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Atsugewi
Atsugewi
Atsugé
Native to	United States
Region	California
Ethnicity	Atsugewi people
Extinct	1988, with the death of Medie Webster
Language family	Hokan ? Shasta–Palaihnihan Palaihnihan Atsugewi; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	atw
Glottolog	atsu1245
ELP	Atsugewi
	Atsugewi is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Atsugewi is a recently extinct Palaihnihan language of northeastern California spoken by the Atsugewi people of Hat Creek and Dixie Valley. In 1962, there were four fluent speakers out of an ethnic group of 200, all elderly, and the last of them died in 1988. The last fluent native speaker was Medie Webster; as of 1988, other tribal members knew some expressions in the language.^[2] For a summary of the documentation of Atsugewi see Golla (2011: 98–99).

Atsugewi is related to Achumawi. They have long been considered as part of the hypothetical Hokan stock, and it has been supposed that within that stock they comprise the Palaihnihan family.

The name properly is Atsugé, to which the -wi of the Achumawi or Pit River language was erroneously suffixed.

History

Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber estimated the combined 1770 population of the Achumawi and Atsugewi as 3,000.^[3] A more detailed analysis by Fred B. Kniffen arrived at the same figure.^[4] T. R. Garth (1978:237) estimated the Atsugewi population at a maximum of 850.^[5]

Kroeber estimated the combined population of the Achumawi and Atsugewi in 1910 as 1,100. The population was given as about 500 in 1936.^[3]

Sounds

Consonants

Atsugewi has 32 consonants. Most of these form pairs of plain and glottalized. Plosives and affricates also have a third, aspirated member of the series (except for the single glottal stop).

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	plain	m	n
Nasal	glott.	mˀ	nˀ
Stop	plain	p	t	tʃ	k	q	ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	tʃʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	aspir.	pʰ	tʰ	tʃʰ	kʰ	qʰ
Fricative	plain		s				ʜ h^[6]
Fricative	ejective		sʼ
Rhotic	plain		r
Rhotic	glott.		rˀ
Approximant	plain		l	j	w
Approximant	glott.		lˀ	jˀ	wˀ

Vowels

Atsugewi language has basically only three vowels: /a/, /u/, and /i/; [e] is the allophone of /i/ while [o] is the allophone of /u/. However, it has been supported by Leonard Talmy (1972) that there are instances such as the word ce "the eye(s)" where e can be analyzed as a proper phoneme.

References

^ Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (Report) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. 2010. p. 11.
^ Hillinger, Charles (1988-08-23). "Indian Woman Is Last Word on Language of the Atsugewi". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
^ ^a ^b Kroeber, Alfred L (1925). Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin. Vol. 78. Washington, D.C. p. 883.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Kniffen (1928)
^ Garth, T. R. Atsugewi. In Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8, California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 236–243. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1978. p. 237
^ /ʜ/ lowers high vowels, while /h/ does not. Based on Achumawi, the former is assumed to be epiglottal.

Bibliography

Bright, William. (1965). [Review of A history of Palaihnihan phonology by D. L. Olmsted]. Language, 41 (1), 175–178.
Golla, Victor. California Indian Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
Good, Jeff. (2004). A sketch of Atsugewi phonology. Boston, MA. (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, January 8–11).
Good, Jeff; McFarland, Teresa; & Paster, Mary. (2003). Reconstructing Achumawi and Atsugewi: Proto-Palaihnihan revisited. Atlanta, GA. (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, January 2–5).
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
Olmsted, David L. (1954). Achumawi-Atsugewi non-reciprocal intelligibility. International Journal of American Linguistics, 20, 181–184.
Olmsted, David L. (1956). Palaihnihan and Shasta I: Labial stops. Language, 32 (1), 73–77.
Olmsted, David L. (1957). Palaihnihan and Shasta II: Apical stops. Language, 33 (2), 136–138.
Olmsted, David L. (1958). International Journal of American Linguistics, 24, 215–220.
Olmsted, David L. (1959). Palaihnihan and Shasta III: Dorsal stops. Language, 35 (4), 637–644.
Olmsted, David L. (1961). Atsugewi morphology I: Verb Inflection. International Journal of American Linguistics, 27, 91–113.
Olmsted, David L. (1964). A history of Palaihnihan phonology. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 35). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Olmsted, David L. (1984). A Lexicon of Atsugewi (Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, 5).
Talmy, Leonard. (n.d.). Midway phonological analysis of Atsugewi. (Unpublished notes).
Talmy, Leonard. (1972). Semantic structures in English and Atsugewi. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).