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Boron carbide
Names
	IUPAC name Boron carbide
	Other names Tetrabor
Identifiers
CAS Number	12069-32-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	109889 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.031.907
PubChem CID	123279;
UNII	T5V24LJ508 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4051615 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/CB4/c2-1-3(2)5(1)4(1)2 Key: INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/CB4/c2-1-3(2)5(1)4(1)2 Key: INAHAJYZKVIDIZ-UHFFFAOYAS;
	SMILES B12B3B4B1C234;
Properties
Chemical formula	B4C
Molar mass	55.255 g/mol
Appearance	dark gray or black powder, odorless
Density	2.50 g/cm3, solid.
Melting point	2,350 °C (4,260 °F; 2,620 K)
Boiling point	>3500 °C
Solubility in water	insoluble
Structure
Crystal structure	Rhombohedral
Hazards
Safety data sheet (SDS)	External MSDS
Related compounds
Related compounds	Boron nitride
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Boron carbide (chemical formula approximately B₄C) is an extremely hard boron–carbon ceramic, a covalent material used in tank armor, bulletproof vests, engine sabotage powders,^[2] as well as numerous industrial applications. With a Vickers hardness of >30 GPa, it is one of the hardest known materials, behind cubic boron nitride and diamond.^[3]

History

Boron carbide was discovered in the 19th century as a by-product of reactions involving metal borides, but its chemical formula was unknown. It was not until the 1930s that the chemical composition was estimated as B₄C.^[4] Controversy remained as to whether or not the material had this exact 4:1 stoichiometry, as, in practice the material is always slightly carbon-deficient with regard to this formula, and X-ray crystallography shows that its structure is highly complex, with a mixture of C-B-C chains and B₁₂ icosahedra.

These features argued against a very simple exact B₄C empirical formula.^[5] Because of the B₁₂ structural unit, the chemical formula of "ideal" boron carbide is often written not as B₄C, but as B₁₂C₃, and the carbon deficiency of boron carbide described in terms of a combination of the B₁₂C₃ and B₁₂CBC units.

Crystal structure

Unit cell of B₄C. The green sphere and icosahedra consist of boron atoms, and black spheres are carbon atoms.^[6]

Boron carbide has a complex crystal structure typical of icosahedron-based borides. There, B₁₂ icosahedra form a rhombohedral lattice unit (space group: R3m (No. 166), lattice constants: a = 0.56 nm and c = 1.212 nm) surrounding a C-B-C chain that resides at the center of the unit cell, and both carbon atoms bridge the neighboring three icosahedra. This structure is layered: the B₁₂ icosahedra and bridging carbons form a network plane that spreads parallel to the c-plane and stacks along the c-axis. The lattice has two basic structure units – the B₁₂ icosahedron and the B₆ octahedron. Because of the small size of the B₆ octahedra, they cannot interconnect. Instead, they bond to the B₁₂ icosahedra in the neighboring layer, and this decreases bonding strength in the c-plane.^[6]

Because of the B₁₂ structural unit, the chemical formula of "ideal" boron carbide is often written not as B₄C, but as B₁₂C₃, and the carbon deficiency of boron carbide described in terms of a combination of the B₁₂C₃ and B₁₂C₂ units.^[5]^[7] Some studies indicate the possibility of incorporation of one or more carbon atoms into the boron icosahedra, giving rise to formulas such as (B₁₁C)CBC = B₄C at the carbon-heavy end of the stoichiometry, but formulas such as B₁₂(CBB) = B₁₄C at the boron-rich end. "Boron carbide" is thus not a single compound, but a family of compounds of different compositions. A common intermediate, which approximates a commonly found ratio of elements, is B₁₂(CBC) = B_6.5C.^[8] Quantum mechanical calculations have demonstrated that configurational disorder between boron and carbon atoms on the different positions in the crystal determines several of the materials properties – in particular, the crystal symmetry of the B₄C composition^[9] and the non-metallic electrical character of the B₁₃C₂ composition.^[10]

Properties

Boron carbide is known as a robust material having extremely high hardness (about 9.5 up to 9.75 on Mohs hardness scale), high cross section for absorption of neutrons (i.e. good shielding properties against neutrons), stability to ionizing radiation and most chemicals.^[11] Its Vickers hardness (38 GPa), elastic modulus (460 GPa)^[12] and fracture toughness (3.5 MPa·m^1/2) approach the corresponding values for diamond (1150 GPa and 5.3 MPa·m^1/2).^[13]

As of 2015^[update], boron carbide is the third hardest substance known, after diamond and cubic boron nitride, earning it the nickname "black diamond".^[14]^[15]

Semiconductor properties

Boron carbide is a semiconductor, with electronic properties dominated by hopping-type transport.^[8] The energy band gap depends on composition as well as the degree of order. The band gap is estimated at 2.09 eV, with multiple mid-bandgap states which complicate the photoluminescence spectrum.^[8] The material is typically p-type.

Preparation

Boron carbide was first synthesized by Henri Moissan in 1899,^[7] by reduction of boron trioxide either with carbon or magnesium in presence of carbon in an electric arc furnace. In the case of carbon, the reaction occurs at temperatures above the melting point of B₄C and is accompanied by liberation of large amount of carbon monoxide:^[16]

2 B₂O₃ + 7 C → B₄C + 6 CO

If magnesium is used, the reaction can be carried out in a graphite crucible, and the magnesium byproducts are removed by treatment with acid.^[17]

Applications

Boron carbide is used for inner plates of ballistic vests

Boron's exceptional hardness can be used for the following applications:

Padlocks
Personal and vehicle ballistic armor plating
Grit blasting nozzles
High-pressure water jet cutter nozzles
Scratch and wear resistant coatings
Cutting tools and dies
Abrasives
Metal matrix composites
In brake linings of vehicles

Boron carbide's other properties also make it suitable for:

Neutron absorber in nuclear reactors (see below)
High energy fuel for solid fuel ramjets

Nuclear applications

The ability of boron carbide to absorb neutrons without forming long-lived radionuclides makes it attractive as an absorbent for neutron radiation arising in nuclear power plants^[18] and from anti-personnel neutron bombs. Nuclear applications of boron carbide include shielding.^[11]

Boron carbide filaments

Boron carbide filaments exhibit auspicious prospects as reinforcement elements in resin and metal composites, attributed to their exceptional strength, elastic modulus, and low density characteristics.^[19] In addition, boron carbide filaments are not affected by radiation due to its ability to absorb neutrons.^[20] It is less harmful than filaments made of other materials, such as cadmium.^[21]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4.52. ISBN 9781498754293.
^ Gray, Theodore (2012-04-03). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 9781579128951. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
^ "Rutgers working on body armor". Asbury Park Press. Asbury Park, N.J. August 11, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-12. ... boron carbide is the third-hardest material on earth.
^ Ridgway, Ramond R "Boron Carbide", European Patent CA339873 (A), publication date: 1934-03-06
^ ^a ^b Balakrishnarajan, Musiri M.; Pancharatna, Pattath D.; Hoffmann, Roald (2007). "Structure and bonding in boron carbide: The invincibility of imperfections". New J. Chem. 31 (4): 473. doi:10.1039/b618493f.
^ ^a ^b Zhang FX, Xu FF, Mori T, Liu QL, Sato A, Tanaka T (2001). "Crystal structure of new rare-earth boron-rich solids: REB28.5C4". J. Alloys Compd. 329 (1–2): 168–172. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01581-X.
^ ^a ^b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Domnich, Vladislav; Reynaud, Sara; Haber, Richard A.; Chhowalla, Manish (2011). "Boron Carbide: Structure, Properties, and Stability under Stress" (PDF). J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94 (11): 3605–3628. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04865.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
^ Ektarawong, A.; Simak, S. I.; Hultman, L.; Birch, J.; Alling, B. (2014). "First-principles study of configurational disorder in B₄C using a superatom-special quasirandom structure method". Phys. Rev. B. 90 (2): 024204. arXiv:1508.07786. Bibcode:2014PhRvB..90b4204E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.90.024204. S2CID 39400050.
^ Ektarawong, A.; Simak, S. I.; Hultman, L.; Birch, J.; Alling, B. (2015). "Configurational order-disorder induced metal-nonmetal transition in B₁₃C₂ studied with first-principles superatom-special quasirandom structure method". Phys. Rev. B. 92 (1): 014202. arXiv:1508.07848. Bibcode:2015PhRvB..92a4202E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.014202. S2CID 11805838.
^ ^a ^b Weimer, p. 330
^ Sairam, K.; Sonber, J.K.; Murthy, T.S.R.Ch.; Subramanian, C.; Hubli, R.C.; Suri, A.K. (2012). "Development of B4C-HfB2 composites by reaction hot pressing". Int.J. Ref. Met. Hard Mater. 35: 32–40. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.03.004.
^ Solozhenko, V. L.; Kurakevych, Oleksandr O.; Le Godec, Yann; Mezouar, Mohamed; Mezouar, Mohamed (2009). "Ultimate Metastable Solubility of Boron in Diamond: Synthesis of Superhard Diamondlike BC5" (PDF). Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (1): 015506. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102a5506S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.015506. PMID 19257210.
^ "Boron Carbide". Precision Ceramics. Archived from the original on 2015-06-20. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
^ A. Sokhansanj; A.M. Hadian (2012). "Purification of Attrition Milled Nano-size Boron Carbide Powder". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series. 5: 94–101. Bibcode:2012IJMPS...5...94S. doi:10.1142/S2010194512001894.
^ Weimer, p. 131
^ Patnaik, Pradyot (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049439-8
^ Fabrication and Evaluation of Urania-Alumina Fuel Elements and Boron Carbide Burnable Poison Elements, Wisnyi, L. G. and Taylor, K.M., in "ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 276: Materials in Nuclear Applications", Committee E-10 Staff, American Society for Testing Materials, 1959
^ Higgins, J.B; Gatti, A. (1969). "Preparation and Properties of Boron Carbide Continuous Filaments". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 116 (1) 1: 137. Bibcode:1969JElS..116..137H. doi:10.1149/1.2411733. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
^ Rose, Lisa. "Boron Carbide Filament: Properties & Applications". Precise Ceramic. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
^ "What is boron carbide?". Trunnano. July 29, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2024.

Bibliography

Weimer, Alan W. (1997). Carbide, Nitride and Boride Materials Synthesis and Processing. Chapman & Hall (London, New York). ISBN 0-412-54060-6.

External links

[crc-1] Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4.52. ISBN 9781498754293.

[2] Gray, Theodore (2012-04-03). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 9781579128951. Retrieved 6 May 2014.

[3] "Rutgers working on body armor". Asbury Park Press. Asbury Park, N.J. August 11, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-12. ... boron carbide is the third-hardest material on earth.

[4] Ridgway, Ramond R "Boron Carbide", European Patent CA339873 (A), publication date: 1934-03-06

[stoi-5] Balakrishnarajan, Musiri M.; Pancharatna, Pattath D.; Hoffmann, Roald (2007). "Structure and bonding in boron carbide: The invincibility of imperfections". New J. Chem. 31 (4): 473. doi:10.1039/b618493f.

[zhangyb28.5c4-6] Zhang FX, Xu FF, Mori T, Liu QL, Sato A, Tanaka T (2001). "Crystal structure of new rare-earth boron-rich solids: REB28.5C4". J. Alloys Compd. 329 (1–2): 168–172. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01581-X.

[gr-7] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[Domnich2011-8] Domnich, Vladislav; Reynaud, Sara; Haber, Richard A.; Chhowalla, Manish (2011). "Boron Carbide: Structure, Properties, and Stability under Stress" (PDF). J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94 (11): 3605–3628. doi:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04865.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2015.

[9] Ektarawong, A.; Simak, S. I.; Hultman, L.; Birch, J.; Alling, B. (2014). "First-principles study of configurational disorder in B₄C using a superatom-special quasirandom structure method". Phys. Rev. B. 90 (2): 024204. arXiv:1508.07786. Bibcode:2014PhRvB..90b4204E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.90.024204. S2CID 39400050.

[10] Ektarawong, A.; Simak, S. I.; Hultman, L.; Birch, J.; Alling, B. (2015). "Configurational order-disorder induced metal-nonmetal transition in B₁₃C₂ studied with first-principles superatom-special quasirandom structure method". Phys. Rev. B. 92 (1): 014202. arXiv:1508.07848. Bibcode:2015PhRvB..92a4202E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.014202. S2CID 11805838.

[w330-11] Weimer, p. 330

[12] Sairam, K.; Sonber, J.K.; Murthy, T.S.R.Ch.; Subramanian, C.; Hubli, R.C.; Suri, A.K. (2012). "Development of B4C-HfB2 composites by reaction hot pressing". Int.J. Ref. Met. Hard Mater. 35: 32–40. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.03.004.

[13] Solozhenko, V. L.; Kurakevych, Oleksandr O.; Le Godec, Yann; Mezouar, Mohamed; Mezouar, Mohamed (2009). "Ultimate Metastable Solubility of Boron in Diamond: Synthesis of Superhard Diamondlike BC5" (PDF). Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 (1): 015506. Bibcode:2009PhRvL.102a5506S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.015506. PMID 19257210.

[14] "Boron Carbide". Precision Ceramics. Archived from the original on 2015-06-20. Retrieved 2015-06-20.

[15] A. Sokhansanj; A.M. Hadian (2012). "Purification of Attrition Milled Nano-size Boron Carbide Powder". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series. 5: 94–101. Bibcode:2012IJMPS...5...94S. doi:10.1142/S2010194512001894.

[w131-16] Weimer, p. 131

[17] Patnaik, Pradyot (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049439-8

[18] Fabrication and Evaluation of Urania-Alumina Fuel Elements and Boron Carbide Burnable Poison Elements, Wisnyi, L. G. and Taylor, K.M., in "ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 276: Materials in Nuclear Applications", Committee E-10 Staff, American Society for Testing Materials, 1959

[19] Higgins, J.B; Gatti, A. (1969). "Preparation and Properties of Boron Carbide Continuous Filaments". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 116 (1) 1: 137. Bibcode:1969JElS..116..137H. doi:10.1149/1.2411733. Retrieved May 28, 2024.

[20] Rose, Lisa. "Boron Carbide Filament: Properties & Applications". Precise Ceramic. Retrieved May 28, 2024.

[21] "What is boron carbide?". Trunnano. July 29, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2024.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Boron carbide

History

Crystal structure

Properties

Semiconductor properties

Preparation

Applications

Nuclear applications

Boron carbide filaments

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

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