Northwestern wolf

Northwestern wolf; Canis lupus occidentalis; Temporal range: Late Pleistocene–Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	C. l. occidentalis at the Grizzly and Wolf Discovery Center at West Yellowstone, Montana.
Conservation status
	; Apparently Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Genus:	Canis
Species:	C. lupus
Subspecies:	C. l. occidentalis
Trinomial name
	Canis lupus occidentalis; Richardson, 1829
Synonyms
	ater (Richardson, 1829); sticte (Richardson, 1829);

The northwestern wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis), also known as the Mackenzie Valley wolf,^[5] Alaskan timber wolf,^[6] or Canadian timber wolf,^[7] is a subspecies of gray wolf in western North America. Arguably the largest gray wolf subspecies in the world, it ranges from Alaska, the upper Mackenzie River Valley; southward throughout the western Canadian provinces, aside from prairie landscapes in its southern portions, as well as the Northwestern United States.^[6]

Taxonomy

This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005).^[8] The subspecies was first written of by Scottish naturalist Sir John Richardson in 1829. He chose to give it the name occidentalis in reference to its geographic location rather than label it by its color, as it was too variable to warrant such.^[2]

According to one source, phylogenetic analyses of North American gray wolves show that there are three clades corresponding to C. l. occidentalis, C. l. nubilus and C. l. baileyi, each one representing a separate invasion into North America from distinct Eurasian ancestors. C. l. occidentalis, the most northwestern subspecies, is descended from the last gray wolves to colonize North America. It likely crossed into North America through the Bering land bridge after the last ice age, displacing C. l. nubilus populations as it advanced, a process which has continued until present times. Along with C. l. nubilus, C. l. occidentalis is the most widespread member of the four gray wolf subspecies in North America, with at least six different synonyms.^[7]

Description

Northwestern wolves are one of the largest subspecies of wolves. In British Columbia, Canada, five adult females averaged 42.5 kg or 93.6 lbs with a range of 85 lbs to 100 lbs (38.6 - 45.4 kg) and ten adult males averaged 112.2 lbs or 51.7 kg with a range of 105 lbs to 135 lbs (47.6 - 61.2 kg), with a weight range for all adults of 38.6 kg to 61.2 kg (85 - 135 lbs).^[9] In Yellowstone National Park, adult females were average about 40 kg (90 lbs) and adult males average about 50 kg (110 lbs), with a mean adult body mass in winter of 46.4 kg (102 lb).^[10]^[11] More recent studies have reported the average range of height and weight in the north-west of the United States, both sexes were between 68 and 91.5 cm (26.8 and 36.0 in) tall at the shoulder. Here the weight of males was reported at between 45 and 72 kg (99 and 159 lb), while the females were reported at 36 to 60 kg (79 to 132 lb).^[12]

The Northwestern wolf is also one of the longest wolf subspecies, as its length usually ranges from 5 to 6 ft (152-183 cm) and can reach as long as 7 ft (213 cm).^[13]^[14]

In comparison, the mean adult weights of its nearest rivals in size, the Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus) and the Interior Alaskan wolf (C. l. pambasileus), was reported as 39 kg (86 lb) and 40 kg (88 lb), respectively.^[15]^[16] Sir John Richardson described the northwestern wolf as having a more robust build than the Eurasian wolf, with a larger, rounder head and a thicker, more obtuse muzzle. Its ears are also shorter, and its fur bushier.^[2]

Reintroduction

In Yellowstone National Park, artificially relocated northwestern wolves have been well-documented feeding on elk. They usually stampede the herd using pack teamwork to separate the younger elk from the adults. They also will charge young calves separated from their parents. Winter-weakened or sick elk also play an important part of Yellowstone wolf diets, and it is estimated that over 50 percent of winter-weakened or sick elk in Yellowstone are killed by wolves. Of these, about 12 percent of carcasses were scavenged by other predators, including ravens, bald eagles, black bears, grizzly bears, and coyotes.^[17] In the same national park, wolves also prey on bison, though such attacks usually involve sick animals or calves because healthy, adult bison can easily kill wolves with their hooves.^[18]

Wolves are present in Canadian and British safari parks including Longleat,^[19] Woburn,^[20] and Parc Omega.^[21]

References

^ "Canis lupus occidentalis". explorer.natureserve.org.
^ ^a ^b ^c Richardson, J. (1829) Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America, London : J. Murray [etc.], pp. 60-65
^ ^a ^b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Mech, L. David (1970), The wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species, Natural History Press, ISBN 978-0-307-81913-0
^ ^a ^b Mech, L. David (1981), The wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species, University of Minnesota Press, p. 352, ISBN 0-8166-1026-6
^ ^a ^b Chambers SM, Fain SR, Fazio B, Amaral M (2012). "An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses". North American Fauna. 77: 1–67. doi:10.3996/nafa.77.0001. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576
^ Table listing the 1996 Northwestern wolves introduced into Idaho Archived 2019-06-07 at the Wayback Machine. Forwolves.org (2002-11-01). Retrieved on 2012-12-29.
^ "YS 24-1 Yellowstone Wolf Facts". National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ Metz, M. C., Vucetich, J. A., Smith, D. W., Stahler, D. R., & Peterson, R. O. (2011). Effect of sociality and season on gray wolf (Canis lupus) foraging behavior: implications for estimating summer kill rate. PLoS One, 6(3), e17332.
^ Castellò, Josè R. (2018). Canids of the World. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-691-17685-7.
^ "How big is a northwestern wolf". amazing-animals-planet.com. 2022-01-01. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
^ Sather, Patrick (2022-05-23). "The 10 Largest Wolves in the World". a-z-animals.com. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
^ Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N. P. (1998) Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc. USA., pp. 184-187, ISBN 1-886106-81-9
^ "Gray wolf (in the Yukon)" (PDF). Environment Yukon. Government of Canada. 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
^ "Yellowstone Elk". National Park Service.
^ "Wolf -Bison Interactions in Yellowstone National Park". University of Nebraska.
^ "Longleat|Wolf Wood". www.longleat.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-08-06.
^ Canadian Timber Wolf
^ "Grey wolf- Parc Oméga". Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2017-01-23.

External links

[1] "Canis lupus occidentalis". explorer.natureserve.org.

[richardson1829-2] Richardson, J. (1829) Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America, London : J. Murray [etc.], pp. 60-65

[msw3-3] Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[MSW3_Wozencraft|id=14000738-4] Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[5] Mech, L. David (1970), The wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species, Natural History Press, ISBN 978-0-307-81913-0

[mech1981-6] Mech, L. David (1981), The wolf: The Ecology and Behaviour of an Endangered Species, University of Minnesota Press, p. 352, ISBN 0-8166-1026-6

[Chambers-7] Chambers SM, Fain SR, Fazio B, Amaral M (2012). "An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses". North American Fauna. 77: 1–67. doi:10.3996/nafa.77.0001. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

[wozencraft2005-8] Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576

[9] Table listing the 1996 Northwestern wolves introduced into Idaho Archived 2019-06-07 at the Wayback Machine. Forwolves.org (2002-11-01). Retrieved on 2012-12-29.

[10] "YS 24-1 Yellowstone Wolf Facts". National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-11-30.

[11] Metz, M. C., Vucetich, J. A., Smith, D. W., Stahler, D. R., & Peterson, R. O. (2011). Effect of sociality and season on gray wolf (Canis lupus) foraging behavior: implications for estimating summer kill rate. PLoS One, 6(3), e17332.

[12] Castellò, Josè R. (2018). Canids of the World. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-691-17685-7.

[13] "How big is a northwestern wolf". amazing-animals-planet.com. 2022-01-01. Retrieved 2022-08-01.

[14] Sather, Patrick (2022-05-23). "The 10 Largest Wolves in the World". a-z-animals.com. Retrieved 2022-08-01.

[heptner1998a-15] Heptner, V. G. & Naumov, N. P. (1998) Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; wolves and Bears), Science Publishers, Inc. USA., pp. 184-187, ISBN 1-886106-81-9

[yukon2017-16] "Gray wolf (in the Yukon)" (PDF). Environment Yukon. Government of Canada. 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-30.

[Yellowstone_Elk-17] "Yellowstone Elk". National Park Service.

[Wolf_-Bison_Interactions_in_Yellowstone_National_Park-18] "Wolf -Bison Interactions in Yellowstone National Park". University of Nebraska.

[19] "Longleat|Wolf Wood". www.longleat.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-08-06.

[20] Canadian Timber Wolf

[21] "Grey wolf- Parc Oméga". Archived from the original on 2019-06-06. Retrieved 2017-01-23.

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Northwestern wolf

Taxonomy

Description

Reintroduction

References

External links

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