Buddleja davidii var. magnifica Rehder & E.H.Wilson
Buddleja davidii var. nanhoensis Rehder
Buddleja davidii var. superba (de Corte) Rehder & E.H.Wilson
Buddleja davidii var. veitchiana Rehder
Buddleja davidii var. wilsonii Rehder
Buddleja shimidzuana Nakai
Buddleja davidii (spelling variant Buddleia davidii), also called summer lilac, butterfly-bush, or orange eye, is a species of flowering plant in the familyScrophulariaceae, native to Sichuan and Hubei provinces in central China, and also Japan.[1] It is widely used as an ornamental plant, and many named varieties are in cultivation. The genus was named Buddleja after Reverend Adam Buddle, an English botanist. The species name davidii honors the French missionary and explorer in China, Father Armand David, who was the first European to report the shrub.[2] It was found near Yichang by Dr Augustine Henry about 1887 and sent to St Petersburg. Another botanist-missionary in China, Jean-André Soulié, sent seed to the French nursery Vilmorin, and B. davidii entered commerce in the 1890s.[3]
Buddleja davidii is a vigorous shrub with an arching habit, growing to 5 m (16 ft) in height. The pale brown bark becomes deeply fissured with age. The branches are quadrangular in section, the younger shoots covered in a dense indumentum. The opposite lanceolate leaves are 7–13 cm (3–5 inches) long, tomentose beneath when young. The honey-scented lilac to purple inflorescences are terminal panicles, < 20 cm (8 inches) long.[5] Flowers are perfect (having both male and female parts), hence are hermaphrodite rather than monoecious (separate male and female flowers on the same plant) as is often incorrectly stated. Ploidy 2n = 76 (tetraploid).[6]
Buddleja davidii, after Leeuwenberg
In his 1979 revision of the taxonomy of the African and Asiatic species of Buddleja, the Dutch botanist Anthonius Leeuwenberg sank the six varieties of the species as synonyms of the type, considering them to be within the natural variation of a species, and unworthy of varietal recognition.[7] It was Leeuwenberg's taxonomy which was adopted in the Flora of China[8] published in 1996. However, as the distinctions of the former varieties are still widely recognized in horticulture, they are treated separately here:
Buddleja davidii cultivars are much appreciated worldwide as ornamentals and for the value of their flowers as a nectar source for many species of butterfly. However, the plant does not provide food for butterfly larvae, and buddlejas might out-compete the host plants that caterpillars require.[9][10]
The species and its cultivars are not able to survive the harsh winters of northern or montane climates, being killed by temperatures below about −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F).
Younger wood is more floriferous, so even if frosts do not kill the previous year's growth, the shrub is usually hard-pruned in spring once frosts have finished, to encourage new growth. The removal of spent flower panicles may be undertaken to reduce the nuisance of self-seeding and encourage further flower production; this extends the flowering season which is otherwise limited to about six weeks, although the flowers of the second and third flushes are invariably smaller.
There are approximately 180 davidiicultivars, as well as numerous hybrids with B. globosa and B. fallowiana grown in gardens. Many cultivars are of a dwarf habit, growing to no more than 1.5 m (5 feet).
A plant-evaluation manager at the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, Illinois (USDA Hardiness zone 5b) rated nearly 50 Buddlejia varieties and cultivars during a six-year trial period, summarizing in 2015 the characteristics of each and the study's findings.[12] University studies have suggested that nectaring butterflies have greater preferences for some Buddleja cultivators than for others, with Lo & Behold 'Blue Chip' and 'Pink Delight' heading a list of eleven.[13]
Buddleja davidii has been designated as an invasive species or a "noxious weed" in a number of countries in temperate regions, including the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and New Zealand.[16] It is naturalized in Australia[17] and in many cities of central and southern Europe, where it can spread on open land, railway lines, urban areas and in gardens.
B. davidii was first documented as an invasive species in the United Kingdom during 1922. It is now often seen there along railway lines and on the sites of derelict factories and other buildings.[18] The plant frequently grew on urban bomb sites during the aftermath of World War II, earning it the nickname of "the bomb site plant".[19]
B. davidii is widely marketed throughout the United States, where it has reportedly become invasive in some, but not all, areas within which it has been planted.[20][21][22] Although its flowers feed many native butterflies and other pollinators, plantings of the species are now controversial.[21][23][24] To prevent seeding and to promote further flowering, its blossoms need to be removed ("deadheaded") as soon as they are spent.[20]
"Non-invasive" Buddleja cultivars
A number of Buddleja cultivars have become available that have a variety of sizes and blossom colors and that are either sterile or produce less than 2% viable seed.[20][23][25][26] The northwestern U.S. state of Oregon, which designated B. davidii as a "noxious weed" and initially prohibited entry, transport, purchase, sale or propagation of all of its varieties, amended its quarantine in 2009 to permit those cultivars when approved or when proven to be interspecific hybrids.[20][23][25][27] The adjacent state of Washington has taken actions that are similar to those of Oregon to bring parity to nursery sales between the two states.[28]
Dennis J. Werner developed the "Lo and Behold" Buddleja hybrid series and the 'Miss Ruby' and 'Miss Violet' Buddleja hybrids at North Carolina State University's JC Raulston Arboretum in Raleigh and at the university's Sandhills Research Station in Jackson Springs.[29] He selected most of the hybrids to have a very low seed-set and to be non-invasive.[30] Members of the "Lo and Behold" series vary from 30 centimetres (11.8 in) in spread and height to about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height.[30]
Werner introduced the first of the cultivars (Blue Chip) around 2008.[30] He derived several of the more recent introductions from his earlier hybrids.[30] While some, such as "Lo and Behold" 'Blue Chip Jr', 'Ice Chip', 'Lilac Chip' and 'Pink Micro Chip', produce no viable pollen and are highly female-sterile,[31] the plants are not necessarily fully sterile.[30] Most were still available in 2022.[30]
Peter Podaras developed the "Flutterby" Buddleja series during the 2000s while at Cornell University's Department of Horticulture in Ithaca, New York and patented them in 2011. Podaras selected each of the cultivars for their sterility or low fertility. Although innovative when introduced, several members of the series are no longer commercially available and are rare in cultivation.[32]Monarch Watch recommends planting only male-sterile "Flutterby" cultivars.[33]
Vendors have marketed the following "non-invasive" Buddleja cultivars:
^Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1979) The Loganiaceae of Africa XVIII Buddleja L. II, Revision of the African & Asiatic species. H. Veenman & Zonen B. V., Wageningen, Nederland.
^Li, P-T. & Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1996). Loganiaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. ISBN978-0915279371online at www.efloras.org
^Large, Andrew (2021). "Buddleja FLUTTERBY™ Series". Trees and Shrubs Online. International Dendrology Society. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
Franchet, M.A. (1887). Plantae Davidianae ex sinarum imperio, part 2 "Plantes du Thibet Oriental (Province de Moupine)". (Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris), ser. 2, 10: 33-198.
Li, P. T. & Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1996). Loganiaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 15. Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. ISBN978-0915279371online at www.efloras.org
Darian GrubbInformasi pribadiKewarganegaraanAmerika SerikatLahir9 Oktober 1975 (umur 48)Floyd, Virginia, ASKediamanMooresville, North Carolina OlahragaNegaraAmerika SerikatOlahragaNASCAR Seri PialaTimHendrick Motorsports Darian Grubb (lahir 9 Oktober 1975) merupakan seorang insinyur dan teknisi mobil balap asal Amerika Serikat yang saat ini bekerja di tim Hendrick Motorsports sebagai kepala kru untuk mobil #24 yang dikendarai William Byron. Sebelumnya Grubb merupakan direktur pengawasan ...
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Krakatau (disambiguasi). Kereta api KrakatauPerjalanan Terakhir KA Krakatau sebelum diganti oleh KA SingasariInformasi umumJenis layananKereta api jarak jauhStatusTidak BeroperasiMulai beroperasi24 Juli 2013 (MER-MN pp)10 November 2013 (MER-KD pp)1 April 2017 (MER-BL pp)Terakhir beroperasi17 Juli 2017Operator saat iniPT Kereta Api IndonesiaJumlah penumpang harian1.145 penumpang per hari (rata-rata)[butuh rujukan]Lintas pelayananStasiun awalBlitarJumlah pembe...
Emily ThornberryThornberry pada Januari 2020 Menteri PerdaganganInternasional BayanganPetahanaMulai menjabat 6 April 2020PemimpinKeir Starmer PendahuluBarry GardinerPenggantiPetahanaSekretaris Negara Bayangan PertamaMasa jabatan14 Juni 2017 – 5 April 2020PemimpinJeremy Corbyn PendahuluAngela Eagle (2016)PenggantiAngela RaynerMenteri Urusan Luar Negeri dan Persemakmuran BayanganMasa jabatan27 Juni 2016 – 5 April 2020PemimpinJeremy Corbyn PendahuluHilary BennPenggantiL...
Logo Kurusetra Pertama Game Kurusetra (www.kurusetra.com) adalah game strategi multiplayer yang berbasis WEB dan WAP pertama di Indonesia yang dikembangkan oleh mahasiswa Institut Teknologi Bandung pada tahun 2000. Tema dan latar belakang yang diambil adalah kisah perang Bharatayuddha pada kisah Mahabharata. Selain itu beberapa tokohnya diambil dari kisah-kisah pada kebudayaan Hindu-Jawa, seperti Jatayu dalam kisah Ramayana. Game ini telah offline sejak Lebaran tahun 2006. Misi Misi yang ingi...
Duta Besar Amerika Serikat untuk YunaniSegel Departemen Negara Amerika SerikatPetahanaGeoffrey R. Pyattsejak September 2016Dicalonkan olehBarack ObamaPejabat perdanaCharles Keating Tuckermansebagai MenteriDibentuk1868Situs webKedubes AS - Athena Berikut ini adalah daftar Duta Besar Amerika Serikat untuk Yunani.[1] 1868–1899 Charles Keating Tuckerman (Menteri 1868–71) John M. Francis (Minister 1871–73) John M. Read, Jr. (Menteri 1873–77) John M. Read, Jr. (Chargé d'Affair...
2010 single by Ayumi HamasakiMoon/BlossomSingle by Ayumi Hamasakifrom the album Love Songs B-sideDon't Look Back (Reggae Disco Rockers Remix)Last Links (Orchestra version)Meaning of Love (Piano version)Microphone (The Lowbrows Remix)ReleasedJuly 14, 2010 (2010-07-14)Recorded2010GenrePop rockLabelAvex TraxSongwriter(s)Ayumi Hamasaki (lyrics)Yasuhiko Hoshino (music)Producer(s)Max MatsuuraAyumi Hamasaki singles chronology You Were.../Ballad (2009) Moon/Blossom (2010) Crossroad (20...
Pays du sous-continent indien. Dérive de la plaque indienne depuis 71 Ma. Le sous-continent indien est une zone géographique de l'Asie du Sud d'environ 4,5 millions de kilomètres carrés, appelée autrefois [Quand ?] Inde cisgangétique, où se trouvent l'Inde, le Pakistan, le Bangladesh, le Népal, le Bhoutan, le Sri Lanka et les Maldives ainsi que des parties de leur territoire de même que certains territoires contestés et actuellement sous contrôle de la Chine. Une...
Football match1957 European Cup finalEvent1956–57 European Cup Real Madrid Fiorentina 2 0 Date30 May 1957VenueSantiago Bernabéu Stadium, MadridRefereeLeo Horn (Netherlands)Attendance124,000[1]← 1956 1958 → The 1957 European Cup final was a football match played at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid, Spain, on 30 May 1957 to determine the winners of the 1956–57 European Cup. It was contested between Real Madrid of Spain and Fiorentina of Italy. Real Madrid won 2�...
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign MedalLa Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal Dipartimento della Marina degli Stati UnitiTipoMedaglia militare Statuscessato IstituzioneWashington, 7 dicembre 1941 CessazioneWashington, 2 marzo 1946 Concessa amembri delle forze armate statunitensi ModellistaThomas Hudson JonesAdolph Alexander Weinman Onorificenze militari statunitensiMedaglia equiparataEuropean-African-Middle Eastern Campaign MedalAmerican Campaign Medal Nastro della medaglia e pennone Manuale La Asiatic-Pac...
Montenegrin politician Filip JergovićФилип Јерговић 3rd Minister of Finance of Kingdom of MontenegroIn office14 September 1910 – 19 June 1912MonarchNicholas IPrime MinisterLazar TomanovićPreceded byDušan VukotićSucceeded bySekula Drljević 2nd Minister of Interior of Kingdom of MontenegroIn office13 September 1910 – 14 September 1910MonarchNicholas IPrime MinisterLazar TomanovićPreceded byJovan PlamenacSucceeded byMarko Djukanović 2nd Minister of Educa...
التلكمكعب من التلكعامتصنيف Silicate mineralصيغة كيميائية Mg3Si4O10(OH)2النظام البلوري نظام بلوري سداسيالهويةاللون أبيض، رمادي، أخضر، أزرق أو فضيالسحنة البلورية foliated to fibrous massesنظام البلورة نظام بلوري أحادي الميل or نظام بلوري ثلاثي الميل[1]مقياس موس للصلادة 1البريق شمعي أو لؤلؤي، و�...
American ballerina (1926–2021) Marjorie TallchiefTallchief in 1956BornMarjorie Louise Tall Chief(1926-10-19)October 19, 1926Denver, Colorado, U.S.DiedNovember 30, 2021(2021-11-30) (aged 95)Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.OccupationBallerinaSpouse George Skibine (m. 1947; died 1981)Children2CareerFormer groupsParis Opera Ballet Marjorie Tallchief (born Marjorie Louise Tall Chief; October 19, 1926 – November 30, 2021) was a...
Country in Central America For other uses, see Nicaragua (disambiguation). Republic of NicaraguaRepública de Nicaragua (Spanish) Flag Coat of arms Motto: En Dios confiamos (Spanish)In God We Trust[a]Anthem: Salve a ti, Nicaragua (Spanish)Hail to Thee, Nicaragua Capitaland largest cityManagua12°6′N 86°14′W / 12.100°N 86.233°W / 12.100; -86.233Official languagesSpanishRecognised regional languagesEnglishMiskitoRamaSumoMiskit...
Electrochemical device for measuring oxygen partial pressure Electro-galvanic fuel cell as used in a diving rebreather to measure the partial pressure of oxygen. Two oxygen cells as used by oxygen analysers for diving gas showing commonly used connectors An electro-galvanic fuel cell is an electrochemical device which consumes a fuel to produce an electrical output by a chemical reaction. One form of electro-galvanic fuel cell based on the oxidation of lead is commonly used to measure the con...
National Park in Washington, US North Cascades National ParkIUCN category II (national park)Cascade Pass and Pelton BasinLocation in WashingtonShow map of Washington (state)Location in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesLocationWhatcom, Skagit, and Chelan counties, Washington, U.S.Nearest citySedro-Woolley, WashingtonCoordinates48°49′58″N 121°20′51″W / 48.83278°N 121.34750°W / 48.83278; -121.34750[1]Area504,654 acres (2,042.26 k...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 1985 in the United States – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) List of events ← 1984 1983 1982 1985 in the United States → 1986 1987 1988 Decades: 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s See als...
Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: leggi le avvertenze. Aborto indottoProcedura chirurgica o farmacologica Antica raffigurazione di una donna sottoposta a un aborto provocatoTipoGinecologica ICD-10O04 MeSHD000028 MedlinePlus002912 eMedicine252560 L'aborto (dal latino abortus, derivato di aboriri, «perire», composto di ab, «via da», e oriri, «nascere») è ...
artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Puji RaharjoPuji pada tahun 2022Lahir1971-10-29Lampung Selatan, Lampung, IndonesiaTempat kerjaKantor Kementerian Agama Provinsi Lampung 2022-Sekar...
الهجوم على ملهى ليلي في إسطنبول 2017 الملهى في إسطنبول عام 2012 المعلومات البلد تركيا الموقع بشكطاش الإحداثيات 41°03′00″N 29°01′57″E / 41.049922°N 29.03262°E / 41.049922; 29.03262 التاريخ 1 يناير 2017 (2017-01-01) 01:30 نوع الهجوم قتل جماعيرهائنانفجار الأسلحة أيه كيه-47، قنبلة يدوية...