Aphedron

Look up ἀφεδρών in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The Greek noun aphedron (ἀφεδρών) is a term for latrine. The word occurs twice in the New Testament (Matthew 15:17, Mark 7:19) and was unknown in classical texts. The Vulgate rendered the term secessus, latrine.^[1] Wycliffe avoided the reference to a privy with "and beneath it goeth out," while Martin Luther translated the word as natürliche Gang ("natural course"),^[2] though Tyndale's "and goeth out into the draught" is more clear. Perhaps due in part to Luther's "natural course," various 18th and 19th Century scholars assumed it was a euphemism for the human bowel.^[3] However the discovery and publication of an inscription at Pergamon in 1901^[4] confirmed that the word does, as per Latin secessus, in fact mean latrine.^[5]

Further the Mark 7:19 verse says "out into the aphedron, cleaning all meats" which makes no sense if the meat is still lodged in the lower intestine.^[6]

Inscription

The following is a transcription and translation of the relevant fragment of the Greek text known in Latin as Lex de astynomis Pergamenorum and in English as Law of the town clerks of Pergamon.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

483.220 ΑΦΕΔΡΩΝΩΝ = Concerning privies.

ΟΙ ΑΣΤΥΝΟΜΟΙ = the town clerks ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΑΝ = care (f.acc.) ΠΟΙΕΙΣΘΩΣΑΝ = shall make ΤΩΝ ΤΕ = of the ΔΗΜΟΣΙΩΝ = public ΑΦΕΔΡΩΝΩΝ = privies, ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ = and of ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ = out of them ΥΠΟΝΟΜΩΝ = sewers pl. ΚΑΙ ΕΑΝ = and if ΤΙΝΕΣ = some ΜΗ ΣΤΕΓΝΟΙ = not covers/lids pl. ΥΠΑΡΧΩΣΙΝ = already in existence ΚΑΙ ΤΩΝ.... = and of.... (text broken)

Translation: Concerning WCs. The town clerks shall maintain the public WCs and their outpipes. And if some of them are not covered and of them... (text broken).

References

^ Vulgate 7:19 "quia non intrat in cor ejus, sed in ventrum vadit, et in secessum exit, purgans omnes escas?"
^ Markus 7:19 Denn es gehet nicht in sein Herz, sondern in den Bauch und gehet aus durch den natürlichen Gang, der alle Speise ausfeget. 1545
^ Robley Dunglison, Medical lexicon: a dictionary of medical science 1855, page 88.
^ Pitt, Robert K (26 October 2012). "Astynomoi, law of the (Pergamon)". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. ISBN 9781444338386. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
^ "ἀφεδρών". LSJ. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
^ James Hope Moulton and George Milligan The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament
^ Dittenberger, Wilhelm (1905). "Lex de astynomis Pergamenorum". Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones Selectae. Leipzig. p. 105.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "MDAI(A) 27 (1902) 47,71". PHI Greek Inscriptions. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
^ G. Klaffenbach, Lex de astynomis Pergamenorum (1954).
^ The nature and function of water, baths, bathing, and hygiene from ... - Page 252 Cynthia Kosso, Anne Scott - 2009 "Günther Klaffenbach, “Die Astynomeninschrift von Pergamon,” Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst 6 (1953), 3–25 took charge of providing a full, yet strictly philological, commentary. "

v t e Toilets
Equipment	Ballcock Bedpan Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Commode Electronic bidet Flushometer Seat Toilet seat riser Toilet Toilet cleaner Toilet paper Holder/dispenser Orientation Toilet rim block Trap (U-bend)
Types	Aircraft Arborloo Blair Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container-based Dry Dual flush EToilet Flush Freezing Head (boat) Hudo (Scouting) Incinerating Intelligent Latrine Low-flush On-board Passenger train Pay Pig Pit Portable Potty Public Sanisette (self-cleaning) Sink Space Squat Telescopic Treebog Urine-diverting dry Vacuum Vermifilter Washlet (combined toilet and bidet)
Cultural and policy aspects	Accessible Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Bathroom reading Honeywagon (vehicle) Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Privatization of public toilets Swachh Bharat Mission Toilet god Toilet humour Skibidi Toilet Toilet plume Toilet-related injuries and deaths Toilet Revolution in China Toilet Twinning Unisex public Vacuum truck
Jobs and activities	Manual scavenging Restroom attendant Sanitation worker Slopping out Toilet training Toileting
Urine-related aspects	Female urinal Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pee curl Pollee Sanistand Urinal Urinal deodorizer block Urinal (health care) Urination Urine collection device Urine deflector Urine diversion
Feces-related aspects	Anal hygiene Defecation Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Flying toilet Open defecation Scatology
Places	Haewoojae Hundertwasser Toilets Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue Modern Toilet Restaurant National Poo Museum Outhouse Public toilets in Bratislava Rest area Shit Museum Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Toilet (room) Toilet History Museum Toilets in Japan Toilets in New York City Bryant Park restroom
Historical terms	Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Dansker Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the Stool Night soil Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter
See also	Ecological sanitation History of water supply and sanitation Human right to water and sanitation Improved sanitation Infection prevention and control Public health Reuse of human excreta Sanitation Sewage treatment Sustainable sanitation Waste management World Toilet Day Workers' right to access the toilet

Read other articles:

Louis Edward Gelineau

North American Christian leader His Excellency, The Most ReverendLouis Edward GélineauBishop Emeritus of ProvidenceChurchRoman Catholic ChurchArchdioceseHartfordDioceseProvidenceAppointedDecember 6, 1971InstalledJanuary 26, 1972RetiredJune 11, 1997PredecessorRussell McVinneySuccessorRobert Edward MulveeOrdersOrdinationJune 5, 1953by Edward Francis RyanConsecrationJanuary 26, 1972by Robert Francis Joyce, Bernard Joseph Flanagan, and Edward Cornelius O'LearyPersonal detailsBorn (1928...

B

此條目介紹的是拉丁字母中的第2个字母。关于其他用法，请见「B (消歧义)」。提示：此条目页的主题不是希腊字母Β、西里尔字母В、Б、Ъ、Ь或德语字母ẞ、ß。 BB b(见下)用法書寫系統拉丁字母英文字母ISO基本拉丁字母（英语：ISO basic Latin alphabet）类型全音素文字相关所属語言拉丁语读音方法 [b][p][ɓ](适应变体)Unicode编码U+0042, U+0062字母顺位2数值 2歷史發...

Colpo di fulmine (song)

2008 single by Giò Di Tonno and Lola PonceColpo di fulmineSingle by Giò Di Tonno and Lola PonceB-sideColpo di fulmine (Instrumental)ReleasedFebruary 2008LabelMusiZaSongwriter(s)Gianna NanniniAudioColpo di fulmine on YouTube Colpo di fulmine (transl. Love at first sight) is a 2008 song composed by Gianna Nannini and performed by Giò Di Tonno and Lola Ponce. It won the 58th edition of the Sanremo Music Festival. Background The song was originally composed by Nannini for her rock opera Pia de...

Cheick Diarra

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori maliani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Cheick Diarra Nazionalità Mali Altezza 174 cm Calcio Ruolo Attaccante Squadra Créteil-Lusitanos CarrieraGiovanili Centre Salif KeitaSquadre di club1 2008-2011 Centre Salif Keita? (?)2011 Stade Malien0 (0)2011-2012 Rennes 220 (17)2011-2013 Rennes19 (1)2013-2014→ I...

Om Namah Shivay (1997 TV series)

Indian mythological television series Om Namah ShivayGenreSpiritualityWritten byVikas KapoorScreenplay byDarshan LaadDirected byDheeraj KumarStarringSamar Jai SinghYashodhan RanaGayatri ShastriNarrated byRishabh ShuklaDilip SinhaMusic bySharang DevOpening themePt. JasrajCountry of originIndiaOriginal languageHindiNo. of seasons1No. of episodes208[1]ProductionProducerZuby KochharRunning time45 minutesProduction companyCreative EyeOriginal releaseNetworkDD NationalRelease19 January 1997...

Transistor efek medan sambungan

Transistor efek medan sambunganSimbol TipeKomponen aktifKategoriTransistor FETPenemuJohn Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain dan William Shockley (1947)Komponen sejenisMOSFETKemasan3 kaki (gerbang, cerat, sumber)lbs Arus listrik dari sumber ke cerat dalam JFET kanal-p dikurangi jika tegangan diberikan ke gerbang. Transistor efek medan sambungan (TEMS, JFET atau JUGFET) adalah tipe paling sederhana dari transistor efek medan. Ini dapat digunakan sebagai sebuah sakelar terkendali elektronik atau re...

Storo station

Oslo metro station StoroGeneral informationLocationStoro, OsloNorwayCoordinates59°56′39″N 10°46′43″E / 59.944071°N 10.778703°E / 59.944071; 10.778703Owned bySporveienOperated bySporveien T-banenLine(s)Ring LineConnectionsTram: Bus service: 23 Lysaker–Simensbråten24 Brynseng–Fornebu56 Solemskogen–Nydalen56B Grefsenkollen–Nydalen58 Nydalen–TveitaConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeAccessibleYesHistoryOpened22 August 2003Services Pre...

Altai Mountains

Mountain range in Central–East Asia For other uses, see Altai. 49°N 89°E / 49°N 89°E / 49; 89 Map of the Altai mountain range The Altai Mountains (/ɑːlˈtaɪ/), also spelled Altay Mountains, are a mountain range in Central Asia and Eastern Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters. The massif merges with the Sayan Mountains in the northeast, and gradually becomes lower in the southeast...

冀浴泗

此條目體裁或許更宜作散文而非列表。 (2019年9月20日)如有餘力，请协助将此条目改写为散文。查看编辑帮助。冀浴泗个人资料逝世1948年3月20日国籍中國政党中國青年黨[1] 冀浴泗（？—1948年3月20日）。山西人。民國37年（1948年）在山西省第二選區當選第一屆立法委員。生平[2] 山西大學畢業在太原鋼鐵廠服務有年民國35年6月，中國青年黨太原辦事處在�...

Villacidro

Villacidrocomune(IT) Villacidro(SC) Biddacidru Villacidro – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Sardegna ProvinciaSud Sardegna AmministrazioneSindacoFederico Sollai (lista civica) dall'11-10-2021 TerritorioCoordinate39°27′28.08″N 8°44′32.54″E39°27′28.08″N, 8°44′32.54″E Altitudine267 m s.l.m. Superficie183,48 km² Abitanti13 060[1] (31-3-2024) Densità71,18 ab./km² Comuni confinantiDomusnovas, Gonnosfanadiga, Iglesias (is...

Lumateperone

Atypical antipsychotic LumateperoneClinical dataPronunciation/luːməˈtɛpərɑːn/loo-mə-TE-pə-ron Trade namesCaplytaOther namesITI-007; ITI-722AHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa620014License data US DailyMed: Lumateperone Routes ofadministrationBy mouthDrug classAtypical antipsychoticATC codeN05AD10 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status US: WARNING[1]Rx-only[2] Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailability4.4%[2]Protein binding97.4%[2]Metabol...

Gemma Donati

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando la doppiatrice omonima, vedi Gemma Donati (doppiatrice). Gemma Donati (Firenze, 3 marzo 1265 circa[1] – Firenze, 1333-1342) fu la moglie di Dante Alighieri. Stemma dei Donati Indice 1 Biografia 2 Note 3 Bibliografia 4 Voci correlate 5 Altri progetti 6 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Non si sa quasi nulla della sua vita, nemmeno la data esatta di nascita o di morte. Le notizie sulla moglie di Dante sono circoscritte intorno alla famiglia d'ori...

الغواصة الألمانية يو-104 (1940)

يو-104 الجنسية ألمانيا النازية الشركة الصانعة إيه جي فيزر[1] المالك كريغسمارينه المشغل كريغسمارينه[1] تعديل مصدري - تعديل غواصة يو-104 غواصة يو بوت ألمانية من الفئة التاسعة بي بنيت لسلاح بحرية ألمانيا النازية كريغسمارينه، في أحواض إيه جي فيزر في بريمن ...

П

Cet article est une ébauche concernant l’écriture. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Cette page contient des caractères spéciaux ou non latins. S’ils s’affichent mal (▯, ?, etc.), consultez la page d’aide Unicode. Pe П, п Graphies Capitale П Bas de casse п Utilisation Alphabets Cyrillique Phonèmes principaux /p/ modifier Les formes du pé dans l’Alphabet de Kari...

Antenna (radio)

Electrical device Antennas redirects here. For other uses of antenna, see Antenna (disambiguation). AntennaMultiple patch (rectangular) antennas found atop a Cellular TowerWorking principle‍Electromagnetic radiationInventedHeinrich Hertz (1888)Electronic symbol Film on working of antenna In radio engineering, an antenna (American English) or aerial (British English) is an electronic device that converts an alternating electric current into radio waves (transmitting), or radio waves into...

Neuro-linguistic programming

Pseudoscientific approach to psychotherapy Not to be confused with Natural language processing (also NLP). For other uses, see NLP. Neuro-linguistic programmingMeSHD020557[edit on Wikidata] Neuro-linguisticprogramming Topics Methods Representational systems Covert hypnosis Developers Richard Bandler John Grinder Practitioners Connirae Andreas Steve Andreas Charles Faulkner Fazal Inayat-Khan Paul McKenna Tony Robbins Organisations Association for Neuro Linguistic Programming vte Neuro-ling...

Steve Scalise

American politician (born 1965) Steve ScaliseOfficial portrait, 2019House Majority LeaderIncumbentAssumed office January 3, 2023SpeakerKevin McCarthyMike JohnsonPreceded bySteny HoyerHouse Minority WhipIn officeJanuary 3, 2019 – January 3, 2023LeaderKevin McCarthyPreceded bySteny HoyerSucceeded byKatherine ClarkHouse Majority WhipIn officeAugust 1, 2014 – January 3, 2019SpeakerJohn BoehnerPaul RyanPreceded byKevin McCarthySucceeded byJim ClyburnChair of the Republica...

Jacobus Sinapius

Czech doctor Etching of Jacobus Sinapius, copy of the original painting owned by Leop Ioh Scherschnik teacher of rhetoric of Teschen Jacobus Sinapius or Jacobus Horcicky[a] (modern Czech: Jakub Hořčický; 1575 – 25 September 1622), later granted the title de Tepenec[b] (of Tepenec; Czech: z Tepence), was a Bohemian pharmacist and personal doctor of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. His latinized name Sinapius is a translation of his family name Hořčický, which means mustard...

Uzbekistan

Country in Central Asia Republic of UzbekistanO‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси (Uzbek) Flag Emblem Anthem: O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi, Ўзбекистон Республикасининг Давлат МадҳиясиState Anthem of the Republic of UzbekistanLocation of Uzbekistan (green)Capitaland largest cityTashkent41°19′N 69°16′E / 41.317°N 69.267°E / 41.317; 69.267Official langua...

Perennial philosophy

Idea that all religions share a single truth This article is about the school of thought in philosophy and spirituality. For the popular book on the subject by Aldous Huxley, see The Perennial Philosophy. Part of a series onSpirituality Outline Religion History Timeline Traditional Elite religion Jewish Merkabah Kabbalah Hasidism Christian Catholic Mysticism Sufism Folk religion Modern Buddhist modernism New religious movement Secular spirituality Spiritual but not religious Syncretism Spirit...