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Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire
Non-metropolitan and ceremonial county
	Clockwise from top left: the Radcliffe Camera, part of the University of Oxford; Islip, in the Cherwell district; and the Uffington White Horse
	; Ceremonial Oxfordshire within England ; Historic Oxfordshire in the British Isles
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Constituent country	England
Region	South East England
Time zone	UTC+0 (GMT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (BST)
UK Parliament	7 Members of Parliament Lab: 2; Lib Dem: 5;
Police	Thames Valley Police
Largest city	Oxford
Ceremonial county
Lord Lieutenant	Marjorie Glasgow
High Sheriff	Amanda Ponsonby (2020–21)
Area	2,605 km2 (1,006 sq mi)
• Rank	22nd of 48
Population (2022)	738,276
• Rank	35th of 48
Density	283/km2 (730/sq mi)
Ethnicity	90.9% White, 4.8% Asian/Asian British
Non-metropolitan county
County council	Oxfordshire County Council
Control	No overall control
Admin HQ	Oxford
Area	2,605 km2 (1,006 sq mi)
• Rank	12th of 21
Population (2022)	738,276
• Rank	15th of 21
Density	283/km2 (730/sq mi)
ISO 3166-2	GB-OXF
GSS code	E10000025
ITL	TLJ14
Website	oxfordshire.gov.uk
Districts
	; Districts of Oxfordshire
Districts	Oxford; Cherwell; South Oxfordshire; Vale of White Horse; West Oxfordshire;

Oxfordshire (/ˈɒksfərdʃər, -ʃɪər/ OKS-fərd-shər, -⁠sheer; abbreviated Oxon) is a ceremonial county in South East England. The county is bordered by Northamptonshire and Warwickshire to the north, Buckinghamshire to the east, Berkshire to the south, and Wiltshire and Gloucestershire to the west. The city of Oxford is the largest settlement and county town.

The county is largely rural, with an area of 2,605 km² (1,006 sq mi) and a population of 691,667. After Oxford (162,100), the largest settlements are Banbury (54,355) and Abingdon-on-Thames (37,931). For local government purposes Oxfordshire is a non-metropolitan county with five districts. The part of the county south of the River Thames, largely corresponding to the Vale of White Horse district, was historically part of Berkshire.

The lowlands in the centre of the county are crossed by the River Thames and its tributaries, the valleys of which are separated by low hills. The south contains parts of the Berkshire Downs and Chiltern Hills, and the north-west includes part of the Cotswolds; all three regions are Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The county's highest point is White Horse Hill (261-metre (856 ft)), part of the Berkshire Downs.^[6]

History

Oxfordshire was recorded as a county in the early years of the 10th century and lies between the River Thames to the south, the Cotswolds to the west, the Chilterns to the east and the Midlands to the north, with spurs running south to Henley-on-Thames and north to Banbury.

Although it had some significance as an area of valuable agricultural land in the centre of the country, it was largely ignored by the Romans and did not grow in importance until the formation of a settlement at Oxford in the 8th century. Alfred the Great was born across the Thames in Wantage, in the Vale of White Horse. The University of Oxford was founded in 1096, although its collegiate structure did not develop until later on. The university in the county town of Oxford (whose name came from Anglo-Saxon Oxenaford = "ford for oxen") grew in importance during the Middle Ages and early modern period. The area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century, generating much wealth, particularly in the western portions of the county in the Oxfordshire Cotswolds. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912, bringing heavy industry to an otherwise agricultural county. The role of agriculture as an employer declined rapidly in the 20th century; currently^[when?] under one per cent of the county's population are involved due to high mechanisation.^{[citation needed]} Nevertheless, Oxfordshire remains a very agricultural county by land use, with a lower population than neighbouring Berkshire and Buckinghamshire, which are both smaller.

During most of its history, the county was partitioned as fourteen divisions called hundreds, namely Bampton, Banbury, Binfield, Bloxham, Bullingdon, Chadlington, Dorchester, Ewelme, Langtree, Lewknor, Pyrton, Ploughley, Thame and Wootton.

The Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, the main army unit in the area, was based at Cowley Barracks on Bullingdon Green, Cowley.

The Vale of White Horse district and parts of the South Oxfordshire administrative district south of the River Thames were historically part of Berkshire, but, in 1974, Abingdon, Didcot, Faringdon, Wallingford and Wantage were added to the administrative county of Oxfordshire under the Local Government Act 1972. Conversely, the Caversham area of Reading, now administratively in Berkshire, was historically part of Oxfordshire, as was the parish of Stokenchurch, now administratively in Buckinghamshire. The areas of Oxford city south of the Thames, such as Grandpont, were transferred much earlier, in 1889.

Geography

Oxfordshire includes parts of three Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In the north-west lie the Cotswolds; to the south and south-east are the open chalk hills of the North Wessex Downs and the wooded hills of the Chilterns. The north of the county contains the ironstone of the Cherwell uplands. Long-distance walks within the county include the Ridgeway National Trail, Macmillan Way, Oxfordshire Way and the D’Arcy Dalton Way.

Extreme points

Northernmost point: 52°10′6.58″N 1°19′54.92″W / 52.1684944°N 1.3319222°W / 52.1684944; -1.3319222, near Claydon Hay Farm, Claydon
Southernmost point: 51°27′34.74″N 0°56′48.3″W / 51.4596500°N 0.946750°W / 51.4596500; -0.946750, near Thames and Kennet Marina, Playhatch
Westernmost point: 51°46′59.73″N 1°43′9.68″W / 51.7832583°N 1.7193556°W / 51.7832583; -1.7193556, near Downs Farm, Westwell
Easternmost point: 51°30′14.22″N 0°52′13.99″W / 51.5039500°N 0.8705528°W / 51.5039500; -0.8705528, River Thames, near Lower Shiplake

Rivers and canals

From the mid-point western edge to the southeast corner of Oxfordshire, via the city in the middle, runs the Thames with its flat floodplains. This river forms the historic limit with Berkshire, remaining so on some lowest reaches. The Thames Path National Trail follows the river from upper estuary to a source.

Many smaller rivers in the county feed into the Thames, such as the Thame, Windrush, Evenlode and Cherwell. Some of these have trails running along their valleys. The Oxford Canal links to the Midlands and follows the Cherwell from Banbury via Kidlington into the city of Oxford, where these join the navigable Thames. About 15% of the historically named Wilts & Berks Canal, in sporadic sections, has been restored to navigability, including the county-relevant^{[clarification needed]} 140 metres near Abingdon-on-Thames where it could, if restored, meet the Thames.

Green belt

Oxfordshire contains a green belt area that fully envelops the city of Oxford and extends for some miles to protect surrounding towns and villages from inappropriate development and urban growth. Its border in the east extends to the Buckinghamshire county boundary, while part of its southern border is shared with the North Wessex Downs AONB. It was first drawn up in the 1950s, and all of the county's districts contain some portion of the belt.

Economy

Regional gross value added at current basic prices in millions pounds sterling.^[7]
Year	Regional gross value added^[a]	Agriculture^[b]	Industry^[c]	Services^[d]
1995	7,607	120	2,084	5,404
2000	10,594	80	2,661	7,853
2003	12,942	93	2,665	10,184

Politics

The Oxfordshire County Council, since 2013 under no overall control, is responsible for the most strategic local government functions, including schools, county roads and social services. The county is divided into five local government districts: Oxford, Cherwell, Vale of White Horse (after the Uffington White Horse), West Oxfordshire and South Oxfordshire, which deal with such matters as town and country planning, waste collection and housing.

In the 2016 European Union referendum, Oxfordshire was the only English county as a whole to vote to remain in the European Union by a significant margin, at 57.06% (70.27% in the City of Oxford), despite Cherwell (barely) voting to leave at 50.31%.^{[citation needed]}

Education

Oxfordshire has a comprehensive education system with 23 independent schools and 35 state secondary schools. Only eight schools do not have a sixth form; these are mostly in South Oxfordshire and Cherwell districts. Oxfordshire has a large number of leading independent schools, including public schools such as Radley College.

The county has two universities: the ancient University of Oxford^[8] and the modern Oxford Brookes University, which are both located in Oxford. In addition, Wroxton College, located in Banbury, is affiliated with Fairleigh Dickinson University of New Jersey.^[9]

Buildings

The "dreaming spires" of the University of Oxford are among the reasons for which Oxford is the sixth most visited city in the United Kingdom by international visitors.^[10] Among many notable University buildings are the Sheldonian Theatre, built 1664–68 to the design of Sir Christopher Wren, and the Radcliffe Camera, built 1737–49 to the design of James Gibbs.

Blenheim Palace, close to Woodstock, was designed and partly built by the architect John Vanbrugh for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, after he had won the battle of Blenheim. The gardens, which can be visited, were designed by the landscape gardener "Capability" Brown, who planted the trees in the battle formation of the victorious army. Sir Winston Churchill was born in the palace in 1874. It is open to the public.

Chastleton House, on the Gloucestershire and Warwickshire borders, is a great country mansion built on property bought from Robert Catesby, who was one of the men involved in the Gunpowder Plot with Guy Fawkes. Stonor Park, another country mansion, has belonged to the recusant Stonor family for centuries.

Mapledurham House is an Elizabethan stately home in the south-east of the county, close to Reading.

The Abbey in Sutton Courtenay is a medieval courtyard house. It has been recognised by the Historic Building Council for England (now Historic England) as a building of outstanding historic and architectural interest.^[11] It is considered to be a 'textbook' example of the English medieval manor house^[12] and is a Grade I-listed building.^[13]

Settlements

#	Town	Population (2021)	Definition	Notes
1	Oxford	162,100	Oxford non-metropolitan district
2	Banbury	54,335	Civil parish
3	Abingdon-on-Thames	37,931	Civil parish	Historic Berkshire
4	Bicester	37,020	Civil parish
5	Didcot	32,183	Civil parish^[e]	Historic Berkshire
6	Witney	31,217	Civil parish
7	Carterton	15,680	Civil parish
8	Kidlington	13,600	Civil parish	Does not include Gosford
9	Thame	13,273	Civil parish	Includes Moreton.
10	Wantage	13,106	Civil parish	Historic Berkshire
11	Henley-on-Thames	12,186	Civil parish
12	Faringdon	8,627	Great Faringdon civil parish	Historic Berkshire
13	Wallingford	8,455	Civil parish	Historic Berkshire
14	Grove	8,336	Civil parish
15	Chinnor	7,651	Civil parish
16	Chipping Norton	7,250	Civil parish
17	Eynsham	5,324	Civil parish
18	Benson	4,801	Civil parish
19	Wheatley	4,267	Civil parish
20	Sonning Common	4,138	Civil Parish
21	Kennington	4,133	Civil parish
22	Woodstock	3,521	Civil parish
23	Charlbury	3,063	Civil parish
24	Bampton	2,993	Civil parish
25	Watlington	2,697	Civil parish
26	Deddington	2,301	Civil parish

^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
^ includes hunting and forestry
^ includes energy and construction
^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
^ 200 dwellings, south-east of the town, lie in East Hagbourne parish

Places of interest

Key
	Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
	Accessible open space
	Amusement/Theme Park
	Castle
	Country Park
	English Heritage
	Forestry Commission
	Heritage railway
	Historic House
	Places of Worship
	Museum (free/not free)
	National Trust
	Theatre
	Zoo

Abingdon County Hall Museum^[14] – housed in a 17th-century county hall building
Ashdown House – 17th-century country house in the Lambourn Downs
Ashmolean Museum – Oxford University's museum of art and archaeology
Banbury Museum, Banbury
Bicester Village
Blenheim Palace and garden – UNESCO World Heritage Site
Broughton Castle – 14th-century fortified manor house
Buscot Park, Buscot – 18th-century country house and landscape garden
Champs Chapel Museum of East Hendred – village museum in a 15th-century Carthusian chapel
Charlbury Museum
Chastleton House – 17th-century country house (limited access)
Chiltern Hills – Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Chinnor & Princes Risborough Railway – operated with steam and diesel locomotives
Chipping Norton Museum^[15]
Cholsey and Wallingford Railway
Cogges Manor Farm Museum, Witney – a living museum of country life
Combe Mill Museum,^[16] Long Hanborough – working museum of stationary steam engines
Cotswold Wildlife Park and garden, Bradwell Grove, Holwell
Cotswolds – Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Didcot Railway Centre – museum of the Great Western Railway
Dorchester Abbey, Dorchester-on-Thames – 12th-century church of former Augustinian abbey
Great Coxwell Barn – 14th-century tithe barn
Greys Court, Rotherfield Greys – 16th-century country house
Hampton Gay Manor – ruins of 16th-century manor house (no website)
Harcourt Arboretum, Nuneham Courtenay
Heythrop Hall – 17th-century country house: now a hotel, golf & country club
Hook Norton Brewery – working Victorian "tower" brewery that offers guided tours
Kelmscott Manor – Home of William Morris
Mapledurham Estate – 16th-century country house and 15th-century watermill
Milton Manor House – 18th-century country house^[17]
Minster Lovell Hall – dovecote and ruins of 15th-century manor house
Museum of Bygones, Claydon – private museum including stationary steam engines
North Wessex Downs – Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Oxford
Oxford Bus Museum and Morris Motors Museum, Long Hanborough
Oxford Canal – 18th-century "narrow" canal
The Oxfordshire Museum, Woodstock
The Ridgeway
River and Rowing Museum, Henley-on-Thames
River Thames
Rollright Stones – megalithic stone circle and Whispering Knights burial chamber, near Little Rollright
Rousham House – 17th-century country house and landscape garden
Rycote chapel – 15th-century chapel with original furnishings
St Katharine's church, Chiselhampton – 18th-century parish church with original furnishings (no website, limited access)
St Mary's church, Iffley – 12th-century Norman parish church^[18]
Shotover Country Park, Headington
Spiceball Country Park, Banbury
Stanton Harcourt manor house (limited access), with garden and 15th-century chapel and Pope's Tower (no website)
Stonor Park – country house and 14th-century chapel of the recusant Stonor family
Swalcliffe Tithe Barn – 15th-century
Thame Museum
Tolsey Museum, Burford (no website)
Uffington White Horse, Uffington Castle and Wayland's Smithy burial chamber in the White Horse Hills
Vale and Downland Museum, Wantage
Wallingford Museum
Wheatley Windmill – 18th-century tower mill^[19]

Notes

References

^ "No. 62943". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5161.
^ "Mid-2022 population estimates by Lieutenancy areas (as at 1997) for England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 24 June 2024. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Oxfordshire Local Authority (E10000025)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
^ "Homepage". Archived from the original on 23 November 2002. Retrieved 16 November 2002.
^ "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
^ Edwardes, Simon (2001). "County and Unitary Authority Tops". The Mountains of England and Wales. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
^ "Regional Gross Value Added" (PDF). pp. 240–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011.
^ "Six of world's top 20 universities are in UK". BBC. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
^ "Four Worlds of Work: Preparing students for the global market". Study International. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
^ "Economic Statistics". Oxford City Council. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ The Abbey, Sutton Courtenay archives.
^ Currie 1992, p. 225.
^ Historic England. "The Abbey (1052729)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
^ Christopher Gale (7 July 2012). "Abingdon County Hall Museum". Abingdonmuseum.org.uk. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ "Home page". Chipping Norton History Society and Museum. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
^ "Home". Combemill.org. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ "Oxfordshire". Milton Manor House. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ Pevsner, Nikolaus; Sherwood, Jennifer (1974). The Buildings of England: Oxfordshire. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300096392.
^ Glitz. "Wheatley Windmill Website". Wheatleymill.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.