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Eucyon ferox; Temporal range: ~4.95–4.8 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Genus:	†Eucyon
Species:	†E. ferox
Binomial name
	†Eucyon ferox; (Miller and Carranza-Castaneda, 1998)
Synonyms
	Canis ferox ; Miller and Carranza-Castaneda, 1998;

Eucyon ferox is a species of canid which was endemic to North America and lived during the late Hemphillian age (between the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene).^[1] Originally described as a species of the extant genus Canis, this animal was thought to be an ancestor of the modern day coyote,^[2] but recent taxonomic revision has reassigned this species to the extinct genus Eucyon.^[1]

Evolution

Eucyon ferox may have marked the beginning of the cladogenesis of the genus Canis. However, this species had other characteristics similar to Eucyon davisi, belonging to a different genus of canids. While E. ferox first lived in North America, the Late Miocene marked the start of its dispersal to Europe and Asia.^[1] The dispersal of canids and eucyons does correlate to the increase in animal life and species richness in the area, but the diversity of the canid groups peaked at the same time as the turnover. In Asia, this peak was throughout the Pliocene Era.^[3]

Morphological traits

The first partial fossil was found in Rancho Viejo, Guanajuato (Mexico). These fossils consisted of partial maxilla, mandible, vertebrae, shoulder blade, ulna, and phalanges, with nearly complete humeri and skull. Based on the found fossils, researchers estimated that this species was about the size of a female coyote but stronger and wider.^[2] It is estimated^{[by whom?]} that their weight could be between 13.3 kg and 14.3 kg, based on the Legendre and Roth correlations.^[4] Paleontologists Miller and Carranza-Castaneda noted that the skull of this species resembled that of an ancestral coyote, Canis lepophagus.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Saverio Bartolini Lucenti; Lorenzo Rook (2020). ""Canis" ferox revisited: diet ecomorphology of some long gone (Late Miocene and Pliocene) fossil dogs". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 28 (2): 285–306. doi:10.1007/s10914-020-09500-1. S2CID 218694252.
^ ^a ^b ^c Miller, Wade; Carranza-Castaneda, Oscar (1998). "Late Tertiary canids from central Mexico". Journal of Paleontology. 72 (3): 546–556. Bibcode:1998JPal...72..546M. doi:10.1017/S002233600002432X. S2CID 131832444.
^ Rook, Lorenzo; Sotnikova, M. (2009). "Dispersal of the Canini (Mammalia Canidae: Caninae) across Eurasia during the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene". Quaternary International. 212: 86–97.
^ Legendre, S., S.; Roth, C. (1988). Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (Mammalia). Historical Biology 1. pp. 85–98.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^{[failed verification]}