Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy is a 1994 popular science book by physicist Kip Thorne. It provides an illustrated overview of the history and development of black hole theory, from its roots in Newtonian mechanics until the early 1990s.[1]
Over fourteen chapters, Thorne proceeds roughly chronologically, tracing first the crisis in Newtonian physics precipitated by the Michelson–Morley experiment, and the subsequent development of Einstein's theory of special relativity (given mathematical rigor in the form of Minkowski space), and later Einstein's incorporation of gravity into the framework of general relativity. Black holes were quickly recognized as a feasible solution of Einstein's field equations, but were rejected as physically implausible by most physicists. Work by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar suggested that collapsing stars beyond a certain mass cannot be supported by degeneracy pressure, but this result was challenged by the more prestigious Arthur Stanley Eddington, and was not fully accepted for several decades. When the reality of objects which possess an event horizon finally achieved broad acceptance, the stage was set for a thorough investigation into the properties of such objects, yielding the surprising result that black holes have no hair—that is, that their properties are entirely determined by their mass, spin rate, and electrical charge.[1]
Proceeding separately from theoretical research into relativity, and with the refinement of radio astronomy, astrophysics began to produce unusual observations of extremely intense radio sources, which were apparently located outside of the Milky Way. In consultation with theoretical physicists, it became apparent that the only sensible explanation for these sources were extremely large black holes residing in the cores of galaxies, producing intense radiation as they fed and, in the case of quasars, blasting out incredibly powerful jets of material in opposite directions, heating the surrounding galactic gas until it glowed in radio frequencies.[1]
Thorne describes the much less mature search for gravitational waves, phenomena predicted to result from supernovae and black hole collisions, but as yet unobserved in 1993 (and, indeed, not directly observed until 2015, a discovery that led to Thorne being awarded a share of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics).[2]
In the 1970s came Stephen Hawking's startling prediction of black hole evaporation, powered by quantum fluctuations near the event horizon.[1]
Toward the end of the text, Thorne deals with the much more speculative question of the nature of the core of a black hole; the so-called gravitational singularity predicted by Einstein's field equations. By introducing quantum behavior to curved spacetime, several physicists have suggested that black holes do not possess a true mathematical singularity, but rather a region of chaotic space, in which time does not exist. The behavior of this space and the material which approaches it are not well understood, with a complete marriage of relativity and quantum physics yet to be achieved. In the final chapter, Thorne delves into even more speculative matters relating to black hole physics, including the existence and nature of wormholes and time machines.[1]
The book features a foreword by Stephen Hawking and an introduction by Frederick Seitz. In addition to the main text, the book provides biographical summaries of the major scientists in the text, a chronology of key events in the history of black hole physics, a glossary of technical terms, twenty-three pages of notes, a bibliography, and alphabetical indices of subjects and people referred to in the text.[1]
Of the book, The New York Times wrote, "the close and sometimes difficult reasoning it embodies is lightened by a deft, anecdotal approach, and by the author's whimsical drawings and diagrams."[3] Kirkus Reviews opined that "the reader has to wade through many, many pages of theory and diagrams—obvious to the expert but too difficult for the lay reader. Thorne in fact is strongest for the novice reader when dealing with the history of the physics community".[4]
Polchinski's paradox.
Se ha sugerido que este artículo o sección sea fusionado en «profesión». Motivo: los argumentos están expuestos en la página de discusión.Una vez que hayas realizado la fusión de contenidos, pide la fusión de historiales aquí.Este aviso fue puesto el 24 de agosto de 2017. Los médicos en muchos países occidentales toman el llamado Juramento hipocrático al ingresar a la profesión y comenzar a ejercer la misma, como un compromiso personal para mantener una serie de estándares ético…
هجوم أغسطس 2010 في الضفة الغربية موقع الهجوم جزء من عملية سيل النار المعلومات الموقع طريق 60 الإحداثيات 31°32′32″N 35°07′51″E / 31.5421°N 35.1307°E / 31.5421; 35.1307 التاريخ 31 أغسطس 2010 الخسائر الوفيات 4 المنفذ نشأت الكرمي تعديل مصدري - تعديل هجوم الضفة الغربية في أ
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Joshua Nkomo Segundo vicepresidente de Zimbabue 31 de diciembre de 1987-1 de julio de 1999Presidente Robert MugabeVicepresidente Simon MuzendaPredecesor Cargo creadoSucesor Joseph Msika Ministro del Interior de Zimbabue 18 de abril de 1980-1982 Información personalNombre en inglés Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo Nacimiento 19 de junio de 1917 Semokwe (Zimbabue) Fallecimiento 1 de julio de 1999 (82 años)Harare (Zimbabue) Causa de muerte Cáncer de próstata Sepultura Acre de los Héroes Nacional…
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Literary subgenre The social novel, also known as the social problem (or social protest) novel, is a work of fiction in which a prevailing social problem, such as gender, race, or class prejudice, is dramatized through its effect on the characters of a novel.[1] More specific examples of social problems that are addressed in such works include poverty, conditions in factories and mines, the plight of child labor, violence against women, rising criminality, and epidemics because of over-c…
Japanese video rental and bookstore chain Culture Convenience Club Company, LimitedA Tsutaya shop in Ibaraki, OsakaNative nameカルチュア・コンビニエンス・クラブ株式会社Romanized nameKaruchua Konbiniensu Kurabu KabushikigaishaTypePrivate KKIndustryVideo rental shopBooksellingFoundedHirakata, Osaka (1982)FounderMuneaki MasudaHeadquartersTokyo, JapanArea servedJapanTaiwan[1]Malaysia[2]Key peopleMuneaki Masuda (CEO)RevenueJPY 189,299 million (2010)[3]Oper…
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Zetech UniversityMottoInvent your futureTypePrivate UniversityEstablished1999ChancellorProfessor Susan Alfano, PhDVice-ChancellorProfessor Njenga Munene, PhDAdministrative staff250AddressThika Road, Rui…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر_2010) قاسم أبو عين العاهل الحسين بن طلال معلومات شخصية الميلاد سنة 1939 (العمر 83–84 سنة) الحياة العملية المدرس…
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Person who has at least one billion units of a currency For other uses, see Billionaire (disambiguation). This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (May 2022) A billionaire is a person with a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000, i.e., a thousand million) units of a given currency, usually of a major currency such as the United States dollar, euro, or pound sterling. It is a sub-category of…
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Fedorovych and the family name is Mate. Ilya MateMate receiving an arm massage in-between the periods of his Olympic match, 25 July 1980Personal informationBorn6 October 1956 (1956-10-06) (age 67)Starohnativka, Donetsk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet UnionAlma materMakiivka Civil Engineering InstituteHeight187 cm (6 ft 2 in)Weight100 kg (220 lb)SportSportFreestyle wrestlingClu…
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