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Betsey Stockton
Betsey Stockton
	Betsey Stockton, circa 1863
Born	c. 1798; Princeton, New Jersey
Died	October 24, 1865; Princeton, New Jersey
Resting place	Cooperstown, New York
Occupation(s)	Educator and Missionary

Betsey Stockton (c. 1798–1865), sometimes spelled Betsy Stockton, was an American educator and missionary. In her early life, she was an enslaved person, but was emancipated and became a Christian missionary in Hawaii.^[1]

Early life

Betsey was born into slavery in Princeton, New Jersey, about the year 1798. While she was a child, her owner Robert Stockton gave her to his daughter upon her marriage to Reverend Ashbel Green, president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). Much of what is known of her earlier life comes from sporadic mentions of her in Green's diary; while useful, this source also reflects Green's assumption of control over the enslaved girl, often leaving out key details about her. When Green decided she needed further discipline, young Betsey was temporarily sent to labor in the household of Green's nephew, the Reverend Nathaniel Todd. The Todd household seemed a place Betsey was more able to flourish, but financial matters related to Todd's employment caused Betsey to return to Green's household in 1816.

She gained her education from reading in Reverend Green's library, and eventually gained fluency to read religious and scholarly texts in several languages.^[2] She attended evening classes at Princeton and was studying at the university during the winter of 1815 when a revival broke out on campus; at this time she was granted her manumission by the Greens.^[3]

In 1817 she was admitted as a member of the First Presbyterian Church in Princeton.^[4] It appears she chose the surname of Stockton for herself, likely reflecting her own former enslavement by the white Stockton family, and perhaps also indicating her father or another paternal relative was a white Stockton.

She remained as a paid domestic servant with the family, and learned to read, perhaps with some instruction from Reverend Green's sons. A deeply religious person, she expressed a desire to go as a missionary to Africa.

Missionary and educator

Betsey Stockton learned of plans by Charles S. Stewart, a student at Princeton Theological Seminary and friend of the Green family, to go to Hawaii (then known as the Sandwich Islands) as a missionary. She expressed a desire to go with him and his family, and Dr. Green and her Sabbath school teacher wrote letters of recommendation to the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.^[4] Stockton was commissioned by the Board as a missionary, and became the second single American woman (after Charlotte White) sent overseas as a missionary. Her contract with the Board and with the Stewarts said that she went "neither as an equal nor as a servant, but as a humble Christian friend" to the Stewarts,^[5] and provided that she was not to be more occupied with domestic duties than the other missionaries.

The team (which included William Richards) set sail on the ship ‘’The Thames’’ from New Haven, Connecticut on November 22, 1822, for a five-month voyage. The Stewarts and Stockton settled at Lāhainā on Maui. Stockton was the first unmarried woman from the U.S. to travel to Hawai'i as a missionary (most women accompanied their husbands), as well as the first African American to serve as a missionary in Hawai'i. She was the teacher of the first mission school opened to the common (non-chiefly) people of Hawaii.^[4] where she taught history, English, Latin, and algebra.^[3] The current Lahaina Luna School is built on the site of Stockton’s school.^[6] Along with being a missionary and teacher, Betsey also served unofficially as a doctor and nurse to a number of people in Hawaii.^[7] She also trained native Hawaiian teachers, who took over from her upon her departure until the arrival of another missionary. She returned with the Stewarts to the U.S. in 1825 due to Harriet Stewart's poor health.^[4] A version of Stockton's Hawaiian diary was published in the Christian Advocate by Dr. Green in 1824 and 1825.^[2]

Stockton stayed with the Stewart household until at least 1830. She taught briefly at an infant school in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and established a school for Indians at Grape Island, Canada.^[5] After returning to Princeton in 1835, she taught in its school for people of color until her death on October 24, 1865.^[4] She taught at the ‘’colored school’’ in Witherspoon Street and was assessed as an ‘’excellent teacher’’.^[5]^[8] In 1840, she helped found Princeton's First Presbyterian Church of Color, which in 1848 was renamed the Witherspoon Street Presbyterian Church.^[3]

She was buried in Cooperstown, New York alongside the Stewart family.^[5]

References

^ Wilder, Craig Steven. Ebony and Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America's Universities. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing 2013, 143-44
^ ^a ^b Nobles, Gregory H. (2022). The education of Betsey Stockton: an odyssey of slavery and freedom. Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-69772-7. OCLC 1264723321.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c International Mission Board website, Missionaries You Should Know: Betsey Stockton
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e University of Hawai’i website, From Slave to Schoolteacher: The Life of Betsy Stockton, article written by Hilo History Club: David Freund, Kepa Revelle, Lilliana Galarneau, Donovan Wolford, Alex Aguirre, Spring 2022
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Princeton University website, Princeton and Slavery section, Betsey Stockton
^ Black Past website, Betsey Stockton (1798-1865), article dated March 3, 2007
^ Andrew III, John. "Betsey Stockton: Stranger in a Strange Land". Journal of Presbyterian History. 52 (2).
^ African American Registry website, The Witherspoon School For The Colored Opens'

Escher, Constance K. She Calls Herself Betsey Stockton: The Illustrated Odyssey of a Princeton Slave. Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2022.
Nobles, Gregory H. (2022). The education of Betsey Stockton : an odyssey of slavery and freedom. Chicago. ISBN 978-0-226-69772-7. OCLC 1264723321.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Nobles, Gregory. "Betsey Stockton". Princeton & Slavery. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2000). "Stockton, Betsey". American National Biography of the Day. Retrieved 2006-06-20.
Wills, David W.; Raboteau, Albert J., eds. (2000). "Betsey Stockton's Journal". African-American Religion: A Historical Interpretation with Representative Documents. Retrieved 2006-06-20.
"Princeton History". Princeton Town Topics. 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-20.
Sarah Johnson & Eileen Moffett (Spring 2006). "Lord, Send Us". Christian History & Biography. 90: 35.
Stewart, Charles Samuel; Ellis, William (1828). Journal of a Residence in the Sandwich Islands, During the Years 1823, 1824, and 1825 (1st ed.). London: H. Fisher, Son, and P. Jackson.
Portraits of American Protestant Missionaries to Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawaiian Mission Children's Society; printed by the Hawaiian Gazette Co. 1901. p. 19. OCLC 11796269.
Ott, A. (April 2015). "The 'Peculiar Case' of Betsey Stockton: Gender, Race and the Role of an Assistant Missionary to the Sandwich Islands (1822-1825)". Studies in World Christianity. 21 (1): 4–19. doi:10.3366/swc.2015.0102.