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Conservation-induced extinction is where efforts to save endangered species lead to the extinction of other species. This mostly threatens the parasite and pathogen species that are highly host-specific to critically endangered hosts. When the last individuals of a host species are captured for the purpose of captive breeding and reintroduction programs, they typically undergo anti-parasitic treatments to increase survival and reproductive success. This practice may unintentionally result in the extinction of the species antagonistic to the target species, such as certain parasites. It has been proposed that the parasites should be reintroduced to the endangered population. A few cases of conservation-induced extinction have occurred in parasitic lice.^[1]

Examples

Extinct species	Type	Host species	Notes
Colpocephalum californici^[2]	Parasite	California condor	The parasite most probably became extinct when the last individuals of its only host species were captured for a captive-breeding program; all parasites found were deliberately killed in an attempt to assist the host's survival.^[3]
Felicola isidoroi^[4]	Parasite	Iberian lynx	As with Colpocephalum californici, likely became extinct when the last individuals of its host species were taken into captivity and deloused to assist survival.
Linognathus petasmatus	Parasite	scimitar-horned oryx	The host specificity of this parasite is uncertain. Either it was specific to the scimitar-horned oryx and became extinct during captive breeding of the host, or – alternatively – it may be specific to the addax and possibly still surviving in the wild.
Rallicola guami	Parasite	Guam rail	The only known host species of this parasite exists exclusively in captivity and kept under veterinary control. Little information about the fate of the parasite, likely extinct.^[5]
Rallicola pilgrimi^[6]	Parasite	little spotted kiwi	The parasite most probably became extinct when the last individuals of its only host species were captured and, after routine veterinary antiparasitic treatments, re-introduced into predator-free islands.

Erroneous example

The trichodectid louse of the black-footed ferret has been mentioned in the literature several times^[7] as a parasite that became extinct during the captive breeding program of the host. However, this parasite most probably never existed as a separate species from Neotrichodectes minutus.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Rózsa, Lajos; Vas, Zoltán (2014-08-22). "Co-extinct and critically co-endangered species of parasitic lice, and conservation-induced extinction: should lice be reintroduced to their hosts?" (PDF). Oryx. 49 (1): 107–110. doi:10.1017/s0030605313000628.
^ Dunn RR 2009. Coextinction: anecdotes, models, and speculation. In Holocene Extinctions (ed. S.T. Turvey), pp. 167–180. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
^ Stringer, Andrew Paul; Linklater, Wayne (2014). "Everything in Moderation: Principles of Parasite Control for Wildlife Conservation". BioScience. 64 (10): 932–937. doi:10.1093/biosci/biu135.
^ Pérez, J.M.; Sánchez, I. & Palma, R.L. (2013). The dilemma of conserving parasites: the case of Felicola (Lorisicola) isidoroi (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) and its host, the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Insect Conservation and Diversity 6: 680–686.
^ Emerson, K. C. (1957, August 4). Pror. ent. soc. Wash., vol. 59, no. -1, August, 1957 185 soc. 2: ... Biodiversity Library. Accessed at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/63868
^ Buckley TR, Palma RL, Johns PM, Gleeson DM, Heath ACG, Hitchmough RA, Stringer IAN 2012. The conservation status of small or less well known groups of New Zealand terrestrial invertebrates. New Zealand Entomologist 35: 137–143.
^ Gompper ME, Williams ES 1998. Parasite conservation and the black-footed ferret recovery program. Conservation Biology 12: 730–732.