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Eva Rittmeister (born 5 July 1913 in Zeitz, died 19 July 2004) was a German paediatric nurse, later office worker who became a resistance fighter against the Nazis.^[1] During World War II, Rittmeister became involved a Berlin-based resistance group that later became known as the Red Orchestra ("Rote Kapelle").

Life

Eve Rittmeister née Knieper was the daughter of a merchant.^[1] After school, Rittmeister initially trained as a paediatric nurse, then worked as an office worker.^[1] Several sources indicate, however, that she was an actress.^[2]^[3]

In 1939, Rittmeister married John Rittmeister who was a neurologist and psychoanalyst^[1] and fifteen years older than her, aged 40. John Rittmeister considered her "life-affirming", who often enriched his life by relieving his chronic depression.^[4]

Education

To prepare for her Abitur in 1940, Rittmeister attended the Heil'schen Abendschule Abendgymnasium ("Berliner Städtische Abendgymnasium für Erwachsene") (BAG) at Berlin W 50, Augsburger Straße 60 in Schöneberg. While there she met a number of people that would eventually become close friends including Ursula Goetze, Liane Berkowitz, Fritz Thiel and Friedrich Rehmer.^[5] They gradually formed a group of young people that met to discuss ideological, humanist and political views that gradually led to their opposition to Nazis.^[1]^[6]^[5]

Rote Kapelle

In December 1941, Eva and her husband met Harro Schulze-Boysen and his wife, the aristocrat Libertas Schulze-Boysen.^[7]

Arrest

On 26 September 1942, Eva and her husband were arrested by the Gestapo while at home.^[8] Eva was temporarily released but re-arrested on 5 January 1943. Her husband was sentenced to the death penalty by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht "for preparation for high treason and enemy favouritism".^[9] During the same trial Eva was sentenced to three years in prison "for listening to enemy transmitters".^[8] On 13 May 1943, John Rittmeister was executed by the guillotine in Plötzensee Prison.^[8] Eva was released in April 1945 by the Red Army^[1] and survived the end of the war.^[8]

Awards

In 1979, Rittmeister received the John F. Rittmeister Medal from the Gesellschaft für Ärztliche Psychotherapie (GÄP) (East German Society for Medical Psychotherapy) of the GDR in recognition of her special services to psychotherapy and social psychiatry.^[10]^[11] The medal was awarded to 21 people, only three of whom were women. In addition to Eva Rittmeister, the medal was awarded to the German psychotherapists Irene Blumenthal [de] and Leipzig professor Christa Kohler [de]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Eva Rittmeister". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Schulz, Manfred (1979). "Dr. John Rittmeister — Nervenarzt und Widerstandskämpfer" [Dr. John Rittmeister — neurologist and resistance fighter]. Psychiatrie, Neurologie und medizinische Psychologie (in German). 31 (4): 213–216. ISSN 0033-2739.
^ Cocks, Geoffrey (1985). Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: the Göring Institute. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 330. ISBN 0-19-503461-9.
^ Bräutigam, Walter; Teller, Christine (1998). "John Rittmeister zum 100. Geburtstag — Leben und Werke". Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse (in German). 44 (3). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 206. ISSN 0340-5613. JSTOR 23997683.
^ ^a ^b Wörmann, Heinrich-Wilhelm (2002). Widerstand in Schöneberg und Tempelhof [Resistance in Schöneberg and Tempelhof] (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 169.
^ Tuchel, Johannes (24 November 2009). "Weihnachten müsst Ihr richtig feiern" [You have to celebrate Christmas properly] (in German). Hamburg: Zeit-Verlag Gerd Bucerius GmbH & Co. KG. Die Zeit. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
^ Nelson, Anne (7 April 2009). Red Orchestra: The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler. Random House Publishing Group. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-58836-799-0. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wörmann, Heinrich-Wilhelm (1991). Widerstand in Charlottenburg [Resistance in Charlottenburg] (PDF) (in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. p. 132.
^ "Friedrich Rehmer". Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand. German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
^ Geyer, Michael (2011). Psychotherapie in Ostdeutschland: Geschichte und Geschichten 1945-1995 [Psychotherapy in East Germany: History and stories 1945-1995] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 830. ISBN 9783647401775.
^ Cocks, Geoffrey (1985). Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: the Göring Institute. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 389. ISBN 0-19-503461-9.