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F*
	The official F* logo
Paradigm	Multi-paradigm: functional, imperative
Family	ML: Caml: OCaml
Designed by	Nikhil Swamy, Juan Chen, Cédric Fournet, Pierre-Yves Strub, Karthikeyan Bhargavan, Jean Yang
Developers	Microsoft Research,; Inria
First appeared	2011; 14 years ago
Stable release	v2023.09.03 / 3 September 2023; 15 months ago
Typing discipline	dependent, inferred, static, strong
Implementation language	F*
OS	Cross-platform: Linux, macOS, Windows
License	Apache 2.0
Filename extensions	.fst
Website	fstar-lang.org
Influenced by
	Coq, Dafny, F#, Lean, OCaml, Standard ML

F* (pronounced F star) is a high-level, multi-paradigm, functional and object-oriented programming language inspired by the languages ML, Caml, and OCaml, and intended for program verification. It is a joint project of Microsoft Research, and the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Inria).^[1] Its type system includes dependent types, monadic effects, and refinement types. This allows expressing precise specifications for programs, including functional correctness and security properties. The F* type-checker aims to prove that programs meet their specifications using a combination of satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solving and manual proofs. For execution, programs written in F* can be translated to OCaml, F#, C, WebAssembly (via KaRaMeL tool), or assembly language (via Vale toolchain). Prior F* versions could also be translated to JavaScript.

It was introduced in 2011.^[3]^[4] and is under active development on GitHub.^[2]

History

Versions

Until version 2022.03.24, F* was written entirely in a common subset of F* and F# and supported bootstrapping in both OCaml and F#. This was dropped starting in version 2022.04.02.^[5]^[6]

Overview

Operators

F* supports common arithmetic operators such as +, -, *, and /. Also, F* supports relational operators like <, <=, ==, !=, >, and >=.^[7]

Data types

Common primitive data types in F* are bool, int, float, char, and unit.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b "Microsoft Research Inria Joint Centre". MSR-INRIA.
^ ^a ^b "FStarLang/FStar". GitHub. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
^ Swamy, Nikhil; Chen, Juan; Fournet, Cédric; Strub, Pierre-Yves; Bhargavan, Karthikeyan; Yang, Jean (September 2011). Secure distributed programming with value-dependent types. ICFP '11: Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming. Vol. 46. Tokyo, Japan: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 266–278. doi:10.1145/2034574.2034811. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
^ "The F* Project". Microsoft. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
^ "fstar.exe is no longer buildable in F# as a .NET executable #2512". Github. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
^ "Consider dropping requirement that F* code has to be valid F# #1737". Github. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
^ ^a ^b Swamy, Nikhil; Martínez, Guido; Rastogi, Aseem (Jan 14, 2024). Proof-Oriented Programming in F* (PDF).

Sources

Ahman, Danel; Hriţcu, Cătălin; Maillard, Kenji; Martínez, Guido; Plotkin, Gordon; Protzenko, Jonathan; Rastogi, Aseem; Swamy, Nikhil (2017). "Dijkstra Monads for Free". 44nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages.
Swamy, Nikhil; Hriţcu, Cătălin; Keller, Chantal; Rastogi, Aseem; Delignat-Lavaud, Antoine; Forest, Simon; Bhargavan, Karthikeyan; Fournet, Cédric; Strub, Pierre-Yves; Kohlweiss, Markulf; Zinzindohoue, Jean-Karim; Zanella-Béguelin, Santiago (2016). "Dependent Types and Multi-Monadic Effects in F*". 43nd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages.
Swamy, Nikhil; Martínez, Guido; Rastogi, Aseem (2024). Proof-Orented Programming in F*.