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Education in Nepal
Ministry of Education
National education budget (2022)
Budget	$122.78 million
General details
Primary languages	Nepalese
System type	Central
Literacy (2021)
Total	76.2%
Male	83.6%
Female	69.4%
Enrollment
Total	6,373,003
Primary	4,030,045
Secondary	2,195,835
Post secondary	147,123
Attainment
Secondary diploma	46.2%
Post-secondary diploma	Unavailable
	^ Includes lower secondary, secondary, and higher secondary ;

Education in Nepal has been modeled on the Indian system, which is in turn the legacy of the old British Raj.^[1] The National Examinations Board (NEB) supervises all standardized tests. The Ministry of Education is responsible for managing educational activities in Nepal. The National Center for Educational Development (NCED)^[2] is Nepal's teacher-training body.

Primary education in Nepal is called Basic Education and consists of grades one through eight. Secondary levels are grades nine to twelve.

In 2021, the literacy rates of the country were 71.2% (81% for males and 63.3% for females).^[3] The April 2015 earthquake destroyed schools and severely impacted the nation's ability to keep its remaining schools open.

History

The educational system in Nepal was long based on home-schooling and gurukulas.^[4] This was similar to the former Indian system of education, in which the pupils would learn either in their own homes or with reputed priests or Gurus. Before Nepal was declared a democratic country, the general public had no access to formal education. The first formal school, Durbar High School, established by Jung Bahadur Rana in 1854, was intended for the elite. The birth of Nepalese democracy in 1951 opened its classrooms to a more diverse population.^[4] Education in Nepal from the primary school to the university level has been modeled, from the very inception on the Indian system, which is in turn the legacy of the old British Raj.^[1]

Nepal's 1971 education plan hastened its development in the country.^{[citation needed]} In around 1952/54 Nepal had 10,000 students in 300 schools and an adult literacy rate of five percent.^{[citation needed]} There were 49,000 schools in 2010.^{[citation needed]} In 2001, the literacy rate was 48.6% (62.7% for males and 32.9% for females)^[5] which jumped to 71.2% (81% for males and 63.3% for females) in 2021.^[3]

Structure

Primary education in Nepal is called Basic Education and consists of grades one through eight. Secondary levels are grades nine to twelve. Pre-primary education is available in some areas, and students usually begin grade one at age five. A Basic Level Examination (BLE), previously known as District Level Examination (DLE), is given on grade eight while a national Secondary Education Exam (SEE), previously known as School Leaving Certificate (SLC), is examination is conducted at the end of grade 10, while completing the Grade 12 examination leads to the School Leaver's Certificate. The National Examinations Board (NEB) supervises all BLE, SEE and 12th grade exams.

University education leads successfully to the degrees of bachelor, master and doctor (PhD). Depending upon the educational stream and degree subject, a bachelor's degree may require as much as three to five years of study, but two years is the typical duration. Some universities offer M.Phil. and post-graduate diplomas.

Vocational education begins after lower secondary education, and students can follow a two-year curriculum leading to a Technical School Leaving Certificate.^[6] Universities also offer professional and technical degrees. In addition to the formal track, one-year programs focusing on skills development are also available.^[6] The District Level Examination is given in grade eight. The new educational system has two levels: basic (grades one through eight) and secondary (grades nine through twelve).

Access to education

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)^[7] finds that Nepal is fulfilling only 83.5% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.^[8] HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Nepal's income level, the nation is achieving 95.4% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 71.5% for secondary education.^[8]

Effect of crisis

Although the Jhapa District has 99.33% literate in 2014^[9] many children in remote villages do not have access to education past the primary level.^[10] Sociologists have identified the Chepang people the "poorest of the poor" in Nepal.^[11] Students often leave primary schools after they learn to read and write, but without any additional education.^[10] The April 2015 earthquake destroyed schools and severely impacted the nation's ability to keep its remaining schools open.

Administration

Uniformed schoolchildren with an adult, possibly their teacher — Schoolchildren in Kathmandu

The Ministry of Education is responsible for managing educational activities in Nepal. The Minister of Education (assisted by the state or assistant minister) is the political leader of the ministry. The ministry, as a part of the government, is headed by the Secretary of Education and consists of a central national office and other offices at the regional and district levels. The central office is primarily responsible for policy development, planning, monitoring, and evaluation.

The ministry has established directorates in each of the five development regions and education offices in each of Nepal's 76 districts to bring educational administration to the people. These decentralized offices are responsible for overseeing local informal and school-level educational activities. Regional directorates are primarily responsible for coordinating, monitoring and evaluating educational activities, and the district education offices provide services.

The National Center for Educational Development (NCED)^[2] is Nepal's teacher-training body. It has 34 educational training centers (ETCs) to provide pedagogical support for teachers.

Nepal has two primary types of schools: community and institutional. Community (public) schools receive government grants, and institutional (private) schools are self-funded. Institutional schools are non-profit trusts or companies.

With one exception, all universities and academies are publicly managed and supported by public funding. Public universities also provide affiliation to private colleges. Academies of higher education are typically single-college institutes, and universities have constituent and affiliated colleges across Nepal.

Textbooks

Government schools use Janak textbooks, and private schools use reference books. Government schools perform poorly in the SLC exam, presently SEE exam, due to the lack of skilled teachers, textbooks, and the Ministry of Education's neglect of textbook reform.^[12]

Tertiary education

Universities

Nepal's first college was Tri-Chandra College, founded in 1918. Until 1985, Tribhuvan University was the country's only university. During the early 1980s, the government developed the concept of a multi-university system in which each school would have its own nature, content, and function.

The first new university was Mahendra Sanskrit University. It was followed by Kathmandu University (the first university, initiated from a private side) in 1990 and Purbanchal and Pokhara Universities in 1995 and 1996, respectively.

Medical colleges

There are altogether 9 autonomous institutes in Nepal. Medical colleges, mostly private, exist throughout Nepal. Local students are admitted after an entrance exam, and foreign students are admitted after an interview. To be eligible for admission to MBBS courses in Nepal's medical colleges, students must pass the higher secondary examination in science or its equivalent. Medical education is regulated by the Medical Council of Nepal. In addition to accrediting the country's medical colleges, the council conducts the licensing examination for new doctors, makes policies related to curriculum, admission, terms and examinations and makes registration recommendations.

Medical education in Nepal is highly controversial as many qualified students are turned away in lieu of competitive marks. Corruption is rampant with schools accepting students based on connections to established figures or illicit donations made to the school. The "hidden" tuition, as it's referred, is the additional cost of bribing officials in the education and healthy ministry with some students paying triple the tuition fees for enrollment.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Dr. Govinda KC is a staunch supporter of medical education reform in Nepal and has long advocated to break the education "mafia" present in the system.^[15]^[16]

Engineering colleges

Engineering colleges also exist throughout Nepal, with most admitting local students through an entrance exam. Like the country's medical colleges, foreign students are admitted after an interview. To be eligible for admission to Nepalese engineering colleges, candidates are encouraged to pass the Intermediate in Science or have a diploma in engineering (or its equivalent).

The Institute of Engineering of Tribhuvan University is the country's oldest engineering school. It has four colleges, and 13 private engineering colleges are affiliated with it. The IOE's central campus (Pulchowk Campus) as well as Kathmandu university school of engineering are considered to be the best engineering college in Nepal.^{[citation needed]} Pulchowk offers bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees in engineering. More than 16,000 students from around the world take the school's entrance examination.^{[citation needed]}

Nepal Engineering College in Changunarayan is the country's first private engineering college to offer bachelor's- and master's-level courses. Popular engineering fields in Nepal are architecture, civil engineering, computer engineering, electronics and communications, electrical and electronics, energy and rural engineering. The B.E. architecture courses take five years to complete, and other bachelor's-degree courses take four years.

Study abroad

Nepal ranks 11th in countries of origin for international students in the United States. According to "Open Doors 2009", the annual report on international academic mobility published by the Institute of International Education with support from the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Department of State, the number of Nepali students enrolled in U.S. institutions of higher education increased from 8,936 in the 2007–08 academic year to 11,581 in 2008–09 (a 29.6-percent increase). In the 2006–07 academic year, Nepal ranked 13th among countries of origin of international students.

According to Terry J. White, counselor for public affairs at the U.S. Embassy in Kathmandu, "America's nearly 3,000 accredited schools of higher education continue to attract new students in what is becoming a highly competitive international 'market' around the world."^{[citation needed]} The U.S. is the preferred destination for students from Nepal who want to study abroad because of the quality and prestige associated with an American degree. Another contributing factor is access to comprehensive, accurate information about study in the U.S. through EducationUSA offices in Nepal and increased activity by United States colleges and universities to attract students from Nepal. However, "a culture of disrespect" for humble Nepalese by U.S. Embassy staff has been reported by a co-founder of Nepali/American NGO, Possible Health.^[17] As per the Australian Home Affairs, the number of student visas granted during the years 2018 to 2019 was 31,799, from 2019 to 2020 was 24,445, from 2020 to 2021 was 20,585, and from 2021 to 2022 was 30,667. According to the Australian Department of Education, there are currently more than 53,170 students from Nepal studying in Australia in 2023. This places Nepal as the third-largest source of international students, following China and India.^{[citation needed]}