Charles Eliot Norton (November 16, 1827 – October 21, 1908) was an American author, social critic, and Harvard professor of art based in New England. He was a progressive social reformer and a liberal activist whom many of his contemporaries considered the most cultivated man in the United States.[1] He was from the same notable Eliot family as the 20th-century poet T. S. Eliot, who made his career in the United Kingdom.
Norton was born in 1827 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His father, Andrews Norton (1786–1853), was a Unitarian theologian, and Dexter professor of sacred literature at Harvard; his mother was Catherine Eliot, a daughter of the merchant Samuel Eliot. Charles William Eliot, president of Harvard, was his cousin. Norton graduated from Harvard in 1846, where he was a member of the Hasty Pudding, and started in business with an East Indian trading firm in Boston, traveling to India in 1849.[2]
After a tour in Europe, where he was influenced by John Ruskin and pre-Raphaelite painters, he returned to Boston in 1851, and devoted himself to literature and art.[3] He translated Dante's Vita Nuova (1860 and 1867) and the Divina Commedia (1891-91-92, 3 vols, 1902 being the publication year of Norton's thorough final edit). He worked tirelessly as secretary to the Loyal Publication Society during the Civil War, communicating with newspaper editors across the country. These included journalist Jonathan Baxter Harrison, who became a lifelong friend.[4]
From 1864 to 1868, he edited the highly influential magazine North American Review, in association with James Russell Lowell. In 1861 he and Lowell had helped Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his translation of Dante and in the starting of the informal Dante Club.[3]
In 1862 Norton, at the age of 35, married 24-year-old Susan Ridley Sedgwick (21 February 1838 – 17 February 1872), daughter of Theodore Sedgwick III and Sara Morgan Ashburner. They had six children together: Eliot (1863), Sarah (1864), Elizabeth (1866), Rupert (1867), Margaret (1870) and Richard (1872). Susan died at age thirty-three in Dresden, Germany, following the birth of their sixth child.[5][6]
According to Turner (1999), "Probably only someone with Norton’s experiences and scholarly range – who had written about the Mound Builders, roamed India, organized classical archaeology, scoured medieval archives, published nineteenth-century painting – could have concocted Western Civilization. And only then if he had filtered these materials through the sieve of college teaching during years of curricular anarchy. For Western civilization had a scholarly and pedagogical specificity about it."[7]
From 1855 to 1874 Norton spent much time in travel and residence on the continent of Europe and in England. During this period, he began friendships with Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Edward FitzGerald and Leslie Stephen, an intimacy which did much to bring American and English men of letters into close personal relation.[3]
Another friend was John Lockwood Kipling, father of Rudyard Kipling. Father and son visited Norton in Boston; the younger Kipling recalled the visit years later in his autobiography:
We visited at Boston [my father's] old friend, Charles Eliot Norton of Harvard, whose daughters I had known at The Grange in my boyhood and since. They were Brahmins of the Boston Brahmins, living delightfully, but Norton himself, full of forebodings as to the future of his land’s soul, felt the established earth sliding under him, as horses feel coming earth-tremors. ... Norton spoke of Emerson and Wendell Holmes and Longfellow and the Alcotts and other influences of the past as we returned to his library, and he browsed aloud among his books; for he was a scholar among scholars.[8]
Norton was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1860.[9] He began teaching at Harvard in 1874.[10] In 1875, he was appointed professor of the history of art at Harvard, a chair which was created for him and which he held until retirement in 1898.[3] He "centered his teaching upon the golden ages of art history -- classical Athens, the Italian Gothic style of Venetian architecture, and the Florence of the early Renaissance."[10]
The Archaeological Institute of America chose him as its first president (1879–1890).[3]
Norton had a peculiar genius for friendship. He is notable for his personal influence rather than for his literary productions. In 1881 he inaugurated the Dante Society, whose first presidents were Longfellow, Lowell, and Norton himself. From 1882 onward he confined himself to the study of Dante, his professorial duties, and the editing and publication of the literary memorials of many of his friends.[3]
In 1883 he published the Letters of Carlyle and Emerson; in 1886, 1887 and 1888, Carlyle's Letters and Reminiscences; in 1894, the Orations and Addresses of George William Curtis and the Letters of Lowell. Norton was appointed as Ruskin's literary executor, and he wrote various introductions for the American "Brantwood" edition of Ruskin's works.[3]
His other publications include Notes of Travel and Study in Italy (1859), and an Historical Study of Church-building in the Middle Ages: Venice, Siena, Florence (1880). He organized exhibitions of the drawings of J. M. W. Turner (1874) and of Ruskin (1879), for which he compiled the catalogues.[3] In 1886, he opposed the opening of a "drinking saloon" on the main street near his home, in a letter which reveals little empathy for, or understanding of the significance of, Irish immigration to Cambridge in that era.[11] Like his friend Ruskin, Norton believed one of the best things one could do for working-class people was to give them opportunities to gain satisfaction by engaging in workmanship, as opposed to monotonous routine labor where they have to work like machines. T. J. Jackson Lears has described Norton as the foremost American proponent of the Arts and Crafts movement. Norton was a founding member of The Society of Arts and Crafts of Boston.[12]
In 1881 he helped found the American School of Classical Studies in Athens. During the first years of the twentieth century, Norton spoke out in favor of legalized euthanasia. He lent his name to a movement led by Ohio socialite Anna S. Hall to pass physician-assisted suicide legislation in Ohio and Iowa.[13] Norton died at "Shady Hill," the house where he had been born, on October 21, 1908, and was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery.
Norton was widely admired for the breadth of his intellectual interests, remarkable scholarship and interest in the common good. He was awarded the honorary degrees of Litt.D. (Cambridge) and D.C.L. (Oxford), as well as the L.H.D. from Columbia and the LL.D. from both Harvard and Yale. One of his many students at Harvard was James Loeb, who in 1907 created the "Charles Eliot Norton Memorial Lectureship" in archaeology.[14] The Charles Eliot Norton Lectures are given annually by distinguished professors at Harvard. Norton bequeathed the more valuable portion of his library to Harvard.
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الزرقاء (توضيح). الزرقاء الزرقاء ميدان الجيش العربي على مدخل مدينة الزرقاء تاريخ التأسيس -4000 ق.م تقريباً -1902 تأسيس المدينة -1929 تأسيس أول مجلس بلدي تقسيم إداري البلد الأردن[1] عاصمة لـ محافظة الزرقاء المحافظة محافظة الزرقاء المسؤولون رئيس …
StruthioniformesRentang fosil: Early Eocene–Recent Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Aves Ordo: StruthioniformesLatham, 1790 Famili Lihat teks Struthioniformes adalah sebuah ordo burung yang terdiri dari satu famili burung yang masih ada yakni Struthionidae (Keluarga burung unta). Beberapa famili burung dalam ordo ini yang telah punah diketahui terbentang melintasi Belahan Bumi Utara dari zaman Eosen Awal hingga Pliosen awal. Daftar Famili[1] Palaeotididae (p…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2020) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (…
See also: 2020 United States Senate elections Not to be confused with 2020 Colorado Senate election. 2020 United States Senate election in Colorado ← 2014 November 3, 2020 2026 → Nominee John Hickenlooper Cory Gardner Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,731,114 1,429,492 Percentage 53.50% 44.18% County results Precinct resultsHickenlooper: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% …
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Воїслав Шешель серб. Војислав Шешељсербохорв. Vojislav Šešelj Воїслав ШешельЗаступник Прем'єр-міністра Сербії 24 березня 1998 — 24 жовтня 2000Попередник Драган ТомичНаступник Томислав Николичдепутат Народних зборів СербіїНа посаді з 2016Народився 11 жовтня 1954(1954-10-11) (69 років) Нар…
بي إم دبليو 132 محرك بي إم دبليو 132 إي محفوظ النوع محرك شعاعي الصانع بي إم دبليو أول دوران للمحرك 1933 تستخدم في يونكرز يو 52 الكمية المصنوعة اكثر من 21000 تعديل مصدري - تعديل محرك بي إم دبليو 132 أذرع توصيل أرادو ايه أر 196 نموذج لطائرة أرادو ايه أر 197 بولهم و فوس بي في 141 بولهم و فوس بي …
Lexington-class aircraft carrier For other ships with the same name, see USS Saratoga. Saratoga underway in 1942, after her lengthy refit History United States NameSaratoga NamesakeBattle of Saratoga Ordered 1917 (as a battlecruiser) 1922 (as an aircraft carrier) BuilderNew York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey Laid down25 September 1920 Launched7 April 1925 Commissioned16 November 1927 Reclassified1 July 1922 to aircraft carrier Stricken15 August 1946 IdentificationHull number: CC-3…
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Former Las Vegas hotel and casino This article is about the now-demolished hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip. For other uses of Hacienda, see Hacienda (disambiguation). HaciendaShow map of Las Vegas BoulevardShow map of Nevada Location Paradise, Nevada Address 3950 Las Vegas Blvd S[1]Opening dateJune 1956 (hotel)October 17, 1956 (casino)Closing dateDecember 1, 1996; 27 years ago (December 1, 1996)ThemeMexicanNo. of rooms 266 (1956) 538 (1980) 1,137 (1990s) Total gaming…
French television channel Television channel Nickelodeon FranceLogo used since September 2, 2023[a]CountryFranceBroadcast areaFranceSwitzerlandBelgiumLuxembourgMonacoMoroccoAlgeriaTunisiaLebanonMadagascarMauritiusOverseas FranceHaitiHeadquartersNeuilly-sur-SeineProgrammingLanguage(s)FrenchEnglishOwnershipOwnerParamount Networks FranceSister channelsNickelodeon JuniorNickelodeon TeenMTV FranceGame OneJ-OneMTV HitsBETComedy CentralHistoryLaunched16 November 2005 (2005-11-16)…
Parque Nacional Xuân Sơn O Parque Nacional Xuân Sơn (em vietnamita: Vườn quốc gia Xuân Sơn) é um parque nacional do distrito de Tân Sơn, província de Phú Thọ, no Vietname. Foi estabelecido em 9 de agosto de 1986 como uma reserva natural,[1] e cobre uma área de 150,48 quilómetros quadrados. Referências ↑ The Xuan Son Nature Reserve Arquivado em setembro 14, 2010, no Wayback Machine, World Database on Protected Areas
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Penambangan batu bara terbuka dengan dump truck membelakanginya Teknik pertambangan adalah disiplin teknik yang menerapkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi untuk mengekstraksi mineral dari bumi. Teknik pertambangan dikaitkan dengan banyak disiplin ilmu lainnya, seperti geologi, pengolahan mineral dan metalurgi, serta rekayasa geoteknik dan survei. Seorang insinyur pertambangan dapat mengelola setiap tahap operasi penambangan. Mulai dari eksplorasi dan penemuan sumber daya mineral, studi kelayakan,…
Hadisubeno SosrowerdojoGubernur Jawa Tengah ke-4Masa jabatan4 Januari 1958 – 15 Januari 1960PendahuluR. M. T. Soekardji Mangoen KoesoemoPenggantiMochtarWali Kota Semarang ke-3Masa jabatan1951–1958PendahuluMr. Koesbiyono TjondrowibowoPenggantiAbdulmadjid Djojoadiningrat Informasi pribadiLahir(1912-02-11)11 Februari 1912Pacitan, Keresidenan Madiun, Hindia BelandaMeninggal24 April 1971(1971-04-24) (umur 59)Semarang, Jawa Tengah, IndonesiaMakamCilacap, Jawa TengahKebangsaan…
Mel French28th Chief of Protocol of the United StatesIn officeNovember 13, 1997 – January 20, 2001PresidentBill ClintonPreceded byMolly M. RaiserSucceeded byDonald Ensenat Personal detailsBorn1938Jonesboro, ArkansasPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseBill RobertsAlma materStephens CollegeUniversity of Arkansas Mary Mel French (born in 1938) served as the United States Chief of Protocol,[1] serving under President Bill Clinton.[2] She assumed office on November 13, 1997 …
Cinema of Russia Cinema of the Russian Empire Russian Empire films 1908–1917 Cinema of the Soviet Union Soviet films 1917–1991 List of Russian films 1992–1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte This film-related list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2011) A list of films produced in Russia in 2007. 2007 Title Russian title Director Genre Notes Actress Артист…
For the theatre in Chicago, see Thalia Hall (Chicago). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Thalia Hall – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Building in Sibiu, RomaniaThalia HallThe facade of the Thalia HallGeneral informa…
Yariv reagent Yariv reagent. Three example R groups shown: β-D-Galactose (βGal), β-D-Glucose (βGlc), β-D-Mannose (βMan). Identifiers 3D model (JSmol) alpha-Galactosyl: Interactive imagebeta-Glucosyl: Interactive image PubChem CID alpha-Galactosyl: 136693563beta-Glucosyl: 136594507 InChI alpha-Galactosyl: InChI=1S/C42H48N6O21/c49-13-22-28(52)34(58)37(61)40(67-22)64-19-7-1-16(2-8-19)43-46-25-31(55)26(47-44-17-3-9-20(10-4-17)65-41-38(62)35(59)29(53)23(14-50)68-41)33(5…
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