12 February 2024 Rafah strikes

"Super Bowl massacre" redirects here. For the shooting at the Super Bowl victory parade, see 2024 Kansas City parade shooting.
12 February 2024 Rafah strikes
Part of the background of the Rafah offensive and the Israel–Hamas war
Rafah is located in the Gaza Strip
Rafah
Rafah
LocationRafah, southern Gaza Strip
Coordinates31°16′21″N 34°15′31″E / 31.27250°N 34.25861°E / 31.27250; 34.25861
Date12 February 2024
Attack type
Airstrikes, massacre
Deaths83–100+
InjuredUnknown
Perpetrators Israeli Air Force

On 12 February 2024, Israel Defense Forces launched an assault on Rafah, a city in the Gaza Strip, killing over 83 people.[1][2] The airstrikes destroyed at least one mosque and multiple inhabited homes, killing most or all of their occupants.

Israeli government sources linked the airstrikes to its hostage rescue operation, Operation Golden Hand, describing the airstrikes as a diversion or "covering fire."[2][3][4] Israel freed two hostages in that operation.[5] The strikes came as Israel proposed a ground invasion of the city, which caused international concern.[6]

Casualties from the Israeli bombings began to reported by 2:30am and 20 were confirmed dead by 5:30am.[7] The total number of deaths was estimated as at least 94 people according to the Palestinian Health Ministry[8] and the Palestinian Red Crescent Society has estimated the death toll to be over 100.[9] According to the Palestinian Center for Human Rights, which pulled information from Rafah hospitals the dead included at least 27 children and 22 women.[10] The Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor compiled a list of 83 people killed, of whom 29 were children and another third were women (as identified by their names).[2]

Background

On October 7, 2023, Hamas led an invasion into Israel, which led to the death of 1,100 Israelis and taking hundreds hostage.[11] This event was the catalyst for the Israel–Hamas war.[12] During four months of Israeli airstrikes and a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip, over 28,000 Palestinians have been killed, most of whom were civilians.[13] The war has led to an international wave of protests and calls for Israel to be charged with genocide, with Israel adamant that the war won't stop until all of the hostages are freed and Hamas is dissolved.[14]

In October 2023, Israel ordered evacuations in Northern Gaza for Israeli operations against Hamas, causing concern from human rights groups.[15] Previous evacuation orders had instructed Palestinian civilians to go to Rafah, leading to the area to hold about 1.4 million Palestinians. Israeli officials have raised allegations that they believe senior Hamas officials are sheltering in Rafah along with the remaining hostages. Many of the evacuees are in overcrowded conditions within Rafah, with many crowded into houses or tents, with some even sleeping on the streets with no cover.[16] Rafah is reportedly the last major population center in Gaza not occupied by the IDF, with others that have taken over reported as wastelands with total destruction, bodies left in the streets and civilians resorting to drinking out of toilets for water.[1]

In February 2024, Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu ordered the IDF to plan evacuations in Rafah, which along with the airstrikes has caused concern from organizations such as the European Union and the United Nations.[17][18][19] Netanyahu reportedly spoke against calls for Israel to avoid carrying out a military offensive in Rafah claiming it was a smuggling haven for Hamas.[20]

Airstrikes

According to the Associated Press, Israeli airstrikes on Rafah began at 1:50am local time on 12 February, one minute after the start of a hostage rescue operation in a house in the Shaboura area of Rafah.[7] The Israeli military claimed that it had conducted a series of airstrikes on targets in the Shaboura area of Rafah, while the Rafah municipality claimed at least two mosques and about a dozen homes were targeted.[1] Reporting and analysis of satellite imagery concluded that the airstrikes extended far beyond Shaboura.[2]

The Israeli government stated that the night's airstrikes, that resulted in the deaths of at least 67 civilians, were conducted as a diversion in order to rescue two hostages.[21] Israeli intentions with the strikes, as described by military spokesman Major Nir Dinar were: "to hit Hamas military command centers, confuse the militants, sever contact between the hostages’ captors and their commanders, and provide cover for the escape."[22]

A civilian who had been sheltering in Rafah stated that the night was indescribable, and he and others around him thought that the IDF was invading Rafah due to the amount of airstrikes.[23] Among the locations struck were the Al-Huda mosque, and the family homes of the Abu-Jazar, Hassouna, and Al-Shaer families. Libération newspaper geolocated these sites as between 1.5 and 2.2 kilometers away from the hostage rescue.[2] Eighteen members of the Abu-Jazar family were killed in their home in the Badr refugee camp, including an infant and three young Qwaider children who were cousins of the Abu-Jazars.[2] The Hassouna family, who rented a house after fleeing violence elsewhere in Gaza, was attacked by an airstrike to their one-story house, which was destroyed, killing eight family members, including two children.[24] Among them was Sidra Hassouna, who was thrown out of the building and left hanging from a wall. Photos of Sidra Hassouna's lifeless body widely circulated on social media. The Hasounas were relatives of Palestine's Ambassador the UK, Husam Zomlot.[25] Eight members of the Al-Shaer family, spanning three generations, were killed in their home, which was collapsed by an airstrike.[2] Other sites were struck and the AP reported that the airstrikes "flatten[ed] several residential blocks in a built-up refugee camp."[7] Following the hostage rescue operation, the site where the hostages were held was leveled.[2]

The Al-Huda mosque was largely destroyed,[2][26] but parishioners held worship services in the remains of the building on February 23.[27]

These actions have been interpreted as possible war crimes.[28][29]

Hostage rescue

Main article: Operation Golden Hand
See also: Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis § Rescue operations

The rescue mission is the second successful rescue mission of a hostage during the Israel-Hamas war, with the first occurring on October 30, 2023.[30] An IDF spokesperson Daniel Hagari, told reporters the rescue attempt was a covert operation and happened at around 1:49 am local time, with the airstrikes following a few minutes later.[1] IDF soldiers reportedly broke into a second floor apartment where the men were being held, and fired against militants guarding them throughout the building. When the airstrikes began the soldiers reportedly covered the hostages with their bodies to protect from debris. The rescue attempt lasted about an hour and resulted in the deaths of two IDF soldiers.[30] The reported hostages were identified as Fernando Simon Marman (aged 60) and Luis Har (aged 70), who are both dual Israeli-Argentine citizens and had been kidnapped from the Kibbutz Nir Yitzhak.[16][30]

Super Bowl LVIII

See also: Super Bowl LVIII

Some commentators pointed out that millions of Americans were celebrating the Super Bowl simultaneously as dozens of Palestinians were being killed.[31][32] Jewish Voice for Peace stated: "The Israeli military is bombing Rafah, the most densely populated area in the world, while Americans watch the Super Bowl. This is intentional."[33] The Super Bowl also aired several ads that pushed the narrative that Israel was at war with Hamas, without mentioning the 29,000 Palestinians who had been killed by the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip.[31] The ads were sponsored by the Israeli government and cost an estimated $7 million.[33] The Federal Communications Commission received 10,000 complaints about the ad, as it did not disclose that it was paid for by a foreign government.[34]

American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee stated that the attacks on Rafah were planned to coincide with the Super Bowl as Israel knew the American public would not be paying attention on other news on that day.[33] Dave Zirin also said that Israel influencing the American public through ads, as it killed dozens of Palestinians, was "more like military synergy than happenstance."[23]

Aftermath

A Hamas spokesperson called the airstrikes a series of "horrific massacres against defenseless civilians and displaced children, women and the elderly".[30]

The prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Karim Khan has stated that the reports coming from Rafah were cause for deep concern and seemed to be ignoring laws of armed conflict.[16] Some such as sports commentator Dave Zirin called it the "Super Bowl Massacre" due to their concurrence with Super Bowl LVIII.[35][36][unreliable source?] Harvard University students participated in a "die-in" at Widener Library to protest against the airstrikes, which was publicized online by the Palestinian Red Crescent Society, and other groups.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Regan, Helen; Salman, Abeer (2024-02-12). "Israeli airstrikes kill more than 100 in Rafah as international alarm mounts over anticipated ground offensive". CNN. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Horn, Alexandre. "«Massacre du Super Bowl» à Rafah : les frappes de Tsahal lors de la libération des otages ont tué des dizaines de civils, dont une trentaine d'enfants". Libération (in French). Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  3. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (2024-02-12). "Here is how Israel said it freed 2 hostages from Gaza". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  4. ^ Ravid, Barak (2024-02-12). "Israeli military rescues two hostages held in the Gaza city of Rafah, officials say". Axios. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  5. ^ Kingsley, Patrick; Yazbek, Hiba (2024-02-12). "Israeli Raid in Rafah Rescues 2 Hostages and Kills Dozens, Officials Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  6. ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (2024-02-12). "U.S., U.N. and International Criminal Court Intensify Warnings Against Invading Rafah". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  7. ^ a b c "Timeline of the Israeli raid in Gaza that rescued two hostages and killed dozens of Palestinians". AP News. 2024-02-12. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  8. ^ Regan, Helen (2024-02-12). "Israeli airstrikes kill more than 100 in Rafah as international alarm mounts over anticipated ground offensive". CNN. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  9. ^ a b Edwards, Sally; Sonnad-Joshi, Aran (February 12, 2024). "Nearly 200 Harvard Students Hold 'Die-In' Protesting Airstrikes on Rafah | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  10. ^ "Airstrike from Israeli hostage rescue wipes out entire Palestinian family in Gaza border town". AP News. 2024-02-13. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
  11. ^ Boxerman, Aaron (2023-11-10). "Israel-Hamas War: Israel Lowers Oct. 7 Death Toll Estimate to 1,200". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  12. ^ "Hamas surprise attack out of Gaza stuns Israel and leaves hundreds dead in fighting, retaliation". AP News. 2023-10-07. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  13. ^ "Gaza death toll passes 28,000 as Israeli assault on Rafah looms". euronews. 2024-02-10. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  14. ^ "Netanyahu rejects Hamas's proposed ceasefire terms". BBC News. 2024-02-07. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  15. ^ "Why Israel's Gaza Evacuation Order is So Alarming | Human Rights Watch". 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  16. ^ a b c Berger, Miriam; Loveluck, Louisa; Harb, Hajar (February 12, 2024). "Panic mounts in Rafah over looming Israeli offensive after night strikes". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  17. ^ "Netanyahu orders military to plan Rafah evacuation". BBC News. 2024-02-09. Retrieved 2024-02-13.
  18. ^ Said, Summer; Jones, Rory; Keller-Lynn, Carrie (12 Feb 2024). "Israel Proposes Rafah Evacuation Despite U.S. Concerns". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  19. ^ "UN 'will not be party' to Rafah evacuation due to lack of safe refuge in Gaza". Times of Israel. Feb 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  20. ^ Fabian, Emanuel (11 February 2024). "PM says Rafah offensive key to victory as Hamas threatens to torpedo hostage talks". The Times of Israel. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  21. ^ Ravid, Barak (11 Feb 2024). "Israeli military rescues two hostages held in the Gaza city of Rafah, officials say". Axios. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  22. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (2024-02-12). "Middle East Crisis: How Israeli Commandos Rescued 2 Hostages in Gaza". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  23. ^ a b Zirin, Dave (2024-02-12). "The First Thing We Should Remember About the Super Bowl Is the Massacre". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
  24. ^ "Airstrike from Israeli hostage rescue wipes out entire Palestinian family in Gaza border town". AP News. 2024-02-13. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  25. ^ Sinmaz, Emine (2024-02-16). "Palestinian ambassador to UK says eight relatives killed in Israeli strikes in Rafah". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  26. ^ "Israel Is Counting on Middle East Neighbors to Help Rebuild Gaza". Bloomberg.com. 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  27. ^ "Palestinians perform Friday prayers in the ruins of Al-Huda Mosque". EPA. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
  28. ^ Deutsch, Anthony (13 Feb 2024). "ICC prosecutor 'deeply concerned' by situation in Gaza's Rafah". Reuters. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  29. ^ Bicer, Aysu. "Amnesty UK report gives evidence on possible war crimes by Israel in Gaza city of Rafah". AA. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  30. ^ a b c d Rubin, Shira (February 12, 2024). "Israeli army rescues two hostages amid deadly airstrikes on Rafah". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
  31. ^ a b Harmon, Katelin (February 19, 2024). "Americans let the Super Bowl distract them from the attacks on Rafah". Daily Tarheel.
  32. ^ DC, Brooke Anderson ــ Washington (2024-02-13). "Biden mocks opponents over Super Bowl as Israel bombs Rafah". newarab.com. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
  33. ^ a b c "Israel Super Bowl ad sells Gaza war to NFL football audience". newarab.com. 12 February 2024.
  34. ^ Zirin, Dave (2024-02-12). "The First Thing We Should Remember About the Super Bowl Is the Massacre". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 2024-06-10.
  35. ^ Zirin, Dave (12 Feb 2024). "The First Thing We Should Remember About the Super Bowl Is the Massacre". The Nation. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  36. ^ Crimmins, Tricia (12 Feb 2024). "'I doubt this is a coincidence': Israel's bombing of Rafah during the big game dubbed 'Super Bowl Massacre'". Daily Dot. Retrieved 13 February 2024.

Read other articles:

Little Caesars

American multinational pizza chain based in Detroit This article is about the US pizzeria chain. For other uses, see Little Caesar (disambiguation). Pizza! Pizza! redirects here. For the unrelated Canadian pizza restaurant, see Pizza Pizza. This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (June 2023) Little Caesar Enterprises Inc.Pizza! Pizza!Headqu...

 

 

Parliament of Rwanda

National legislature of Rwanda This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Parliament of Rwanda – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Parliament of Rwanda Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u RwandaTypeTypeBicameral HousesChamber of Dep...

 

 

Yo (app)

Smartphone app YoDeveloper(s)Or ArbelInitial releaseApril 1, 2014; 10 years ago (2014-04-01)Operating systemiOS, AndroidWebsitewww.justyo.co Yo was a social mobile application for iOS, Android, and formerly also Windows Phone. Initially, the application's only function was to send the user's friends the word yo as a text and audio notification,[1] but was then updated to enable users to attach links and location to their Yos.[2][3] History Yo was crea...

Partai Progresif Demokrat

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Partai Progresif Demokrat (disambiguasi). Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Partai Progresif Demokrat – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (December 2010)Untuk Koalisi Pan-Hijau, lihat Koalisi Pan-Hij...

 

 

Immobilarity

1999 studio album by RaekwonImmobilarityStudio album by RaekwonReleasedNovember 16, 1999Recorded1998–1999GenreHip hopLength65:12LabelLoudColumbiaProducer Oli Power Grant (exec.) Raekwon (exec.) The Infinite Arkatechz Triflyn Vo Pop Pete Rock Carlos Six July Broady Raekwon chronology Only Built 4 Cuban Linx…(1995) Immobilarity(1999) The Lex Diamond Story(2003) Wu-Tang Clan solo chronology Golden Arms Redemption(1999) Immobilarity(1999) Supreme Clientele(2000) Immobilarity is the se...

 

 

Oswaldo de Oliveira

Questa voce sull'argomento allenatori di calcio brasiliani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Oswaldo de Oliveira Nazionalità  Brasile Altezza 183 cm Peso 80 kg Calcio Ruolo Allenatore Termine carriera 2019 - allenatore Carriera Carriera da allenatore 1999-2000 Corinthians2000 Vasco da Gama2001-2002 Fluminense2002-2003 San Paolo2003 Flamengo2004 Corinthi...

Stasiun Citayam

Stasiun Citayam B22 Penampakan Stasiun Citayam, 2021Nama lainStasiun CitayemLokasiJalan Raya Citayam[1]Bojong Pondok Terong, Cipayung, Depok, Jawa Barat 16444IndonesiaKoordinat6°26′42″S 106°47′59″E / 6.44500°S 106.79972°E / -6.44500; 106.79972Koordinat: 6°26′42″S 106°47′59″E / 6.44500°S 106.79972°E / -6.44500; 106.79972Ketinggian+120 mOperator KAI Commuter Letak km 37+760 lintas Jakarta-Manggarai-Bogor km 37+810 l...

 

 

1754 en santé et médecine

Chronologies Données clés 1751 1752 1753  1754  1755 1756 1757Décennies :1720 1730 1740  1750  1760 1770 1780Siècles :XVIe XVIIe  XVIIIe  XIXe XXeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies thématiques Art Architecture, Arts plastiques (Dessin, Gravure, Peinture et Sculpture), (), Littérature (), Musique (Classique) et Théâtre   Ingénierie (), Architecture et ()   Politique Droit   Religion (,)   Science (...

 

 

Troy Museum

Archaeological museum in northwestern Turkey Museum of TroyTroya MüzesiLocation of the museum in the Marmara RegionEstablished10 October 2018; 5 years ago (2018-10-10)LocationTevfikiye, Çanakkale Province, TurkeyCoordinates39°57′19″N 26°14′57″E / 39.95528°N 26.24917°E / 39.95528; 26.24917TypeArchaeologicalCollection sizemore than 40,000 (2,000 on display)Executive directorRıdvan Gölcük The Museum of Troy (Turkish: Troya Müzesi) is an...

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會波蘭代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl（英文）（波兰文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式：帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基（游泳）和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡（自行车）[1]闭幕式：卡罗利娜·纳亚（皮划艇）&#...

 

 

Chile en la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 1930

Chile5º lugar Oficial Asociación Federación de Football de Chile Confederación Conmebol Participación 1a Entrenador Jorge Orth La selección de Chile fue una de las trece participantes de la primera Copa Mundial de Fútbol, disputada en Uruguay entre el 13 y 30 de julio de 1930. Estuvo incluida en el Grupo 1, enfrentándose en primera ronda a México, Francia y Argentina. Recibió a favor el primer autogol y tiro penal en la historia del campeonato. Preparativos Contexto Alineación de ...

 

 

Gorlago

Gorlagocomune Gorlago – VedutaLa parrocchiale di San Pancrazio LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Lombardia Provincia Bergamo AmministrazioneSindacoMaria Elena Grena (Lega - Uniti per Gorlago) dal 27-5-2019 TerritorioCoordinate45°40′N 9°49′E45°40′N, 9°49′E (Gorlago) Altitudine233 m s.l.m. Superficie5,7 km² Abitanti5 164[1] (31-12-2022) Densità905,96 ab./km² FrazioniCastello, Montecchi, Bettole, Busneto, Borghetti, Crocion...

Sarstedt station

SarstedtBfSarstedt railway stationGeneral informationLocationSarstedt, Lower SaxonyGermanyCoordinates52°13′58″N 9°50′34″E / 52.2328°N 9.8429°E / 52.2328; 9.8429Owned byDeutsche BahnOperated by DB Netz DB Station&Service Line(s) Hanoverian Southern Railway Platforms2Connections RE 2 RE 10 S 4 201 211 212 213 Other informationFare zoneGVH: C[1]Services Preceding station Metronom Following station Hannover Hbftowards Uelzen RE 2 Nordstemmentowards ...

 

 

Alton Brown

Alton BrownBrown di Festival Buku Texas 2011LahirAlton Crawford Brown30 Juli 1962 (umur 61)Los Angeles, CaliforniaPendidikanUniversitas GeorgiaInstitut Masakan New EnglandGayaAmerika, SelatanTelevisiGood EatsIron Chef AmericaFeasting on WavesFeasting on AsphaltThe Next Food Network Star Cutthroat Kitchen Alton Crawford Brown (kelahiran 30 Juli 1962) adalah seorang presenter televisi, chef selebriti, penulis, aktor, dan sinematografer Amerika. Ia adalah pembuat dan pembawa acara televisi...

 

 

KiwiRail

New Zealand state-owned rail and ferry operator KiwiRail Holdings LimitedCompany typeState-Owned EnterpriseIndustryRail transport, shipping, property managementPredecessorToll NZFounded1 July 2008 (2008-07-01)HeadquartersPipitea, Wellington, New ZealandArea servedNew ZealandKey peoplePeter Reidy (CEO),[1] David McClean (Chair)[2]ProductsGreat Journeys New ZealandServicesRail freightInter-island ferriesLong-distance passenger railRevenue NZ$682.9 million[3 ...

摩尔多瓦总理

摩尔多瓦总理总理旗帜現任多林·雷切安自2023年2月16日在任尊称His/Her Excellency官邸基希讷乌任命者摩尔多瓦总统任期四年网站http://gov.gov.md/en/start/ 摩爾多瓦 摩爾多瓦政府与政治系列条目 憲法 行政機關 總統 伊戈尔·多东 總理 巴维尔·菲利普 內閣 立法機關 議會 議長:马里安·卢普 司法機關 憲法法院 最高法院 行政區劃 選舉 選舉近況 總統: 2011-2012 國會: 2014 政黨 外交 地图 �...

 

 

List of highways numbered 597

Route 597, or Highway 597, may refer to: This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (March 2009) Canada Alberta Highway 597 Ontario Highway 597 United Kingdom A597 road United States SR 597 KY 597 LA 597 MD 597 NM 597 PR-597 FM 597 Preceded by596 Lists of highways597 Succeeded by598 vteList of highways numbered ...0–9 0 1 1A 1B 1D 1X 2 2A 2N 3 3A 3B 3C 3E 3G 4 4A 5 5A 5B 6 6A 6N 7 7A 7B 7C 8 9 9A 9B 9E 9W 10–16 10 10A 10N 11 11A 11B ...

 

 

Stade olympique de Berlin

Stade olympique de Berlin Olympiastadion BerlinLe stade en 2015. UEFA GénéralitésAdresse Olympischer Platz 3 14053 BerlinConstruction et ouvertureOuverture 1er août 1936Architecte Werner March (1936) Friedrich Wilhelm Krahe (1974) Gerkan, Marg and Partner (2000-04)Rénovation 1974, 2000–04Coût de construction 42 millions RM (1936) 242 millions €EUR (2000-04)UtilisationClubs résidents Hertha Berlin (depuis 1963) Berlin Thunder (2004 à 2007) 1. FC Union Berlin (occasionnellement...

خط طول 92° غرب

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) 92° خط طول 92 غرب خريطة لجميع الإحداثيات من جوجل خريطة لجميع الإحداثيات من بينغ تصدير جميع الإحداثيات من كي...

 

 

Politics of France

For a history of how the current constitution was enacted, see French Fifth Republic. Politics of France Politique en FranceEmblem of the French RepublicPolity typeUnitary semi‑presidential constitutional republicConstitutionFifth Republic ConstitutionLegislative branchNameParliamentTypeBicameralMeeting placePalace of VersaillesUpper houseNameSenatePresiding officerGérard Larcher, President of the SenateAppointerIndirect electionLower houseNameNational AssemblyPresiding officerYaël Braun...