Ramon Airbase struck by seven missiles, Nevatim Airbase struck by missiles and intelligence base in the occupied Golan Heights significantly damaged.[6]
Several countries in the Middle East[note 3] closed their airspace a few hours before Iran launched a standoff attack against Israel around midnight on 13 April. Iran's attack sent around 170 drones, over 30 cruise missiles, and more than 120 ballistic missiles toward Israel and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.[note 2] The Israel Defense Forces used Arrow 3 and David's Sling systems to shoot down many of the incoming weapons.[20][21]American, British, French, and Jordanian air forces also shot some down.[22][23][24] France, which intervened at Jordan's request,[25] deployed warships to provide radar coverage. Jordan said it had intercepted objects flying into its airspace to protect its citizens.[26]
Israel said that the coalition, whose defensive efforts were codenamed Iron Shield,[27] destroyed 99 percent of the incoming weapons,[28][29][30] most before they reached Israeli airspace.[31] A U.S. official said that at least nine Iranian missiles had struck two Israeli airbases, causing minor damage.[5] Some of the ballistic missiles were shot down in space by the Arrow system.[32] The missiles caused minor damage to the Nevatim Airbase in southern Israel, which remained operational.[33][34][35] In Israel, a 7-year-old Israeli Bedouin girl was struck and injured by part of a missile, and 31 other people either suffered minor injuries while rushing to shelters or were treated for anxiety. Jordan reported some shrapnel falling on its territory, causing little damage or injuries.[33][34] The next day, Iran's envoy to the United Nations stated that the attacks "can be deemed concluded".[36]
The attack was the largest attempted drone strike in history,[37][38] intended to overwhelm anti-aircraft defenses. It was the first time since Iraq's 1991 missile strikes that Israel was directly attacked by the military of another state.[39] Iran's attacks drew criticism from the United Nations, several world leaders, and political analysts, who warned that they risk escalating into a full-blown regional war.[40][41][42][43] Israel retaliated by executing limited strikes on Iran on 18 April 2024.[44]
On 1 April 2024, Israel bombed the Iranian consulate annex building next to the Iranian embassy in Damascus, Syria, killing 16 people, including a woman and her son, and Brigadier General Mohammad Reza Zahedi, a senior Quds Force commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), and seven other IRGC officers, in addition to six other militants belonging to Hezbollah and other Iran-linked militias. Soon after the attack, Iran vowed to retaliate,[45][46] with reports suggesting this as a potential motive for the airstrike.[47] The building was inside the Iranian diplomatic compound, next to the main embassy building.[48][49] Numerous countries and international organizations condemned the attack; the United States denied involvement and prior knowledge,[50] though Russia's representative in the United Nations (UN) has questioned this claim, calling it "surprising", noting that the U.S. "always possesses information on any topic firsthand thanks to its intelligence capabilities".[51]
In the weeks following the attack on the consulate, the United States, France, Germany and the United Kingdom all warned Iran not to attack Israel and escalate the situation.[52][53][54] Iran was warned by Israel that such an attack could lead to a direct Israeli military response on Iranian soil.[55] In early April 2024, Iran sent a message via the Swiss embassy (United States Interests Section in Iran) to the United States, threatening to attack the United States' military bases in the region in case of their support of Israel in a possible Iranian attack on Israel.[56][57][58] According to Foreign Minister of IranHossein Amir-Abdollahian, Iran gave the regional countries hosting US military bases 72 hours' notice of the imminent attack,[59][60] but the parties involved varied in their description of the timing and detail of the warning from Iran.[61][62] Iran held off on attacking for 12 days and messaged via diplomatic channels that it was not interested in waging a full-scale war.[63]
Attack
Launching of missiles and drones
On the evening of 13 April 2024, Iran launched a drone and missile attack on Israel, targeting—among other unconfirmed trajectories—sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights and Arad region and two airbases in the Negev desert.[14][64][65][66] The attack was named Operation True Promise[67] (Persian: وعده صادق, romanized: va'de-ye sādeq),[68] with the code nameYa Rasul Allah (یارسولالله(ص)).[69] It comprised more than 200 missiles and drones according to The Washington Post[64][65][70][71] and included ballistic missiles according to Iranian news agency IRNA.[72] Both CNN and Reuters later reported that more than 300 standoff weapons had been launched toward Israel.[73][74] An Israeli military spokesman specified that Iran had launched 170 drones, 30 cruise missiles, and 120 ballistic missiles.[29] According to IDF spokesperson Daniel Hagari, approximately 350 rockets were launched at Israel from Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, and Yemen, also noting that the attack consisted of 60 tons of explosive materials.[75][76]
Hezbollah said it launched dozens of BM-21 Grad rockets at an Israeli air defense site in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights. The group said the attack took place shortly after midnight local time.[83] Houthis launched drones.[84]
To prepare for the attack, Israel, alongside Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Kuwait, closed their airspace on 13 April; Iran only closed its airspace to VFR flights,[85][86][87] and Egypt and Syria put its air defense on high alert.[88][4]
According to Or Fialkov, an Israeli military researcher, some of the missile types used by Iran were the Emad with a warhead of 750 kg, Ghadr-110 with a warhead of between 650 kg and 1000 kg, Kheibar Shekan with a 500 kg warhead, and probably Shahab-3B with a warhead of 700 kg.[89]
Israel used the high-altitude Arrow 3 and the medium-range David's Sling systems to shoot down the incoming weapons,[20][21][90] and jammed electronic guidance systems to disrupt missile navigation.[91] IDF conducted the defense under the codename Iron Shield.[27] Many drones were downed while flying over Syria,[92] while Syrian Air Defense Force shot down some Israeli interceptors that attempted to enter Syrian airspace.[4] Israel said that 99% of the weapons were successfully intercepted,[29] and that its air force intercepted 25 cruise missiles outside the country, likely over Jordan.[93]
At approximately 2:00 a.m. local time on 14 April, explosions were heard in Jerusalem, while air raid sirens sounded across Israel, the West Bank, and the Dead Sea. It is not known whether the explosions were interceptions by the short-range Iron Dome system or were missile strikes.[94] Iranian missiles above the Al-Aqsa Mosque were intercepted.[95]
IDF jets struck military targets in southern Lebanon belonging to Hezbollah's Redwan Force.[96]
Defense provided by other countries
The United States coordinated the multinational defense of Israel, from northern Iraq to the southern Persian Gulf, from the Combined Air Operations Center at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar.[93] The U.S., the United Kingdom, France and Jordan used their own forces to intercept Iranian projectiles,[97][98][99][100][101][25] and France also deployed its Navy to provide radar coverage.[102] An anonymous source from the Saudi Royal Family said that Saudi Arabia had automatically intercepted "any suspicious entity" violating its airspace.[103] According to The Wall Street Journal, Gulf states such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates shared intelligence, which included radar tracking information, with the U.S. and Israel prior to Iran's drone attack.[104][105][106]
American aircraft reportedly destroyed more than 80 Iranian weapons—more than half of those threatening Israel—before they reached their targets. The U.S. did not announce where its aircraft launched from; whether any were based in Saudi Arabia is unclear.[93]GeneralMichael Kurilla, the head of United States Central Command (CENTCOM) went to Israel on 11 April, to coordinate air defenses.[107][108][109] CENTCOM reported late the following day that US forces destroyed more than 80 one-way attack drones and at least 6 ballistic missiles.[74] The U.S. Navy warships involved were reported to be USS Carney (DDG-64) and USS Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) (both based in the Mediterranean), according to CENTCOM, which also reported that US aircraft from land and sea bases participated.[110] The ships' use of the SM-3 missile was the weapon's first time in combat.[111] A U.S. ArmyPatriot missile battery in Erbil, Iraq, shot down at least one ballistic missile.[93]
The Wall Street Journal, citing anonymous French officials, reported that France deployed naval assets to assist Israel.[102]PresidentEmmanuel Macron later stated that France had joined in intercepting Iranian drones at Jordan's request.[25]
Jordan lies between Iran and Israel and had readied its air defenses to intercept drones and missiles that violated its airspace.[118]
Iran had warned Jordan against any possible action in support of Israel,[119] but Jordan opened its airspace for U.S. and Israeli warplanes nonetheless.[120] Residents in the capital Amman reported seeing flashes in the sky above the city.[121] In the city's Marj al Hamam area, residents gathered around the remnants of a large drone that had been intercepted.[101]Haaretz reported that the Royal Jordanian Air Force had downed 20% of the drones launched from Iran.[122][123] Jordan stated that its military action was an act of self-defense in an effort to safeguard the nation's airspace, territory, and citizens. There was also criticism towards Jordan's intervention that characterized it as having protected Israel.[124]
Casualties and damage
Iran claimed that the saturation tactic using drones managed to defeat the Israeli air defense and damage the bases used in the attack on the Iranian consulate.[125][78] Iran claimed that significant damage; however, several images published by Iranian state media showing damage in Israel were later found to be footage of wildfires in Chile instead.[126]
A senior U.S. official stated that five Iranian ballistic missiles struck the Nevatim Airbase, causing damage to a C-130 transport aircraft, an unused runway, and empty storage facilities. Additionally, four other ballistic missiles impacted the Ramon Airbase.[5] The overall damage caused in the attack was minimal.[63]
There were no deaths, but a number of injuries from the strikes were reported. A 7-year-old Bedouin girl, Amina Hassouna, was seriously injured by shrapnel from an interception in the Arad area.[7][127] At least 31 others were treated, either for minor injuries sustained from shrapnel while going to protected areas, or for anxiety.[8][10]
Aftermath
Hours after the beginning of the attacks, Iran's envoy to the United Nations stated that the retaliatory attack "can be deemed concluded" and that Iran would respond with "stronger and more resolute" actions if Israel were to "make another mistake". It also urged the U.S. to stay away from the Iran–Israel conflict.[128][30][36]PresidentEbrahim Raisi said that Iran had taught a "lesson" to Israel through the attack as the Supreme Leader promised.[129] IRGC commander Major General Hossein Salami called the attack "more successful than expected" and threatened retaliation for any Israeli counterattack. The IRGC also threatened to prosecute those expressing support for Israel online.[130][131][132] The Iranian government opened criminal investigations into several news outlets for their coverage of the strikes.[133]
Iraq, Jordan, and Israel reopened their airspace soon after the attacks were over.[134][135] At least two flights from Wizz Air and Royal Jordanian were diverted to Cyprus with over 700 passengers on board.[136][137] The Cyprus Air Command alongside the two main airports on Cyprus were also placed on high alert as a result of the attack.[138]
The effective interception has led to an increase in the stock prices of Israeli defense firms, such as Elbit Systems, Aerodrome Group, NextVision, and Aryt Industries.[139]
Following the attacks, the Iranian economy experienced immediate adverse effects, with the national currency, the Rial, plummeting to a new low against the dollar.[140]
There were concerns about rising oil prices in the event of Israeli retaliation against Iran. Andy Lipow, President of Lipow Oil Associates, said that "Any attack on oil production or export facilities in Iran would drive the price of Brent crude oil to $100, and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz would lead to prices in the $120 to $130 range."[141]
On 25 April, the United Kingdom unveiled new sanctions targeting the Iranian drone industry.[142]
Israel vowed to retaliate against Iran.[143] According to Israeli sources, Israel planned to initiate its first steps in a ground offensive in Rafah during the week, but postponed it to consider their response to the Iranian strikes on Israel.[144] The Israeli war cabinet met on 15 April to consider a response to the attack.[145] On 17 April, Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu stated Israel will "make our own decisions" on how to retaliate against Iran.[146]
On 19 April, Israel launched a series of retaliatory missile strikes on Iranian military sites, including one near Isfahan. Iranian officials also reported explosions at military sites in Syria and Iraq.[147]
Analysis
The Intercept reported that American forces "did most of the heavy lifting responding to Iran’s retaliation for the attack on its embassy in Damascus", shooting down more drones and missiles than Israel.[93] The report also notes that the UK, France, Jordan also helped shoot down projectiles. The Intercept added that it was the first time since 1991 that a nation state directly attacked Israel, and despite contending with extremely long distances and utilizing swarms of decoys to evade defense systems in the region, they were able to successfully strike two Israeli military targets, with five missiles hitting Nevatim Air Base and four striking another base.[93]
The Economist wrote that "the strike was militarily a flop", adding that Iran "may have miscalculated".[35] A few months later, the paper wrote that "Iranian strategists might wonder, in hindsight, if they erred in April. The barrage they fired at Israel did not create deterrence. Instead it may have locked them into escalating the war yet again—at great risk to their proxies, and to themselves."[148]Al Jazeera wrote that Iran, in no longer relying solely on its proxies, by launching its first attack on Israel from its own soil, its largest missile attack ever, and the largest drone strike in military history, has increased both its deterrence and its soft power in the wider Muslim world.[38]The Guardian stated that some analysts believed that Iran's attack had shattered Israeli deterrence policy.[149]
The Jerusalem Post noted that the Iranian attack demonstrated that the events of 7 October did not undermine the Israel–Sunni alliance.[150] According to H. A. Hellyer, a Middle East expert, the aim of the attack was not to harm Israel "with that level of warning".[151]
According to CNN, the attack by Iran was "planned to minimize casualties while maximizing spectacle", and noted that Iranian drones and missiles went past Jordan and Iraq, both with U.S. military bases, and all the air defenses before penetrating the airspace of Israel.[152]
Dov Zakheim, a former Undersecretary of Defense in the George W. Bush administration, stated that "Iran is an existential threat in a way the Palestinian issue is not", thus bringing to the fore American deterrence vis-à-vis Iran.[153]John Bolton, however, called the attacks "a massive failure of Israeli and American deterrence"[154] and described Biden's disapproval of a possible counterattack as an embarrassment.[155]
An operational analysis by the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) concluded that the attack was likely intended to cause significant damage below the threshold that would trigger a massive Israeli response. The think tank also noted that the "attack package" followed the Russian doctrine used in air strikes against Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, albeit on a much larger scale and in a single mission. ISW predicted that the lessons that Iran will learn from this attack will allow it to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of Israel's air defense system and build more successful attack packages in the future, and possibly share these experiences with Russia as well.[156]
The Wall Street Journal attributed Israel's success to a combination of its "sophisticated air-defense system and critical assistance provided by the U.S. and other Western and Arab partners,"[157] whilst The Times diplomatic editor Roger Boyes suggested that the attack "showed that Israel has only a limited self-sufficiency in security matters. It was dependent on U.S. intelligence for the timing of the assault, for the location of many of the firing positions and on U.S., British and French assistance to help shoot down the incoming munitions".[158] According to The Times of Israel, Israel's capability of taking direct and comprehensive strategic action solely on its own initiative was henceforth constrained, and furthermore the calculus of deterrence throughout the region has been changed.[159]Haaretz regarded America's assistance as its "most significant show of support in the history of Israeli-U.S. relations".[160]
According to Reuters, analysts estimate that the cost for Israel and its allies to defend the attack was about $1 billion, while the cost to Iran for the attack was about $80 million to $100 million.[90] The current cost of Israel's short-range Iron Dome, medium-range David's Sling, and high-altitude Arrow 2 and Arrow 3 systems to intercept airborne threats is in the range of tens of thousands to millions of dollars, but future laser-based systems may substantially decrease the cost of each interception.[161]
Reactions
U.S. President Joe Biden and his national security administration assessing the attack in the Situation Room.UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak during a call with G7 leaders discussing the attack.
Iranian Foreign Affairs MinisterHossein Amir-Abdollahian declared that Iran does not welcome escalation, and the purpose of the Iranian operation was the exercise of the legitimate right of Iran for self-defense.[162] The Iranian government declared its reprisal against Israel a success and concluded.[163] Major General Ahmad Haghtalab, the IRGC commander in charge of protecting the security of nuclear sites in Iran said they could change their nuclear doctrine if their nuclear facilities were threatened by Israel.[164]
Israeli Defense MinisterYoav Gallant said the IDF halted the attack impressively.[165] Gallant stated that the attack was successfully repelled with the assistance of the United States and other countries. He emphasized the opportunity to form a strategic alliance to counter the serious and possibly nuclear threat posed by Iran.[166] Israel vowed "a significant response" to Iran's retaliation.[167]
Hamas said that the Iranian military operation against Israel was a "natural right and a deserved response" to the Israeli bombing of the Iranian consulate in Damascus and assassination of IRGC leaders there.[168] The Houthis said that the attacks were a legitimate response to the strike on Iran's consulate in Damascus.[169]
On 14 April, Jordanian Prime MinisterBisher Khasawneh stated during a cabinet meeting that any regional escalation would lead to "dangerous paths", adding that all parties involved need to de-escalate.[170] On the same day, the country's Foreign Affairs MinisterAyman Safadi stated that Jordan would take "all necessary measures" to protect its sovereignty and security and that it will tackle threats facing its citizens.[171][172] Safadi said Jordan had summoned Iran's ambassador to protest "offensive statements" made in Iranian media, particularly about threats against Jordan being the next target if it joined in on the interceptions, calling it an interference in the country's internal affairs.[173] Safadi also added that Jordan would respond in the same way whether the threat came from Israel, Iran or any other country, and noted that the continuation of the Israel–Hamas war and instability in the West Bank would lead to further conflict, calling for a two state solution.[174]King Abdullah II of Jordan spoke with U.S. PresidentJoe Biden, stating that Jordan will not allow its land to become the center of a regional war.[175]
Iranian public
Women and children at a demonstration in Qazvin in support of the Iranian strikes in Israel, 16 April 2024
Demonstrations broke out in cities across Iran and in the Gaza Strip[176] in support of the strikes.[177] Demonstrators waved Iranian and Palestinian flags next to banners that read "God's victory is near". Supporters of the retaliatory attack also demonstrated in Isfahan, the burial place of Mohammad Reza Zahedi, and in Kerman next to the grave of Qasem Soleimani, who was killed in a 2020 US drone strike in Baghdad.[178]
The Front of Islamic Revolution Stability, a hardline Shia supremacist faction within Iran who are to Iran what the religious hard right are to Israel, endorsed the attacks and put up banners across Tehran's billboards in Hebrew, telling Israelis to stock up on supplies in preparation for another attack while some others concern that the aggressive foreign policy could lead to war.[140]
International
Canada and the United States both condemned the attack, and the United States said it would support Israel against Iran.[179][180] Saudi Arabia called for restraint, and said that the United Nations Security Council must take responsibility for maintaining peace and security in the region.[121]
On 14 April, protesters in Toronto cheered the airstrikes, chanting "Allahu Akbar!" A protest leader characterized the strikes as a response to Israeli airstrikes in the region, while Melissa Lantsman, a member of parliament, said that the chants showed "It was never about a ceasefire". Other chants included "Intifada, Intifada, long live the Intifada" and "From the water to the water, Palestine is Arab".[181]
One of the first leaders to respond to the attack was British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, stating: "The UK will continue to stand up for Israel's security and that of all our regional partners, including Jordan and Iraq."[182][183] The United Kingdom condemned the Iranian attack on Israel as "reckless".[184]
U.S. President Joe Biden shortened a planned visit to Delaware and returned to the White House to meet with national security officials.[185] Biden called the intercepted attacks a win for Israel,[186][187] and committed to a unified diplomatic response from the G7.[188] A White House spokesperson labelled the Iranian strikes a "spectacular and embarrassing failure".[189] The Embassy of the United States in Jerusalem posted a security alert urging its workers to seek shelter until further notice.[190] Biden told Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu that the United States would not back Israel in a possible future counterattack against Iran.[191][186]U.S. Defense SecretaryLloyd Austin asked Israel to give the United States advance notice if they planned to attack Iran.[192] Overall, the U.S. president sought to prevent further escalation.[193]
On 16 April, Israel, the United States, the Netherlands and other countries called on the international community to impose sanctions on Iran's missile program.[198][199][200]
On 17 April, Jordan said Israeli retaliation for Iran strikes risked sparking wider regional war.[201]
Other countries
Argentina: PresidentJavier Milei expressed "solidarity and unwavering commitment" to Israel, and said he "emphatically support[s] the State of Israel in the defense of its sovereignty". Milei promised that Argentina "will always be on [Israel's] side."[202] Milei also accused Iran of "seeking the destruction of Western civilization."[203]
Brazil: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs initially appealed "to all involved parties to exercise maximum restraint" and called on the international community to "mobilize efforts to prevent escalation." After facing public criticism for not condemning Iran, Foreign MinisterMauro Vieira told in a press conference that "Brazil always condemns any act of violence and calls for understanding between the parties."[205]
Canada: Prime MinisterJustin Trudeau said that Canada unequivocally condemns Iran's attacks against Israel, stands with Israel, and that "we support Israel's right to defend itself".[206]
Chile: Foreign minister Alberto van Klaveren expressed concern over "the serious escalation of tensions in the Middle East and the Iranian attacks against Israel", adding that Chile "condemns the use of force and defends international humanitarian law, which protects civilian lives in armed conflicts".[207]
China: The Foreign Ministry urged restraint and called the attack "the latest spillover of the Gaza conflict".[208] In a call with Iranian counterpart Hossein Amir-Abdollahian, Foreign Minister Wang Yi reiterated Iran’s assertion that its attack was a "limited" action taken in self-defense, adding he believed Iran could "handle the situation well and spare the region further turmoil".[209]
Egypt: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs voiced its apprehension regarding the Iranian offensive and the dangerous indications of heightened tensions between the Iran and Israel, emphasized the need for maximum self-control to prevent further instability and tension in the region.[210]
Germany: ChancellorOlaf Scholz condemned the Iranian attack as "unjustifiable and highly irresponsible", and assured that "Germany stands by Israel".[211]
India: The Ministry of External Affairs expressed deep concern over the heightened tensions between Israel and Iran and called for an immediate de-escalation.[212]
Ireland: TaoiseachSimon Harris and TánaisteMicheál Martin both issued statements strongly condemning Iran's attack,[217] with Martin adding that Iran has been "a malign actor in the Middle East for quite some time" in its support of Hezbollah, Hamas and the Houthis.[218]
Russia: The Foreign Affairs Ministry said that it was very concerned by the Iranian strikes on Israel, calling it "another dangerous escalation in the region".[225] It said that Iran's retaliatory attack was in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter[226] and called for all parties to exercise restraint, adding that Russia had warned about an increase in tension because of "numerous unresolved crises in the Middle East".[225]
Spain: Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez and Minister of Foreign Affairs José Manuel Albares both posted a condemnation of Iran's attack on X, with Sánchez asking all countries involved to avoid "at all costs an even greater escalation".[230]
Taiwan: Foreign Minister Joseph Wu told reporters at a Legislative Yuan meeting: "We join other democratic countries worldwide in condemning Iran's attack on Israel."[231] President Tsai Ing-wen conveyed condolences and solidarity in a meeting with an Israeli delegation led by Boaz Toporovsky on the topic of Iran's attack.[232]
Turkey: Foreign MinisterHakan Fidan stated on a phone call to his Iranian counterpart that Turkey did not want further escalation following Iran's retaliation on Israel. The Iranian Foreign Minister told Fidan that its "retaliatory operation" against Israel had ended, adding that Iran would not launch a new operation unless it was attacked.[233]
Ukraine: PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy condemned the strikes on social media, saying "Iran's actions threaten the entire region and the world, just as Russia's actions threaten a larger conflict".[234] The Foreign Ministry condemned Iran's attack as "unacceptable and irresponsible" and called for efforts to prevent a "larger regional conflict".[235]
Uruguay: The Ministry of Foreign Relations condemned the use of force by Iran and regretted the "worsening of the conflict, as well as the consequences it could entail for the humanitarian situation and civilian victims".[236] In addition, it confirmed that the Uruguayan embassies in the region were following the development of events.[237]
^Tabitha Monahan (15 April 2024). "Simon Harris condemns Iran drone strike on Israel as G7 leaders warn of 'uncontrollable regional escalation'". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 15 June 2024. "Iran has been a malign actor in the Middle East for quite some time. It has been supporting Hezbollah, Hamas and the Houthis in Yemen, and that perhaps hasn't been called out to the degree that it should have been." Mr Martin said it was those living in the region who suffer from the conflict but a war could also have implications beyond the Middle East.
^"Ante el ataque de Irán a Israel" [In the face of Iran's attack on Israel]. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
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هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مارس 2016) اليوبيل ...
Luigi De Canio Informasi pribadiTanggal lahir 26 September 1957 (umur 66)Tempat lahir Matera, ItaliaPosisi bermain BekKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1975–1977 Matera 46 (0)1977–1978 Brindisi 32 (1)1978–1979 Matera 32 (0)1979–1981 Chieti 61 (0)1981 Salernitana 3 (0)1981–1986 Matera 141 (2)1986 Livorno 5 (1)1986–1987 Galatina Pro Italia 8 (0)1987–1989 Pisticci Kepelatihan1988–1993 Pisticci1993–1995 Savoia1995–1996 Siena1996–1997 Carpi1997–1998 Lucchese1998–1...
Riserva naturaleValle del Fiume Argentino Tipo di areaRiserva naturale statale Codice WDPA20713 Codice EUAPEUAP0054 Class. internaz.Categoria IUCN IV: area di conservazione di habitat/specie Stati Italia Regioni Calabria Province Cosenza ComuniOrsomarso Superficie a terra3.980 ha Provvedimenti istitutiviD.M. 21.07.87 Gestoreex A.S.F.D. Mappa di localizzazione Modifica dati su Wikidata · ManualeCoordinate: 39°47′58.56″N 15°57′23.4″E / 39.7996°N 1...
Hyderabadi maragMaragAlternative namesMutton stewPlace of originIndiaMain ingredientsMutton with bones, Indian spices Hyderabadi marag or marag is a spicy mutton soup served as a starter in Hyderabad, India and part of Hyderabadi cuisine. It is prepared from tender mutton with bone.[1][2] It is thin soup.[3] The soup has become one of the starters at Hyderabadi weddings. Ingredients The ingredients include those locally available such as mutton with bone, onions, cash...
Partai Tindakan Rakyat Nama dalam bahasa InggrisPeople's Action PartyNama dalam bahasa MelayuParti Tindakan RakyatNama dalam bahasa Mandarin人民行动党Rénmín XíngdòngdǎngNama dalam bahasa Tamilமக்கள் செயல் கட்சிMakkaḷ Ceyal KaṭciSingkatanPAPKetua umumGan Kim YongSekretaris JenderalLee Hsien LoongWakil KetuaMasagos ZulkifliAsisten Sekretaris JenderalHeng Swee KeatChan Chun SingPendiriLee Kuan YewLim Chin SiongS. RajaratnamToh Chin ChyeLim Kim SanDib...
A Seleção da Confederação Africana de Futebol representa o continente África, normalmente em amistosos e eventualmente em competições. A Seleção da África disputou a Taça Independência em 1972 no Brasil terminando na 14ª colocação. Campanha na Taça Independência Grupo A Argentina 2-0 Seleção da África França 2-0 Seleção da África Seleção da CONCACAF 0-0 Seleção da África Seleção da África 3-0 Colômbia Classificação V E D GF GC Saldo Pontos Argentina 3 1 0 13...
Capital of Aragon, in Spain Saragossa redirects here. For other uses, see Zaragoza (disambiguation) and Saragossa (disambiguation). Municipality in Aragon, SpainZaragoza SaragossaMunicipalityCathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the PillarLa SeoAljaferíaGran VíaTorre del AguaWTCZ FlagCoat of armsNickname: The Florence of Spain[1]Location of ZaragozaZaragozaShow map of SpainZaragozaShow map of AragonZaragozaShow map of EuropeCoordinates: 41°39′N 0°53′W / 41.650...
Ron HarrisNazionalità Inghilterra Calcio RuoloAllenatore (ex difensore) Termine carriera1º luglio 1985 CarrieraGiovanili 1960-1962 Chelsea Squadre di club1 1961-1980 Chelsea655 (13)1980-1983 Brentford61 (0)1984-1985 Aldershot0 (0) Carriera da allenatore 1980-1983 Brentford1984-1985 Aldershot 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo → indica un trasferimento in prestito. Modifica dati su Wi...
Type of parser in computer science This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In computer science, LR parsers are a type of bottom-up parser that analyse deterministic context-free languages in linear time.[1] There are several variants of LR parsers: SLR parsers, LALR parsers, canonical LR(1) parser...
