, the government decided to retain ownership of the Subtreasury, using it as storage space for the Assay Office and as office space for other agencies.[66] The government also considered moving the Bureau of Internal Revenue to the Subtreasury.[67] In October 1924, federal officials announced they would move Prohibition enforcement agents' offices to the Subtreasury building, using the basement vaults to store confiscated alcoholic beverages.[68][69] These plans were canceled the next month because of opposition from patriotic and historical societies.[70][71] In early 1925, the City Club of New York appealed to Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon to preserve the Subtreasury building.[72] U.S. representative Anning Smith Prall proposed a bill that December to allocate $5 million for an expansion of the Subtreasury building.[73][74]

A passport office opened on the Pine Street side of the building in March 1925.[75] The Subtreasury was also used for events such as a 1926 party to celebrate the dedication of the Bowling Green Community House,[76] as well as Constitution Day celebrations.[77] The Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) built its Nassau Street Line under the building in the late 1920s,[78] and the Subtreasury was underpinned during the line's construction.[79][80] The original foundation was only 8 feet (2.4 m) deep, so additional supports were installed underneath, descending 30 feet (9.1 m) to the bedrock.[79] Both houses of Congress passed legislation allowing the BMT line to be built slightly underneath the building.[81] A water main under Nassau Street ruptured in October 1931, severely damaging some of the records that were stored in the basement.[82][83]

A writer for The New York Times in 1930 characterized the Subtreasury as one of "the big little buildings of Wall Street", along with 23 Wall Street, the New York Stock Exchange Building, and Trinity Church.[84] In the early 1930s, the United States Post Office Department proposed replacing the Subtreasury building with a post office, which would be a replica of Federal Hall as it appeared in 1789. At the time, the three post-office substations in Lower Manhattan could not adequately accommodate high demand from the surrounding office buildings.[11][85] The department said much of the Subtreasury's space was unused because historical and patriotic societies had objected to most plans for the building.[85] The Subtreasury continued to be used as a passport office through the mid-1930s.[86]

Federal Hall National Memorial

1930s to 1950s

George Washington, 1882, by John Quincy Adams Ward, in front of Federal Hall National Memorial

In 1939, after the government announced plans to demolish the Subtreasury building, a group called Federal Hall Memorial Associates raised money to prevent the building's demolition.[28] On April 29, 1939, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes announced that the Subtreasury would become a historic site.[87] The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26, 1939,[88] and an information bureau opened on the rotunda floor, with exhibits related to finance and the 1939 New York World's Fair.[89][90] The next month, the National Park Service (NPS) took over the Subtreasury building.[91] The memorial commemorated the first building on the site, rather than the extant Subtreasury building.[42] Due to the building's status as a "national shrine", it did not accommodate governmental offices.[92] After several months of negotiations, Federal Hall Memorial Associates was allowed to operate the interior as a museum in January 1940.[93][94] The memorial opened on Washington's Birthday, February 22, 1940.[95][96] The New York Herald Tribune said that, within the United States, Federal Hall Memorial was only matched by Mount Vernon and Independence Hall "in historical interest".[97]

The building celebrated its 100th anniversary on Washington's Birthday in 1942.[98] Among the other events that took place at Federal Hall Memorial in the early 1940s were sales of World War II war bonds,[99] Constitution Day celebrations,[100] rallies in support of the United Service Organizations,[101] and stamp sales.[102] Federal Hall Memorial continued to be used for events in the 1950s, including a blood donation drive[103] and a Salvation Army donation drive.[104] In 1952, the United States House of Representatives' Subcommittee of the Interior voted to permit the rehabilitation of Federal Hall.[105] The John Peter Zenger Room, a journalism exhibit, was dedicated at Federal Hall in April 1953.[106][107] The next year, the U.S. government relocated the building's original wrought-iron fence into the basement because the Tennessee marble under it had started to buckle.[108]

As the building is owned by the federal government and managed by the NPS, renovations and restoration proposals must be approved by Congress. In 1954, the New York City Council passed a resolution asking Congress to establish a committee to provide suggestions for restoring Federal Hall, the Castle Clinton National Monument, and the Statue of Liberty National Monument.[109] Federal Hall was re-designated as a national memorial on August 11, 1955.[110] The same year, the federal government created the New York City National Shrines Advisory Board.[110][111] The board first convened in February 1956.[112][113] The government tentatively allocated $1.621 million for the restoration of Federal Hall, whose interior had become dilapidated.[114] In February 1957, the board recommended allocating $3 million for the restoration of the three sites.[115] By 1960, Interior Secretary Fred A. Seaton announced plans to restore Federal Hall within the next two years. He proposed that local civic groups raise $2.9 million, half of the projected cost, and that the government raise matching funds.[116] The next year, Interior Secretary Stewart Udall announced that the federal government would start redeveloping the three historic sites in advance of the 1964 New York World's Fair.[117][118] Federal government officials also installed a plaque in front of the building, dedicating it as a "national shrine".[117][119]

1960s to 1990s

Federal Hall National Memorial

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the building's exterior as a landmark on December 21, 1965.[120][121][4] The building was also added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on October 15, 1966, the day the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was signed.[2] The building's location on Wall Street, and near the New York Stock Exchange Building, made it a "natural rallying place" as The New York Times described it. As a result, its front steps were used for demonstrations, political rallies, President's Day celebrations, and union drives. After the building closed for restoration in 1968, the NPS said that loitering on the front steps developed into "more of a problem".[122] Among these events were an anti-narcotics rally[123] and a protest against the Vietnam War in 1970.[124]

The building reopened to the public in 1972 as a museum.[28] That year, the New York City Bicentennial Corporation issued a commemorative medal honoring the original Federal Hall, as well as New York City during the American Revolution.[125] The LPC held hearings in 1975 to determine whether the interiors of Federal Hall's rotunda, the Morris–Jumel Mansion, and the Bartow–Pell Mansion should be designated as landmarks.[126] The LPC designated all three buildings' interiors as landmarks on May 26, 1975,[127] and the New York City Board of Estimate ratified these designations that July.[128] The NPS hired Phoebe Dent Weil to restore the George Washington statue on the front steps in 1978.[129]

The Whitney Museum opened a temporary branch at Federal Hall in 1982.[130][131] This was actually the third location of the Whitney's first satellite branch, which had previously been housed at 55 Water Street and the First Police Precinct Station House.[130] The satellite branch occupied four galleries on the mezzanine of Federal Hall (around the central rotunda), while the NPS hosted history exhibits in other parts of the building.[132] The Whitney closed the Federal Hall branch in 1984,[133] eventually reopening at 33 Maiden Lane in 1988.[133][134] During this decade, Richard Jenrette – the chairman of banking house Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, which was headquartered nearby – started soliciting $500,000 in private donations to renovate Federal Hall, in conjunction with Federal Hall Memorial Associates.[135] Although the group planned to renovate the rotunda into a reception area with contemporary furnishings, by 1985, only $73.000 had been raised and no contemporary furnishings had been acquired.[136]

Federal officials announced in 1986 that Federal Hall would be renovated; the spaces would be cleaned and painted, and mechanical systems would be replaced.[137] The memorial's second floor would contain two galleries about the Constitution of the United States, and an exhibit about the original building would be installed as well.[138] Federal Hall hosted a reenactment of Washington's inauguration on April 30, 1989, the event's 200th anniversary.[139][140] The reenactment, attended by U.S. president George Bush, was intended to raise $700,000 for the museum,[140] which opened to the public after this event.[141][142] In addition to Constitution-related exhibits, the museum hosted temporary exhibits such as a display of Hudson Valley artwork,[143] a showcase of New York City designated landmarks,[144] and an exhibit about the abolition of slavery in the United States.[145]

2000s to present

Congress convenes for a special session at Federal Hall National Memorial on September 6, 2002.

By the beginning of the 21st century, Federal Hall contained numerous large cracks.[146] During the September 11, 2001, attacks, which caused the nearby collapse of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers, 300 people sheltered at the memorial.[147] Due to concerns over the building's structural integrity, Federal Hall was closed for one month following the attacks.[148][149] When the building reopened, metal detectors similar to those at airports were placed at the entrances.[147] Meanwhile, the cracks in the building were exacerbated following the collapse of the World Trade Center.[150] As a result, in early 2002, the NPS received $16.5 million for repairs to the building.[148][150] On September 6, 2002, approximately 300 members of Congress traveled from Washington, D.C. to New York to convene in Federal Hall National Memorial as a symbolic show of support for the city; this was the first meeting of Congress in New York since 1790.[27][151] Four steel pilings were installed under one of the building's corners in 2003 after investigators found a 24-inch air gap beneath that corner.[146]

The site closed on December 3, 2004, for a $16 million renovation, mostly to its foundation.[152] Federal Hall National Memorial reopened in late 2006.[153][154] The renovated memorial included a visitor center, showcasing other historical sites operated by the NPS in the New York City area.[154] In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District,[2] a NRHP district.[155] The same year, the metal detectors were removed and replaced with magnetometers because the security screening process took too long, driving away many visitors. This measure increased attendance fourfold.[147] New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and ABC News invited the 2008 United States presidential candidates, John McCain and Barack Obama, to a town hall forum at Federal Hall,[156] though both candidates declined the offer.[157] McCain did host his own town hall forum at Federal Hall in June 2008.[158]

The American Express Foundation donated $75,000 in 2012 toward the restoration of the Washington statue outside the building.[147] In 2015, the National Trust for Historic Preservation said Federal Hall's grand staircase would be renovated after the American Express Foundation had given a $300,000 grant.[159][160] At the time, the steps had begun to fall into disrepair and showed signs of spalling and cracking.[147] The work was to begin in late 2016.[160] By 2018, local newspaper AM New York Metro wrote that "cracked walls, peeling paint and a rust-water-stained rotunda are among the deteriorating conditions that greet nearly 300,000 visitors who come there to learn about American history."[161] Federal Hall National Memorial also had damaged floors and arches; the facade had begun to chip; and the columns had cracked and were showing signs of mold and discoloration.[161] The cooling system was replaced in 2020.[162] The NPS temporarily closed the memorial in July 2021 after finding cracked stone.[163] As part of a permanent repair project, the building was to be covered in scaffolding for five to ten years.[163][164]

Architecture

Custom House's architectural plan from 1837

Federal Hall National Memorial was designed by architects Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis of Town and Davis, with a domed rotunda designed by the sculptor John Frazee. The building is constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Two prominent American ideals are reflected in the current building's Greek Revival architecture. Town and Davis's Doric columns on the facade resemble those of the Parthenon and serve as a tribute to the democracy of the Greeks. Frazee's domed rotunda echoes the Pantheon and is evocative of the republican ideals of the ancient Romans.[42][6]

The building contains two basement levels, three full above-ground stories, and an attic.[165] The Subtreasury had been constructed with 22[12] or 25 rooms.[35]

Facade

The facade of the building is made of marble blocks measuring 5 feet (1.5 m) thick.[12] A set of 18 granite steps lead from ground level up to the rotunda.[49] John Quincy Adams Ward's bronze statue of George Washington is placed on the building's ceremonial front steps.[52][166] At the top of the stairs, a colonnade supports a plain triangular pediment. The lack of sculpture on the pediment may have been influenced by aesthetic considerations, as there were few "qualified sculptors" at the time of the building's construction, according to Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis.[39]

Next to the building's western elevation, there was originally a wrought-iron fence about 38 inches (970 mm) tall and 190 feet (58 m) long; it rested on a parapet of Tennessee marble measuring 22 inches (560 mm) tall. The fence, which was placed about 5 feet (1.5 m) in front of the building, was removed in 1954.[108] When the building was used by the Subtreasury, guards were stationed in three turrets on the roof. These turrets contained grilles through which the guards could fire at invaders.[12] There are also flat pilasters on the western facade, along Nassau Street.[4]

Rotunda

Main hall of the memorial

The main rotunda of Federal Hall is 60 feet (18 m) in diameter.[39][49] The rotunda is designed as an amphiprostyle: it has balconies on four sides, but it lacks columns between each balcony.[41] The wall of the rotunda contains four sections of colonnade, each containing four columns.[38][39][49] The columns each measure 32 feet (9.8 m) high and 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 m) across.[41] The southern colonnade leads to the main entrance, while the northern colonnade leads to the primary hallway of the building. The outer walls of the eastern and western colonnades contain plainly designed windows. There are gilded-iron balconies behind each colonnade. Between the colonnades are short sections of flat wall, situated between flat pilasters.[38] The pilasters measure 25 feet (7.6 m) high.[39] Above the balconies are barrel vaulted ceilings.[167] The rotunda had contained four Carrara-marble counters when it was used as the Custom House.[89]

The rotunda is topped by a self-supporting masonry saucer dome with a skylight at its center. The dome contains narrow panels with curved bottoms, as well as anthemion motifs at their top and bottom ends. The skylight is surrounded by raised rosettes.[168][169] The decorations were originally in a gold, blue, and white color scheme.[169] The floor of the rotunda contains gray and cream marble blocks in concentric circles. At the center of the floor is a stone slab, where George Washington once stood.[167]

Activities

The National Park Service operates Federal Hall as a national memorial. The memorial has tourist information about the New York Harbor area's federal monuments and parks, and a New York City tourism information center. The gift shop has colonial and early American items for sale. Normally its exhibit galleries are open free to the public daily, except national holidays, and guided tours of the site are offered throughout the day.[170]

The memorial has several permanent exhibits.[25] These include George Washington's Inauguration Gallery, including the Bible used to swear his oath of office; Freedom of the Press, the imprisonment and trial of John Peter Zenger; and New York: An American Capital, preview exhibit created by the National Archives and Records Administration.[171] Among the items displayed are a piece of the balcony upon which Washington stood in his first inauguration.[25][172] Various temporary exhibitions have also been shown at Federal Hall.[173] For instance, in 2023 the building hosted a site-specific theatre performance, The Democracy Project.[174]

Access

Federal Hall is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Mondays through Fridays and is closed on weekends. The memorial is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 via a ramp at its rear, on Pine Street. The M55 bus stops nearby on Broadway, while the M15 and M15 SBS stop nearby on Water Street. In addition, the Broad Street station of the New York City Subway, serving the J and ​Z trains, is directly under Federal Hall.[175]

In 2015, the museum had an estimated 200,000 annual visitors. This was about one percent of the 15 million people who visited the intersection of Wall, Nassau, and Broad Streets every year.[147][176]

On U.S. postage

Issue of 1957

Engraved renditions of Federal Hall appear on multiple U.S. postage stamps. The first stamp showing Federal Hall was issued on April 30, 1939, the 150th anniversary of President Washington's inauguration, where he is depicted on the balcony of Federal Hall taking the oath of office.[177][178] The second issue was released in 1957, the 200th anniversary of Alexander Hamilton's birth. This issue depicts Alexander Hamilton and a full view of Federal Hall.[179][180]

In addition, in 1988, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative 25-cent stamp in 1988, the 200th anniversary of when New York ratified the United States Constitution. The stamp depicted the original Federal Hall, Wall Street, and Trinity Church's steeple.[181]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c Howe, Kathy; Robins, Anthony (August 3, 2006). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Wall Street Historic District". National Register of Historic Places. Retrieved July 7, 2024 – via National Archives.
  3. ^ "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. November 7, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  4. ^ a b c "Federal Hall National Memorial" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. December 21, 1965. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  5. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, p. 1.
  6. ^ a b "Federal Hall National Memorial". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  7. ^ a b "New Bankers' Trust Company Tower Sets Building and Realty Records" (PDF). The New York Times. April 10, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  8. ^ "History & Culture". Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service). May 30, 2015. Archived from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e Kobbe 1891, p. 100.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Reynolds 1994, p. 48.
  11. ^ a b c d "Sub-Treasury Site Is Sought For Postoffice: J.J. Kiely, Postmaster Here, Suggests Building Copying Design of Federal Hall". New York Herald Tribune. August 28, 1932. p. A1. ProQuest 1114744928.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Bent, Silas (July 20, 1924). "Landmark of Wall Street History May Be Razed; Subtreasury Building's End as Home of Money – Exciting Scenes of Which It Was a Centre Are Recalled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  13. ^ "The Trial of John Peter Zenger". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  14. ^ The Encyclopedia of New York. Avid Reader Press / Simon & Schuster. 2020. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-5011-6696-9. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  15. ^ a b c d e History in the House. Office for the Bicentennial. 1985. pp. 19–20. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  16. ^ a b c Reynolds 1994, p. 51.
  17. ^ Kobbe 1891, p. 101.
  18. ^ Reynolds 1994, p. 52.
  19. ^ Smith, T.E.V. (1889). The City of New York in the Year of Washington's Inauguration, 1789. A. D. F. Randolph. p. 48. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  20. ^ George Washington the President: 1789–1797. United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. 1931. p. 9. Archived from the original on April 30, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  21. ^ a b c United States. Congress (1964). Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 21451. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  22. ^ Kobbe 1891, pp. 101, 103.
  23. ^ Schwartz, Bernard (1980). Roots of the Bill of Rights. Chelsea House. p. 894. ISBN 978-0-87754-207-0. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  24. ^ Seymour, Whitney North Jr. (May 1964). "Dedication of the Bill of Rights Memorial". ABA Journal. American Bar Association. p. 469. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  25. ^ a b c d Reynolds 1994, p. 53.
  26. ^ Kobbe 1891, pp. 103–104.
  27. ^ a b "Inside Politics: Symbolic Site for Congress to Meet". cnn.com. September 5, 2002. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  28. ^ a b c d Carmody, Deirdre (October 21, 1972). "Federal Hall Memorial Is Reopened as Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 30, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  29. ^ "Inaugural Balcony". National Park Service. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  30. ^ "Relic of 1789 Used in Honoring Skill; Federal Hall Railing From the First Inaugural Is Background for Building Awards". The New York Times. April 20, 1938. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  31. ^ "New York Real Estate in the Financial District: History of the "Streete That Runs by the Pye-woman's" and of the Jog Around Federal Hall". Wall Street Journal. September 28, 1914. p. 8. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 129487975.
  32. ^ "Federal Hall – U.S. Custom House". Federal Hall. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  33. ^ Macaulay-Lewis 2021, p. 39.
  34. ^ a b c d e Lee 2000, p. 18.
  35. ^ a b c "Move Made to Save Old Sub-treasury; Financiers in Wall St. District Do Not Want Building to Pass to Private Concern". The New York Times. July 11, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  36. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, pp. 1–2.
  37. ^ a b Macaulay-Lewis 2021, p. 40.
  38. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, p. 2.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lee 2000, p. 19.
  40. ^ a b c d e Macaulay-Lewis 2021, p. 41.
  41. ^ a b c d Reynolds 1994, p. 80.
  42. ^ a b c d Gray, Christopher (September 24, 2006). "A Landmark Will Reveal Its Treasures Once More". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  43. ^ "The seven stages of the office seeker". Library of Congress. 1852. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  44. ^ "The New Custom-house; Delay in the Preparations for Removal from the present Custom-house". The New York Times. April 27, 1862. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  45. ^ "United States Custom House Interior" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. January 9, 1979. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  46. ^ "The New Custom-house Building". The New York Times. February 8, 1862. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  47. ^ a b Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps (1915). The iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909 (PDF). Vol. 5. p. 1901. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  48. ^ "The Removal of the Custom-house; The Merchants' Exchange Occupied as the Custom-house Removal of the Warehouse Department". The New York Times. August 20, 1862. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  49. ^ a b c d Kobbe 1891, p. 104.
  50. ^ Kobbe 1891, pp. 105–106.
  51. ^ Kobbe 1891, p. 107.
  52. ^ a b Kobbe 1891, p. 103.
  53. ^ "History Timeline". Federal Hall. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  54. ^ Pratt, Sereno S. (October 11, 1903). "Big Cash Storehouse: Historic Wall-street Subtreasury a Reservoir of Enormous Wealth Its Functions Explained One of the Greatest Institutions of the Street-- Powes Over, Stocks Making Money Transfer". Courier-Journal. p. A5. ProQuest 1012445576.
  55. ^ "Unveiling in Wall Street.; Sub-Treasury Decorated with Tablet in Memory of Ordinance of 1787". The New York Times. November 30, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
  56. ^ "Tablet Commemorates Great Ordinance of 1787". The Buffalo News. November 29, 1905. p. 7. Retrieved May 14, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  57. ^ "U.S. Vaults Here Filled with Gold". The New York Times. January 21, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  58. ^ a b "New York Bomb Tragedy Unsolved After 25 Years: Blast in Front of Subtreasury at Broad and Wall Streets Left 39 Dead and 200 Injured". Los Angeles Times. September 16, 1945. p. 9. ProQuest 165595897.
  59. ^ Baily, Thomas A; Kennedy, David M. (1994). The American Pageant (10th ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-33892-3.
  60. ^ Barron, James (September 17, 2003). "After 1920 Blast, The Opposite Of 'Never Forget'; No Memorials on Wall St. For Attack That Killed 30". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  61. ^ "N. Y. Sub-Treasury Closed as Reserve Bank Takes Duties: Martin Vogel Complimented by Bankers on Last Day in Office: Huge Sum Handled in Last Seven Years". New-York Tribune. December 7, 1920. p. 15. ProQuest 576286045.
  62. ^ "In and Out of the Banks". Wall Street Journal. July 19, 1924. p. 8. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 130280688.
  63. ^ "Richest Bank In the World Begins Moving: Operation That Calls for Transfer of $500,000,000 to New Home of New York Reserve Put Under Way". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. May 30, 1924. p. 17. ProQuest 1113087502.
  64. ^ "Seek to Save Old Treasury". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. July 27, 1924. p. 16. ProQuest 1113018094.
  65. ^ "In and Out of the Banks". Wall Street Journal. July 29, 1924. p. 8. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 130257203.
  66. ^ "Sub-treasury Building Will Be Retained: Will Be Used by the Government for Assay Office Storage and for Other Agencies Now Scattered". Wall Street Journal. July 22, 1924. p. 11. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 130276433.
  67. ^ "Sub-Treasury May Be Used By Tax Bureau: Question of Its Future Is Brought to Fore by Impending Withdrawal of Reserve Bank as Tenant". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. July 11, 1924. p. 17. ProQuest 1113123192.
  68. ^ "Deranged Man Attacks Policeman on Duty". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. October 9, 1924. p. 10. ProQuest 1113041571.
  69. ^ "Subtreasury to Be Prohibition Office: Government Makes Clear Its Intention Not to Sell Historic Building". The New York Times. October 9, 1924. p. 40. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103259146.
  70. ^ ""Bulletin" Arranges For $500,000 Loan". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. November 19, 1924. p. 17. ProQuest 1113064902.
  71. ^ "Subtreasury Saved as Historic Shrine; Will Not Be Used as Offices for Prohibition and Narcotic Forces". The New York Times. November 19, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  72. ^ "Mellon's Aid Asked In Preservation of Old Sub-Treasury: City Club Seeks to Save the Historic Building in Wall Street for Museum of National Activities". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. March 20, 1925. p. 6. ProQuest 1112788307.
  73. ^ "Prall Draws Bill To Reconstruct Sub-Treasury: Would Enlarge and Repair 85-Year-Okl Building to Provide Extra Space for U. S. Offices Here Keeps Washington Statue Fish Offers Measure for Four More Federal Judges in New York District". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. December 13, 1925. p. 10. ProQuest 1112950044.
  74. ^ "Would Spend $5,000,000 on the Subtreasury; Representative Prall's Bill Contemplates Extension to Old Wall Street Building". The New York Times. December 14, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  75. ^ "To Open New Branch of Passport Bureau". The Brooklyn Citizen. March 29, 1925. p. 5. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  76. ^ "Dedicate a New Community House; Mayor Walker Is Chief Speaker as New Home of Bowling Green Association Opens". The New York Times. May 6, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  77. ^ "Observe Constitution Day; Sons of Revolution Hold Exercises on Steps of Sub-Treasury". The New York Times. September 18, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  78. ^ Linder, Bernard (February 2016). "Contract 4 Subway Controversy". The Bulletin. Vol. 59, no. 2. Electric Railroaders' Association. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  79. ^ a b "Stored Millions Guarded as Subway Builders Dig Close to Sunken Vaults: Police and Private Inspectors and Watchmen Keen Constant Vigil on Broad and Nassau Streets as Excavations Expose Walls Hiding Treasure; Sensitive Electric Alarms Strengthen Precautions Digging Subway Under Center of Financial District". New York Herald Tribune. October 7, 1928. p. B3. ProQuest 1113636502.
  80. ^ "Nassau St. Subway To Open On May 30; Its Construction an Engineering Feat Because Many Buildings Had to Be Underpinned". The New York Times. May 10, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  81. ^ "House Passes N.Y. Subway Bill". Wall Street Journal. January 23, 1929. p. 21. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 130686496.
  82. ^ "Nassau St. Main Bursts, Flooding Tube and Cellars: Ton of Silt Washed Into Subway Passage as the Wall Breaks; Pavements Bulge Excavations Are Inundated Old Records Damaged in Basement of Treasury Building". New York Herald Tribune. October 5, 1931. p. 3. ProQuest 1114223422.
  83. ^ "Wall Street Water Main Bursts Doing $100,000 Damage". The Hartford Courant. October 5, 1931. p. 1. ProQuest 558069416.
  84. ^ Puckette, Charles Mcd (August 24, 1930). "Wall Street's "Big Little Buildings"; Overtopped on All Sides by Towers of Steel and Stone, They Retain an Impressiveness Beyond Their Height" (PDF). The New York Times. p. SM3. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  85. ^ a b "Plans to Replace Subtreasury Here; Postoffice Department May Erect Copy of Federal Hall on Historic Site". The New York Times. May 28, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  86. ^ "Passports Issued Up 10% During Year; Report for 1935–36 Shows a Continued Rise in New Permits and Renewals". The New York Times. July 31, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  87. ^ "U. S. Will Make National Shrine Of Subtreasury: Ceremony Planned at Site Where Washington Took Oath as First President". New York Herald Tribune. April 30, 1939. p. 33. ProQuest 1244884660.
  88. ^ United States Congress (May 26, 1939). "Order Designating the Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site, New York, N. Y." (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 97–98. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  89. ^ a b "Wall St. Museum to Commemorate Washington: Site of First Inauguration to House Relies of Banking and Old City Waterfront Historical Display to Open Wednesday in Building That Was a Sub-Treasury Old Sub-Treasury Building Becomes Museum". New York Herald Tribune. May 21, 1939. p. A1. ProQuest 1243121758.
  90. ^ "Museum Opened in Sub-treasury; Basement Rotunda of Historic Center Downtown Becomes New American Shrine". The New York Times. May 25, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  91. ^ "Federal Hall Site Now 'Historic'". The New York Times. June 17, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  92. ^ "Government Will Quit The Street, Make Way For a Seamen's Bank: Long Vacant U.S. Assay Office To Be Swapped for Structure In Brooklyn". Wall Street Journal. April 6, 1953. p. 2. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132041620.
  93. ^ "Wall Street Scene". Wall Street Journal. January 24, 1940. p. 4. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 131279932.
  94. ^ "Museum to Show Historic Scenes; Paintings of House and Senate Chambers in Old Federal Hall to Go on View". The New York Times. January 10, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  95. ^ "Sub-Treasury Made Shrine on Eve of Holiday: Site of First Inauguration Dedicated as City Marks Washington's Birthday A Solute for Washington's Birthday at Unveiling Here". New York Herald Tribune. February 22, 1940. p. 24. ProQuest 1242984157.
  96. ^ World, Times Wide (February 22, 1940). "Our First Capitol Made a Memorial; Subtreasury Building in Wall Street Is Dedicated as a National Shrine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  97. ^ "The Federal Hall Memorial". New York Herald Tribune. May 1, 1941. p. 22. ProQuest 1324144677.
  98. ^ "Sub-Treasury Building, Century Old, To Be a Major Shrine". New York Herald Tribune. February 22, 1942. p. A1. ProQuest 1266850591.
  99. ^ "War Bond Rally on Treasury Day; Meeting and Sale on Steps of Sub-Treasury to Mark Anniversary Wednesday". The New York Times. August 30, 1942. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  100. ^ "Constitution Day Marked in City; Patriotic Groups Hold Annual Ceremony on Site of Federal Hall in Wall Street". The New York Times. September 18, 1941. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  101. ^ "2,000 at Wall Street Rally; Ex-Governor Smith and Others Ask Support of USO". The New York Times. June 16, 1942. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  102. ^ Stiles, Kent B. (October 7, 1945). "News of Stamp World; Coast Guard War Commemoratives to Go On Sale at Sub-Treasury Ceremony". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  103. ^ "New Blood Center Opens on Wall St.; Federal Hall Unit Aims to Take Up Summer Donation Slack – To Close in September". The New York Times. June 11, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  104. ^ Times, The New York (February 2, 1950). "Salvation Army Opens 1950 Drive". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  105. ^ "House Group Adopts Federal Hall Bill". The New York Times. July 2, 1952. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  106. ^ Kihss, Peter (April 24, 1953). "Zenger Memorial Presented to U. S.; Exhibit in Federal Hall Marks Colonial Printer's Successful Fight for a Free Press". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  107. ^ "Zenger Memorial Room Dedicated". New York Herald Tribune. April 24, 1953. p. 15. ProQuest 1319936304.
  108. ^ a b "1842 Fence Here Goes Into History; Tons of Wrought Iron From Federal Hall Site Swung Into Storage Vault". The New York Times. June 16, 1954. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  109. ^ "Education Sparks City Council Fight; Isaacs' Mild Resolution on State Aid Hit as 'Typical Republican Insult'". The New York Times. February 24, 1954. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 9, 2022.
  110. ^ a b "Monuments Get Help; Eisenhower Signs Bill Urging Support for Historic Sites". The New York Times. August 13, 1955. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  111. ^ "Board Aims to Preserve 3 Historic Sites in City". New York Herald Tribune. August 29, 1955. p. 7. ProQuest 1328082846.
  112. ^ "Museum Projects Urged To Save 3 Shrines Here". New York Herald Tribune. February 4, 1956. p. A10. ProQuest 1327597493.
  113. ^ "Board Considers Historic Shrines; Advisory Group to Seek Aid of Public in Preserving Three in This City". The New York Times. February 4, 1956. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  114. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (April 30, 1956). "U.S. Aid Pledged on Federal Hall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  115. ^ "$3,089,400 Outlay on Shrines Asked; City Board to Submit to U. S. Cost of Restoring 3—Drive to Raise Half Planned". The New York Times. February 1, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  116. ^ "U.S. Aid Pledged to 4 City Shrines; Seaton Says Agency Will Match Private Funds for Opening of World Fair". The New York Times. April 20, 1960. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  117. ^ a b Illson, Murray (October 11, 1961). "U.S. Will Develop 3 Shrines in City; Udall Supports Program on a Fund-Matching Basis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  118. ^ "Udall Urges Public to Aid Shrine Fund". Newsday. October 11, 1961. p. 52. ProQuest 898224798.
  119. ^ "Federal Hall (Nassau and Wall) Marked as National Shrine". New York Herald Tribune. October 11, 1961. p. 27. ProQuest 1325444685.
  120. ^ "7 More Buildings Made Landmarks". The New York Times. December 28, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  121. ^ "Pick 7 More Landmarks". New York Daily News. December 28, 1965. p. 299. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  122. ^ Whitney, Craig R. (May 12, 1970). "Federal Hall, a Natural Podium, Attracts Protesters on Wall St". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  123. ^ "1,000 In Financial District At Antinarcotics Rally". The New York Times. June 23, 1970. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  124. ^ Bigart, Homer (May 9, 1970). "War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  125. ^ "Medal Hails City and Federal Hall". The New York Times. November 26, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  126. ^ "3 New Landmarks Backed at Hearings". The New York Times. February 26, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  127. ^ "Landmark Buildings Also Win Citations For Their Inferiors". The New York Times. May 27, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  128. ^ "Metropolitan Briefs". The New York Times. July 18, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  129. ^ Alston, Blanche Cordelia (November 24, 1979). "Bronze Statues Gleam Again". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  130. ^ a b Stern, Fishman & Tilove 2006, p. 247.
  131. ^ Raynor, Vivien (February 26, 1982). "Art: Lower Manhattan Unfurled in Federal Hall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  132. ^ Shepard, Richard F. (March 28, 1984). "Going Out Guide". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  133. ^ a b Stern, Fishman & Tilove 2006, p. 248.
  134. ^ Yarrow, Andrew L. (April 16, 1988). "The Whitney Returns to Downtown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 29, 2022. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  135. ^ Dunlap, David W. (November 2, 1984). "Grand Plans for 'Temple' on Wall Street". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  136. ^ Haitch, Richard (June 9, 1985). "Follow Up on the News; Wall St. Rescue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  137. ^ Blau, Eleanor (September 30, 1986). "Landmark Will Add a Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  138. ^ Dunlap, David W. (July 25, 1988). "Washington Stood Here. Here's Why". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  139. ^ Mangaliman, Jessie; Smith, Dawn (May 1, 1989). "From George W. to George B.". Newsday. p. 3. ProQuest 278070384.
  140. ^ a b Barron, James (May 1, 1989). "A Day Celebrates 200 Presidential Years". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  141. ^ Yarrow, Andrew L. (April 28, 1989). "Washington's Inaugural, Afloat, Aloft and on Foot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  142. ^ Wolfson, Jayne Caparell (April 23, 1989). "Many Events For George's Sake". Newsday. p. 11. ProQuest 278099476.
  143. ^ Melvin, Tessa (October 6, 1991). "Washington Irving Returns to New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 2, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  144. ^ "Postings: Staten Island, Too; 'Landmarks' Reaches Out". The New York Times. May 9, 1993. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  145. ^ "Travel Advisory; Exhibits and Festivals Celebrate Black History". The New York Times. February 8, 1998. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  146. ^ a b Dunlap, David W. (March 18, 2004). "Federal Hall Is Uplifted, First by Steel, Then by Art; Paintings From the Uffizi to Arrive". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  147. ^ a b c d e f Dunlap, David W. (December 2, 2015). "A Wall Street Landmark Seen by Millions, but Often Overlooked". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  148. ^ a b "Imperiled Federal Hall gets emergency aid". UPI. April 10, 2002. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  149. ^ "Federal Hall Reopens". The New York Times. October 16, 2001. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  150. ^ a b Collins, Glenn (March 26, 2002). "Parks Monitors Say Federal Hall Is Imperiled by Water and Neglect". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
  151. ^ Hulse, Carl (September 7, 2002). "Congress at Ground Zero: the Special Assembly; Congress, Back in Its First City, Honors Resilience of So Many". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  152. ^ "Federal Hall closes a year for renovations". amNewYork. December 9, 2004. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  153. ^ "National Archives Announces Major Venue in New York City". National Archives. December 14, 2006. Archived from the original on August 30, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
  154. ^ a b Rothstein, Edward (November 25, 2006). "In a Grand Old Hall, a Grab Bag of History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  155. ^ "National Register of Historic Places 2007 Weekly Lists" (PDF). National Park Service. 2007. p. 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  156. ^ ABC News. "New York Mayor, ABC News Invite Obama, McCain to Historic Town Hall". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  157. ^ Chung, Jen (June 8, 2008). "McCain and Obama Apparently Reject Bloomberg, ABC News' Offer of Manhattan Town Hall". Gothamist. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  158. ^ Falcone, Michael; Bosman, Julie (June 14, 2008). "Campaigns Unable to Agree on Series of Meetings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  159. ^ Warerkar, Tanay (December 2, 2015). "Federal Hall Receives $300K For Restoration Work". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  160. ^ a b Montes, Geoffrey (December 15, 2015). "New York's Grand Federal Hall to Be Restored to Its Former Glory". Architectural Digest. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  161. ^ a b Alvarez, Maria (March 11, 2018). "Historic sites Federal Hall, Grant's Tomb need upgrades". amNewYork. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
  162. ^ "Inside the HVAC system that keeps iconic Federal Hall chill". Commercial Construction and Renovation. September 7, 2020. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  163. ^ a b "Iconic Manhattan Spot to Be Covered in Scaffolds for Up to 10 Years". CNBC. July 14, 2021. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  164. ^ Brand, David (August 30, 2021). "Sorry Sightseers, That New York City Landmark May be Covered by Scaffolding". City Limits. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  165. ^ "Historic Structures Report: Federal Hall National Memorial" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. October 15, 1966. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  166. ^ "J.Q.A. Ward Dead at the Age of 80; Dean of the American Sculptors Parses Away at His Home Here". The New York Times. May 2, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
  167. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, p. 3.
  168. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1975, pp. 2–3.
  169. ^ a b Reynolds 1994, p. 82.
  170. ^ "Operating Hours & Seasons". Federal Hall National Memorial. National Park Service). November 4, 2021. Archived from the original on May 4, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  171. ^ "Washington Inaugural Gallery Museum". National Park Planner. May 28, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  172. ^ "Inaugural Balcony". Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service). May 28, 2015. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  173. ^ "The Art of Democracy". Federal Hall. July 26, 2022. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  174. ^ Soloski, Alexis (June 30, 2023). "'The Democracy Project' Puts America Onstage, Warts and All". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  175. ^ "Basic Information – Federal Hall National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  176. ^ "Politico New York Playbook, Presented by Nuclear Matters: Cuomo, De Blasio Settle Something – Daily News Dramatic Cover – Quinn's Hillary Fundraiser". POLITICO. December 3, 2015. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  177. ^ "Washington Inauguration Issue". National Postal Museum. January 10, 2020. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  178. ^ "1789 Inaugural Stamps Go on Sale Here Today". The New York Times. April 30, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
  179. ^ "The Presidents". The White House. February 13, 2015.
  180. ^ Postage Stamps of the United States: An Illustrated Description of All United States Postage and Special Service Stamps Issued by the Post Office Department from July 1, 1847 to December 31, 1965. P.O.D. publication. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. p. 157. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  181. ^ James, George (July 28, 1988). "Stamp Recalls Ratification Of Constitution – Again". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.

Sources


Read other articles:

Add oil

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang ungkapan Inggris Hong Kong. Untuk ungkapan Tionghoa, lihat Jiayou. Add oil Ungkapan Inggris dipakai sebagai permainan kata oleh sebuah SPBU di Hong Kong. Hanzi: 加油 Alih aksara Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: jiā yóu Yue (Kantonis) - Romanisasi Yale: gāyáu Add oil adalah sebuah ungkapan bahasa Inggris Hong Kong yang dipakai sebagai dorongan dan dukungan terhadap seseorang.[1] Berasal dari peribahasa Kanton (Bahasa Yue) Gayau (atau Jiayou; Hanzi: ...

 

 

Dove Cameron

Dove CameronCameron saat di Kids' Choice Awards 2023LahirChloe Celeste Hosterman15 Januari 1996 (umur 28)Bainbridge Island, Washington, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanPenyanyiaktrisTahun aktif2007–sekarangKarier musikGenrePopInstrumenVokalLabel Walt Disney Disruptor Columbia Situs webdovecameron.com Dove Olivia Cameron[1][2][3] (lahir Chloe Celeste Hosterman lahir 15 Januari 1996)[4][5] adalah seorang aktris dan penyanyi asal Amerika Serikat. Dia ...

 

 

Kuil Jing'an

Kuil Jing'anBalairung kuil Jing'anAgamaAfiliasiBuddhaLokasiLokasinya di ShanghaiKoordinat31°13′25″N 121°26′43″E / 31.223493°N 121.445314°E / 31.223493; 121.445314Koordinat: 31°13′25″N 121°26′43″E / 31.223493°N 121.445314°E / 31.223493; 121.445314ArsitekturRampung247 M Kuil Jing'an (Hanzi sederhana: 静安寺; Hanzi tradisional: 靜安寺; Pinyin: Jìng'ān Sì; bahasa Shanghai: Zin'ue Zy; harfiah: 'Kuil Pe...

State List

Part of the Constitution of India Part of a series on theConstitution of India Preamble PartsI ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XIVA ∙ XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII SchedulesFirst ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth AppendicesI ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V AmendmentsList ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ...

 

 

Sindaci di Imperia

Voce principale: Imperia#Amministrazione. Sindaco di Imperia Stato Italia In caricaClaudio Scajola (Ind.) da27 giugno 2018 Eletto daCittadini di Imperia Ultima elezione10, 24 giugno 2018 Durata mandato5 anni SedePalazzo Civico IndirizzoViale Giacomo Matteotti, 157 Sito webwww.comune.imperia.it Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Di seguito l'elenco cronologico dei sindaci di Imperia e delle altre figure apicali equivalenti che si sono succedute nel corso della storia. Indice 1 Cro...

 

 

World Evangelical Alliance

Global organization Not to be confused with Evangelical Alliance. For other uses, see WEA (disambiguation). World Evangelical AllianceLogo since 2021ClassificationProtestantOrientationInterdenominational EvangelicalLeaderThomas SchirrmacherAssociations9 Regional, 143 National Evangelical AlliancesRegionWorldwideHeadquartersUN offices in New York City, Geneva, BonnOrigin20 August 1846 London, England, United KingdomMembers600 millionOfficial websiteworldea.org The World Evangelical Alliance (W...

Propagandhi

PropagandhiI Propagandhi nel 2007. Paese d'origine Canada GenereMelodic hardcore punk[1]Skate punk[1]Hardcore punk[2]Punk revival[3]Punk rock[3] Periodo di attività musicale1986 – in attività Album pubblicati7 + 2 EP Studio5 + 2 EP Live1 Raccolte1 Sito ufficiale Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale I Propagandhi sono un gruppo melodic hardcore punk nato a Winnipeg, Canada. Indice 1 Storia del gruppo 2 Ideali e contenuti ...

 

 

Battle of Cap de la Roque

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Battle of Cap de la Roque – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Battle of Cap de la RoquePart of the War of the Spanish SuccessionThe Battle of the Cap de la Roque.Date22 May 1703LocationCabo da Roca, Portugal 38�...

 

 

Christian Solidarity Party

Defunct Irish political party This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Christian Solidarity Party – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Christian Solidarity Party Comhar CríostaíLeaderDaire Fitzgerald[1]FounderGerard CaseyFound...

Uyghurs

Turkic ethnic group of Central and East Asia Not to be confused with Yugurs. Ethnic group UyghursئۇيغۇرلارУйғурларUyghurlarA Uyghur man in KashgarTotal populationc. 13.5 million[note 1]Regions with significant populationsChina(mainly in Xinjiang)11.8 million[1]Kazakhstan223,100 (2009)[2][3]Pakistan200,000 (2010)[4]Turkey100,000–300,000[5]Kyrgyzstan200,000[6]Uzbekistan48,500 (2019)[7]United States8,905 (pe...

 

 

Frazer Field

Not to be confused with Fraser Field, a baseball park in Lynn, Massachusetts. Frazer FieldFrazer Field in 1914Full nameJoe Frazer FieldLocationN. College Ave. and Center St. Newark, DE 19711OwnerUniversity of DelawareSurfaceGrass (1913–2010) Field Turf (2010–present)ConstructionOpenedJune 18, 1913Construction cost$50,000TenantsUniversity of Delaware football (1913–1946) Joe Frazer Field is an athletic field in Newark, Delaware that was used for the University of Delaware's baseball, tra...

 

 

Motor Vehicle Owners' Right to Repair Act

Proposed law Main article: Right to repair The Motor Vehicle Owners' Right to Repair Act, sometimes also referred to as Right to Repair, is a name for several related proposed bills in the United States Congress and several state legislatures which would require automobile manufacturers to provide the same information to independent repair shops as they do for dealer shops. Versions of the bill generally have been supported by independent repair and after-market associations and generally opp...

Simba Nagpal

Simba NagpalLahir25 September 1996 (umur 27)Delhi, IndiaAlmamater Sushant School of Art and Architecture Ansal University, Gurgaon PekerjaanAktormodelTahun aktif2018–sekarangDikenal atasShakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas KiNaagin 6 Simba Nagpal (lahir 25 September 1996) adalah seorang aktor televisi dan model India yang dikenal karena perannya sebagai Virat Singh di Shakti Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki dan Rishabh Gujral di Naagin 6.[1] Pada tahun 2021, Nagpal terlihat sebagai kontestan d...

 

 

Jōwa (Heian period)

Period of Japanese history (834–848 CE) This article is about the Japanese era name used during the reign of Emperors Junna and Ninmyō from 834 to 848. For the later era, see Jōwa (Muromachi period). For the Japanese era name used during the reign of Emperor Hanazono, see Shōwa (1312–1317). For the Japanese era name used during the reign of Emperor Shōwa, see Shōwa era. For other uses, see Shōwa (disambiguation). Part of a series on theHistory of Japan PeriodsPaleolithicbefore 14,00...

 

 

Lynching of John Glover

Lynching of John GloverPart of Jim Crow EraDeath certificate for John Glover 1922DateAugust 2, 1922LocationHolton in Bibb County, GeorgiaParticipantsWhite mob of 300DeathsJohn Glover John Cockey Glover[1] was a 35-year-old African-American man who was lynched in Holton in Bibb County, Georgia by a mob of 300 white men on August 2, 1922. It was the 43rd of 61 lynchings during 1922 in the United States.[2] Background Six feet, five inches tall Deputy Sheriff Walter C. Byrd start...

Deicolus

SaintDeicolusSaint Deicolus and the Boar, Johann Wolfgang BaumgartnerAbbottBornc. 530LeinsterDied(625-01-18)18 January 625Venerated inCatholic ChurchEastern Orthodox ChurchCanonizedPre-congregation (and pre-East–West Schism of 1054)Major shrineLure, FranceFeast18 JanuaryAttributesRay of light; depicted as a hermit; a wild boar hunted by King Clothaire takes refuge at his feetPatronagechildhood illnesses Deicolus (also Déicole, Domgall, other variations;[a] c. 530 &#...

 

 

East Palestine, Ohio

For the village in Darke County, see Palestine, Ohio. East Palestine redirects here. For regions referred to as Eastern Palestine, see Eastern Palestine (disambiguation). Village in Ohio, United StatesEast Palestine, OhioVillageMarket Street (State Route 170) FlagSealLogoMotto: Where You Want To BeLocation within Columbiana County and OhioCoordinates: 40°50′21″N 80°32′48″W / 40.83917°N 80.54667°W / 40.83917; -80.54667[1]CountryUnited StatesStat...

 

 

エジプト古王国

古代エジプトの王朝 王朝誕生前のエジプト エジプト初期王朝 第1 第2 エジプト古王国 第3 第4 第5 第6 エジプト第1中間期 第7 第8 第9 第10 エジプト中王国 第11 第12 エジプト第2中間期 第13 第14 第15 第16 第17 エジプト新王国 第18 第19 第20 エジプト第3中間期 第21（並立：アメン大司祭） 第22 第23 第24 第25 第26 エジプト末期王朝時代 第27 第28 第29 第30 第31 グレコ・ローマン時�...

Assassination of James A. Garfield

1881 murder of the 20th President of the United States Assassination of James A. GarfieldPresident Garfield with James G. Blaine after being shot by Charles J. Guiteau[1][2]LocationBaltimore and Potomac Railroad Station,Washington, D.C., U.S.Coordinates38°53′31″N 77°01′13″W / 38.89194°N 77.02028°W / 38.89194; -77.02028DateJuly 2, 1881, 143 years ago 9:30 am (Local mean time)TargetJames Abram GarfieldAttack typeAssassinationWeaponsBritis...

 

 

Woodham High School

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Woodham High School – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Woodham High SchoolAddress150 East Burgess RoadPensacola, Florida 32503InformationSchool typePublic secondaryEstablished1965Closed2007...