Tihar (festival)

For other uses, see Tihar (disambiguation).
Tihar
Night view of the Kathmandu city during the festival (2009)
Also calledBhai Tika, Deepawali, Yamapanchak
Typespiritual
CelebrationsDecorating homes with lights, gathering, worshipping, singing and dancing (Deusi Bhailo), gambling, feasts
ObservancesPrayers and religious rituals
BeginsKārtika māsa kṛṣṇa pakṣa trayodashi tithi
EndsKārtika māsa śukla pakṣa dwitiya tithi
2024 date30 October Wednesday, to 3 November, Sunday
FrequencyAnnual
Related toDiwali, Diwali (Jainism), Bandi Chhor Divas, Swanti, Sohrai, Bandna

Tihar (also known as Yamapanchak Deepawali) is a five-day spiritual and cultural Hindu festival of lights celebrated by Nepalese as well as by the Indian Gorkhas inhabiting Sikkim state and Territories (particularly the towns of Darjeeling and Kalimpong). Tihar is analogous to the Indian festival of Diwali, the festival of lights, but both are different Festival.

Tihar is referred to as Yamapanchak Tihar in Kathmandu Valley by Newari Nepalis and Dipawali Tihar in Madhesh Province by Madhesi Nepalis. In the rest of Nepal and the Indian states of Sikkim and Gorkhaland, both Nepalis and Indian Gorkhas refer to Diwali as the Tihar Parwa.

Like Diwali, it is marked by lighting diyo inside and outside the home, but unlike Diwali in other parts of India, the five days of Tihar include celebration and worship of the four creatures associated with the God of death Yama, with the final day reserved for people themselves.[1] According to the Vikram Samvat calendar, the festival begins with Kaag (crow) Tihar on Trayodashi tithi of Kārtika kṛṣṇa pakṣa (the 13th day of the waning moon) and ends with Bhai Tika on Dwitiya tithi of Kārtika śukla pakṣa every year.[2] In the Gregorian calendar, the festival falls sometime between October and November every year.[3]

Celebration

Nepal's various communities celebrate Tihar in different ways. The festival is popularly known as Swanti among the Newars and as Deepawali among Madhesis.[4] Nepalis also make patterns on the floors of living rooms or courtyards using materials such as coloured rice, dry flour, coloured sand or flower petals, called Rangoli, as a sacred welcoming for the gods and goddesses, particularly Lakshmi.[5] For five days, people decorate their homes, and light diyo, candles, electric string lights around the house in the evenings. As Lakshmi puja falls on the new moon night, which is the darkest night of the lunar month, people light those diyo, candles. etc to remove the darkness and bring the light to home to welcome the goddess Lakshmi (Goddess of wealth).

Firecrackers are often set off during the festival, although the Nepal government has placed a ban on the use of firecrackers in recent years citing increasing cases of injury.[6]

Children also go from house to house to play Deusi/Bhailo (singing songs and asking for gifts in the form of money and foodstuff.)[1]

Gambling in the form of cards, kauda (a game of cowrie shells), or langur burja are popular pastimes during the festival.[7]

Tihar is the second biggest Nepali festival after Dashain, and is usually allocated a three-day-long national holiday. The festival is considered novel in that it shows reverence to not just the gods, but also to animals such as crows, cows, and dogs that have long-lived alongside humans.

Kaag Tihar (Day 1)

The first day of Tihar is called Kaag (crow) Tihar.[8] Crows and ravens, believed to be the messengers of the death god Yama, are worshipped with offerings of grains, seeds, and sweets placed on the roofs or out on the streets.[9] The cawing of crows and ravens is associated with sadness and grief in Hinduism as these birds are believed to carry messages from Yama. By feeding the crows, devotees hope to appease them and ward off death and grief for the coming year.[2]

Alongside Kaag Tihar, Dhanteras (also known as Dhan Trayodashi and Dhanwantari Jayanti) is also observed on this day.[10] Dhanvantari, the Hindu god of medicine is revered on this day. There is also a tradition of people buying jewelries, utensils and home appliances on this day. It is considered auspicious to buy gold or silver on this day.[11]

Kukur Tihar (Day 2)

Main article: Kukur Tihar
A dog after being venerated during the Kukur Tihar festival in Nepal.

The second day is called Kukur Tihar,[12] on which people practice puja.[13] On this day, all dogs, whether pets or strays, are offered treats and worshipped by placing a tika on their forehead and garlands of marigolds around their necks. This day celebrates the special relationship between humans and dogs. At the gates of Svarga, Yudhishthira refuses to enter without the dog, who reveals himself to be the god Yama.[14] Thus, the ancient bond between man and dog is established in the Mahabharata.[15]

As mentioned in the Mahabharata, Bhairava, a fierce manifestation of Lord Shiva, had a dog as a vahana (vehicle). Yama, the god of death, is believed to own two guard dogs – each with four eyes. The dogs are said to watch over the gates of Naraka, the Hindu concept of Hell.[16] Owing to this belief, this day is also observed as Naraka Chaturdashi.[17]

Kukur Tihar has since acquired widespread popularity on the internet[18] and in 2016, was even adopted by a Mexican animal rights group for a similar celebration in Mexico City.[19]

Gai Tihar and Lakshmi Puja (Day 3)

Main article: Lakshmi Puja
A Nepali couple worships a cow.

The morning of the third day is called Gai (cow) Tihar. The cow is an especially important animal in Hinduism and is considered sacred. There is a belief, Mahalakshmi's presence in the anus of cow or excretory products (Gobar and Gomutra) of it. Hindus revere the cow as a particularly docile animal that gives a lot more than it takes. The cow produces milk, cheese, ghee, urine and dung.[20] While the first three can be eaten, the urine is believed to have beneficial health effects[21][22] and the dung is burned as fuel or used as fertilizer.[23] Thus, on the third day of Tihar, Nepali Hindus people show their gratitude to the cow by feeding them treats and worshipping them with tikas and garlands.[citation needed][24]

Woman lighting a diyo
A woman lighting a diyo while surrounded by electric lights

The third day is also considered the most important day of the Tihar festival. Lakshmi, the patron goddess of the festival, is welcomed into homes that have been cleaned and the doorways and windows decorated with garlands made out of marigolds. Diyos are put up all around the home, especially in doorways and windowsills, while electric lights are draped over houses in the belief that the goddess will not visit dark homes.[1][25] A special puja is offered to Lakshmi in the evening, wishing for wealth, prosperity and good health.

In the evening, young girls go around the neighbourhood, singing and dancing in a tradition called bhailo.[26] They are offered small amounts of money and food as rewards for the entertainment they provide. Fireworks are also common on this particular day.[27]

Cow dung during Gobardhan Pujā

Govardhan Puja and Mha Puja (Day 4)

Main article: Mha Puja

The fourth day of Tihar is known as Goru Puja, where the ox is worshipped and celebrated. The ox is seen as an analogue to the cow in Hinduism, as the ox provides manual labour, especially important for an agricultural country like Nepal.[28] Vaishnav Hindus also perform Govardhan Puja, which is worship towards the holy Govardhan mountain. A pile of cow dung is taken as representative of the mountain and worshipped.[29]

The fourth day of Tihar also generally coincides with the first day of the Nepal Sambat calendar and thus, it is the celebratory Mha Puja for the Newar community, Mha Puja is a unique tradition where the self and the soul within is worshipped.[30]

Bhai Tika (Day 5)

The fifth and last day of Tihar is called Bhai Tika. On this final day, which is celebrated with much fanfare across the country, brothers and sisters mark their special bond by worshipping each other with giving gifts to each other to express their feelings. [31]

The legend goes that when the goddess Yamuna's brother fell mortally ill, Yama the god of death came to take his soul. Yamuna pleaded with the death god to wait until she had finished her final puja for her brother. She then embarked on a long elaborate ceremony that grew to include Yama. The Yamuna then asked Yama to not take away her brother until the tika on his forehead had faded, the oil she had sprinkled on him had dried and the Makhamali Ful Ko Mala (Gomphrena globosa) garlands she had put around his neck had wilted.[32][33][verify]

Thus, on the fifth day of Tihar, sisters create a protective barrier of holy water and blessed oil around their brothers, circumambulating them several times. A special garland made out of the makhamali flower (Gomphrena globosa) is placed around the brother's neck as this flower is known for its long life. The tika placed on the forehead of the brother is also unique in that it consists of seven different colours. The tika is also placed on the sister's forehead by the brother.[34]

The ceremony is performed regardless of whether the brother is older or younger than the sister and first or second cousins are also eligible for the ceremony. In the end, the brother touches the feet of their sisters with their forehead, signifying love, respect and devotion. The brothers receive a variety of cooked food such as sel roti, fruits and packaged food while the sisters receive cash or other gifts such as clothing.[35]

See also

  • Swanti, a similar festival celebrated by the Newar community of Nepal

References

  1. ^ a b c Burbank, Jon; Elias, Josie (2014). Nepal (3rd ed.). ISBN 978-0-7614-8021-1. OCLC 1046067057.
  2. ^ a b "Kaag Tihar: When crow are worshiped". nepaltraveller.com. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  3. ^ Nepal, Naturally. "Tihar". www.welcomenepal.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  4. ^ Toffin, Gerrard (2007). The Mwahni (Dasai) Festival and the Caste System. Social Science Baha. p. 316. ISBN 978-99933-43-95-0.
  5. ^ Selvamony 2006, pp. 172
  6. ^ "Inspections stepped up to curb import of illegal firecrackers during Tihar festival". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  7. ^ "Police step up crackdown on illegal gambling dens". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  8. ^ "Tihar begins; Kaag Tihar today". The Himalayan Times. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  9. ^ "Yampanchak begins: Kaag Tihar today". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  10. ^ Republica. "Tihar begins, Kag Tihar being observed today; Three day holiday". My Republica. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  11. ^ "Bullion sales see modest rise on Dhanteras day". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  12. ^ "Kukur Tihar being observed across the nation". The Himalayan Times. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  13. ^ George van Driem (1993). A grammar of Dumi, Volume 10 (illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 404. ISBN 978-3-11-012351-7.
  14. ^ "In Nepal, Diwali is a time to worship the dogs". Condé Nast Traveller India. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  15. ^ McHugh, Susan (4 August 2004). Dog. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-488-5.
  16. ^ "Yama, the First Man, and King of the Dead". sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  17. ^ "Did you know there is a dog puja festival in Nepal on Choti Diwali day?". The Indian Express. 18 October 2017. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  18. ^ "r/aww – Today is Kukur Tihar in Nepal. A festival to celebrate the bond between Dogs and Humans". reddit. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  19. ^ Times, Nepali. "Mexico adopts Kukur Tihar". Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  20. ^ Service, Kimberly Winston | Religion News (5 November 2015). "The 'Explainer: What makes the cow sacred to Hindus?". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  21. ^ Jarald, E. Edwin; Edwin, S.; Tiwari, V.; Garg, R.; Toppo, E. (January 2008). "Antidiabetic Activity of Cow Urine and a Herbal Preparation Prepared Using Cow Urine". Pharmaceutical Biology. 46 (10–11): 789–792. doi:10.1080/13880200802315816. ISSN 1388-0209. S2CID 71222484.
  22. ^ "Seven health benefits of cow urine that will surprise you". www.timesnownews.com. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  23. ^ "StackPath". www.gardeningknowhow.com. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  24. ^ "shikshasanjal". www.shikshasanjal.com.
  25. ^ "Laxmi Puja observed with fanfare". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  26. ^ "Let culture, tradition be". The Himalayan Times. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  27. ^ Sangroula, Prasun (4 November 2021). "A brief history of deusi bhailo culture and how it is adapting to changing times". Nepal Live Today. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  28. ^ RSS. "Gai Puja, Goru Puja being observed". My Republica. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  29. ^ "Govardhan Puja, Goru Puja being observed today". thehimalayantimes.com. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  30. ^ Nepal, Naturally. "Mha Puja". www.welcomenepal.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  31. ^ Perry, Cindy (1 April 1990). "Bhai-Tika and "Tij Braka": A Case Study in the Contextualization of Two Nepali Festivals". Missiology. 18 (2): 177–183. doi:10.1177/009182969001800205. ISSN 0091-8296. S2CID 154904190.
  32. ^ "Bhai Tika, The Brothers' Day!". ECS NEPAL. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  33. ^ Magazine, New Spolight. "Bhai Tika Or Bhai Dooj 2019". SpotlightNepal. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  34. ^ Perry, Cindy (1 April 1990). "Bhai-Tika and "Tij Braka": A Case Study in the Contextualization of Two Nepali Festivals". Missiology. 18 (2): 177–183. doi:10.1177/009182969001800205. S2CID 154904190.
  35. ^ "What is Diwali and how do Australian communities celebrate it?". SBS Language. Retrieved 10 October 2022.

Read other articles:

Caso Costa contro Enel

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento diritto non è ancora formattata secondo gli standard. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento diritto contiene errori ortografici o sintattici oppure è scritta in una forma migliorabile. Contribuisci a correggerla secondo le convenzioni della lingua italiana e del manuale di stile di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di rif...

 

 

Ami Bera

Ami Bera Amerish Babulal Ami Bera (/ˈɑːmi ˈbɛrə/; lahir 2 Maret 1965) adalah seorang dokter dan politikus asal Amerika Serikat. Ia menjabat sebagai anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat sejak 2013.[1] Ia berasal dari Partai Demokrat.[2][3][4] Referensi ^ Haniffa, Aziz (January 29, 2015). Modi spoke to me in Gujarati: US Congressman. Rediff.com. Washington, D.C. Modi, he said, spoke to him in Gujarati. I could actually understand a majority of wh...

 

 

The Colosseum (Manhattan)

Apartment building in Manhattan, New York The ColosseumThe Colosseum in 1910.General informationTypeResidentialLocation435-437 Riverside Drive, Morningside Heights, Manhattan, New York CityCoordinates40°48′32″N 73°57′57″W / 40.808780°N 73.965733°W / 40.808780; -73.965733Completed1910Height132.91 ft (40.51 m)Technical detailsFloor count10Design and constructionArchitecture firmSchwartz & GrossDeveloperPaterno BrothersReferences[1] The C...

1992 United States presidential election in New Hampshire

Election in New Hampshire Main article: 1992 United States presidential election 1992 United States presidential election in New Hampshire ← 1988 November 3, 1992 1996 →   Nominee Bill Clinton George H. W. Bush Ross Perot Party Democratic Republican Independent Home state Arkansas Texas Texas Running mate Al Gore Dan Quayle James Stockdale Electoral vote 4 0 0 Popular vote 209,040 202,484 121,337 Percentage 38.91% 37.69% 22.59% County Results Mun...

 

 

Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2008

Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2008 Confluence of Sound Dates 1re demi-finale 20 mai 2008 2e demi-finale 22 mai 2008 Finale 24 mai 2008 Retransmission Lieu Belgrade Arena, Belgrade Serbie Présentateur(s) Jovana JankovićŽeljko Joksimović Superviseur exécutif Svante Stockselius Télédiffuseur hôte RTS Ouverture 1re demi-finale : Video Killed a Radio Star, par Slobodan Salijevic Orkestar 2e demi-finale : Serbia for Beginners, par l'Ensemble Kolo Finale : Molit...

 

 

Ayam dan Perhiasan

Seekor ayam. Ayam dan Perhiasan adalah sebuah fabel yang diatributkan kepada Aesop. Kisah tersebut adalah salah satu dari sejumlah cerita yang hanya menampilkan seekor hewan tunggal. Fabel Pada dasarnya, fabel tersebut sangat pendek. Seekor ayam yang sedang mencari makan malah menemukan sebuah batu permata, yang dianggap benda paling berharga dari barang lainnya, tetapi menolaknya karena tak dapat dipakai untuk dirinya sendiri. Penolakan tersebut umumnya ditunjukkan dalam bentuk penyampaian l...

Corpus Juris Civilis

Yustinianus I. Corpus Juris (atau Iuris) Civilis adalah nama [1] untuk kumpulan undang-undang yang dikeluarkan dari tahun 529 hingga 534 atas perintah Yustinianus I, Kaisar Bizantium. Corpus Juris Civilis ditulis dalam bahasa Latin dan menjadi dasar-dasar hukum di seluruh dunia saat ini. Isi Codex Yustinianus Codex Yustinianus adalah bagian pertama yang diselesaikan pada 7 April 529. Bagian ini memerlukan pengembangan. Anda dapat membantu dengan mengembangkannya. Digesta Bagian Digest...

 

 

Promozione 1981-1982

Promozione 1981-1982 Competizione Promozione Sport Calcio Edizione 15ª Organizzatore L.N.D.Comitati Regionali Luogo  Italia Formula 26 gironi all'italiana Cronologia della competizione 1980-1981 1982-1983 Manuale Nella stagione 1981-1982, la Promozione era il sesto livello del calcio italiano (il primo livello regionale). Il campionato è strutturato in vari gironi all'italiana su base regionale, gestiti dai Comitati Regionali di competenza. Promozioni alla categoria superiore e retroc...

 

 

Oh Feel Young

Oh Feel YoungGenreRomansa, KomediDitulis olehKang Eun-kyungSutradaraJi Young-sooPemeranAhn Jae-wookChae RimRyu JinPark Sun-youngNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliKoreaJmlh. episode16ProduksiProduserKim Chul-kyuLokasi produksiKoreaDurasiSenin dan Selasa pukul 21:55 (WSK)Rumah produksiKim Jong-hak ProductionRilis asliRilis13 September (2004-09-13) –2 November 2004 (2004-11-2) Oh Feel Young! (dalam bahasa Korea: 오!필승 봉순영 O! Pil-seung Bong Sun-yeong) adalah serial d...

约翰斯顿环礁

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌：《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

 

 

内华达州

内華達州 美國联邦州State of Nevada 州旗州徽綽號：產銀之州、起戰之州地图中高亮部分为内華達州坐标：35°N－42°N, 114°W－120°W国家 美國建州前內華達领地加入聯邦1864年10月31日（第36个加入联邦）首府卡森城最大城市拉斯维加斯政府 • 州长（英语：List of Governors of {{{Name}}}]]） • 副州长（英语：List of lieutenant governors of {{{Name}}}]]）喬·隆巴爾多（R斯塔...

 

 

Universitas Kanjuruhan

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

Walter de Gruyter

«Walter de Gruyter GmbH» Основано 1749 Предшественники Verlag Georg Reimer[вд], G. J. Göschen’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung[вд], Immanuel Guttentag Verlagsbuchhandlung[вд] и Verlag Karl J. Trübner[вд] Страна  Германия Адрес Берлин Число сотрудников 350 чел. (2017)[1] Префикс ISBN 978-3-11, 978-3-484, 978-3-89949, 978-3-907820 и 978-3-908255 Веб-сайт...

 

 

中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表

 本表是動態列表，或許永遠不會完結。歡迎您參考可靠來源來查漏補缺。 潛伏於中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表收錄根據公開資料來源，曾潛伏於中華民國國軍、被中國共產黨聲稱或承認，或者遭中華民國政府調查審判，為中華人民共和國和中國人民解放軍進行間諜行為的人物。以下列表以現今可查知時間為準，正確的間諜活動或洩漏機密時間可能早於或晚於以下所歸�...

 

 

History of North Dakota

History of the US state of North Dakota For the book by Elwyn B. Robinson, see History of North Dakota (book). First Nations in the region 1789: Louisiana and Rupert's Land 1803: US buys Louisiana 1812: Louisiana Territory renamed Missouri Territory 1861: Dakota Territory formed 1889: North Dakota statehood North Dakota was first settled by Native Americans several thousand years ago. The first Europeans explored the area in the 18th century establishing some limited trade with the natives. M...

South Atlantic states

U.S. census division Not to be confused with South Atlantic. This article is missing information about total population of this Census Division from the 2010 Census. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (October 2021) The South Atlantic states, U.S. Census Bureau Region 3, Division 5, consisting of the states of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The South Atlantic United States form one of the nine Census Burea...

 

 

Ontario Highway 58

Ontario provincial highway Highway 58Route informationMaintained by the Ministry of Transportation of OntarioLength15.5 km[2] (9.6 mi)ExistedSeptember 4, 1935[1]–presentSouthern segmentLength7.2 km (4.5 mi)South end Highway 3 in Port ColborneNorth end Highway 58A in WellandNorthern segmentLength8.3 km (5.2 mi)South end Highway 20 near AllanburgNorth end Highway 406 in Thorold LocationCo...

 

 

Johann Friedrich von Brandt

Johann Friedrich von BrandtLahir(1802-05-25)25 Mei 1802JüterbogMeninggal15 Juni 1879(1879-06-15) (umur 77)Kadipaten EstoniaKebangsaanJermanAlmamaterUniversitas BerlinKarier ilmiahBidangZoologi, EntomologiInstitusiAkademi Sains St. Petersburg Johann Friedrich von Brandt (25 Mei 1802 – 15 Juli 1879) adalah seorang naturalis Jerman-Rusia, yang banyak berkarya di Rusia. Brandt lahir di Jüterbog dan dididik di sebuah gimnasium di Wittenberg dan Universitas Berlin. Referensi...

Reign of Terror

1793–94 killings during the French Revolution caused by Maximilian Robespierre This article is about the Reign of Terror in the French Revolution. For other uses, see Reign of Terror (disambiguation). The Terror redirects here. For other uses, see The Terror (disambiguation). ‹ The template Infobox event is being considered for merging. › Reign of TerrorPart of the French RevolutionNine émigrés are executed by guillotine, 1793Date1792/1793 – 27 July 1794LocationFirst Frenc...

 

 

Luigi Cosenza

Napoli, Villa Oro vista da Largo Sermoneta Luigi Cosenza (Napoli, 31 luglio 1905 – Napoli, 3 aprile 1984) è stato un ingegnere, architetto e urbanista italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Opere 3 Archivio 4 Riconoscimenti 5 Note 6 Altri progetti 7 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Nato nel 1905 da una famiglia di ingegneri fortemente radicata nella cultura della Napoli ottocentesca, nel 1928 Luigi Cosenza si laureò in ingegneria all'Università degli studi di Napoli.[1] Dopo la laurea ader...