Injunction denied, Am. Broad. Cos. v. Aereo, Inc., 874 F. Supp. 2d373 (S.D.N.Y. 2012); affirmed sub. nom., WNET v. Aereo, Inc., 712 F.3d676 (2d Cir. 2013); rehearing en banc denied, 722 F.3d500 (2d Cir. 2013); cert. granted, 571U.S. 1118 (2014).
Holding
Aereo's retransmission of television broadcasts was a "public performance" of the networks' copyrighted work. The Copyright Act of 1976 forbids such performances without the permission of the holder of the copyright. Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed.
Cable companies are required by the 1992 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act to negotiate for retransmission consent, usually paying broadcasters for the right to carry their signals. Broadcasters argued that Aereo was a threat both to their business model by undermining the cable retransmission fees and the size of their audience.[2] Because the fees that cable companies paid for broadcast content could comprise up to 10% of a broadcaster's revenue,[3] broadcasters objected to Aereo's re-distribution of this content without paying any fees. Broadcasters have also identified Aereo as part of the cord-cutting trend among television audiences that poses a threat to broadcasters' advertising revenue.[4]
On March 1, 2012, two weeks before Aereo's initial launch in New York City, Aereo was sued for copyright infringement by a consortium of major broadcasters, including CBS Corporation's CBS, Comcast's NBC, Disney's ABC and 21st Century Fox's Fox.[6] The broadcasters argued that Aereo infringed their copyrighted material because Aereo's streams constituted public performances. They sought a preliminary injunction against the company.[6][7] On July 11, Federal Judge Alison Nathan denied this injunction, citing as precedent the 2008 Cablevision case, which established the legality of cloud-based streaming and DVR services.[8][9] In response to the decision, the Aereo founder and CEO, Chet Kanojia, said, "Today's decision shows that when you are on the right side of the law, you can stand up, fight the Goliath and win."[10] In a subsequent interview with CNET, Kanojia asserted, "With one step, we changed the entire TV industry. The television industry and its evolution are now starting towards the Internet and that was stopped until Aereo came along.... And I think as consumers start migrating to the Internet, new programming and new content are going to come in."[11]
Second Circuit appeal
The plaintiffs appealed the decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Several other players in the industry, such as cable provider Cablevision, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and the Consumer Electronics Association, filed amicus briefs.[12] On April 1, 2013, the federal appeals court upheld the lower court's ruling by finding that Aereo's streams to subscribers were not "public performances" and thus did not constitute copyright infringement.[13] The appeals court also affirmed the earlier district court decision that denied the broadcasters a preliminary injunction against Aereo.[14] In response, News CorporationChief Operating OfficerChase Carey stated that the company is contemplating taking Fox off the air and converting it to a cable-only channel: "We need to be able to be fairly compensated for our content... we can't sit idly by and let an entity steal our signal. We will move to a subscription model if that's our only recourse."[15]Univision and CBS have also stated that they may also follow and convert to cable-only.[16][17]
Supreme Court
In October 2013, the broadcasters filed a petition to the United States Supreme Court to take up the issue.[18] On January 10, 2014, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case.[19] In February 2014, in advance of the case being taken up by the Supreme Court, a judge in the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals granted a preliminary injunction against Aereo, blocking the service within the 10th District, which includes Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming, and Yellowstone National Park.[20] On November 17, 2013, the National Football League and Major League Baseball filed a joint amicus brief to the Supreme Court that warned that sports programming would likely migrate from broadcast to cable television and that Aereo may put the US in violation of several international treaties, which prohibit the retransmission of broadcast signals over the Internet without their copyright holders' consent.[21] The United States Department of Justice and United States Copyright Office also filed a joint brief in March 2014 that stated that Aereo's "system is clearly infringing."[22] The Supreme Court heard oral arguments on April 22, 2014.[23]
Decision
The Court decided in favor of the broadcasters on June 25 in a 6–3 decision and remanded the case. The Court's decision describes Aereo as not being "simply an equipment provider" with an "overwhelming likeness to cable companies" that "performs petitioners' works 'publicly.'" Further, the Court adds that its decision should not discourage the emergence or use of different kinds of technologies.[24]
Justices Scalia, Thomas and Alito dissented. Writing for the dissenting minority, Scalia quoted from Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. and noted that the broadcasters had made similar predictions regarding the VCR. Like the final paragraph in that previous ruling, he stated that the Court should be in no position to make judgements on novel technologies and that Congress indeed has the task of determining if copyright laws should be modified to address those issues.[25]
The dissent continues and criticizes the majority's opinion calling it poorly reasoned because it relies on a "guilt by resemblance" standard, which states Aereo is performing because it "looks-like-cable-TV:"
That claim fails at the very outset because Aereo does not "perform" at all. The Court manages to reach the opposite conclusion only by disregarding widely accepted rules for service-provider liability and adopting in their place an improvised standard ("looks-like-cable-TV") that will sow confusion for years to come.
Subsequent developments
Even though the United States Supreme Court held Aereo was "performing" the broadcasters copyrighted material because Aereo "looks-like-cable-TV" and was similar to community antenna television (CATV) systems, Aereo could not continue its service under a compulsory license as a cable provider would, it was later held.
Doing its best to turn lemons into lemonade, Aereo now seeks to capitalize on the Supreme Court's comparison of it to a CATV system to argue that it is in fact a cable system that should be entitled to a compulsory license under § 111. This argument is unavailing for a number of reasons.[26]
If I Were for RealSeni sampul videoSutradaraWang ToonSkenarioChang Yung-hsiang (張永祥)Berdasarkanpermainan latar karya Nikolai GogolPemeranKuan-Chen HuAlan TamSinematograferLin Hung-chung (林鴻鐘)Tanggal rilis 21 Agustus 1981 (1981-08-21) Durasi99 menitNegaraTaiwanBahasaMandarin If I Were for Real (Hanzi: 假如我是真的; Pinyin: jiǎrú wǒ shì zhēn de) adalah ssebuah film drama Taiwan 1981 yang disutradarai oleh Wang Toon.[1] Film tersebut dipilih sebagai en...
Irkut MS-21Irkut MS-21TipePesawat jet berbadan sempitProdusenUnited Aircraft CorporationPerancangIrkut Corporation dan Biro Desain Yakovlev[1]Terbang perdana28 Mei 2017[2]DiperkenalkanAntara akhir 2024 atau 2025 (ditangguhkan)StatusDiproduksiJumlah produksi6 per Juni 2022[3] Irkut MS-21 (bahasa Rusia: МС‑21, singkatan dari Магистральный Самолёт 21 века; Magistralny Samolyot 21 veka, Pesawat Utama abad ke-21), adalah serangkaian pesawat jet b...
Novel by Kim Stanley Robinson 2312 First editionAuthorKim Stanley RobinsonCover artistKirk BenshoffCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishGenreScience fictionPublisherOrbitPublication dateMay 23, 2012Media typePrint (hardcover and electronic book) and audio-CDPages576AwardsNebula Award for Best NovelISBN978-0-316-09812-0 2312 is a hard science fiction novel by American writer Kim Stanley Robinson, published in 2012. It is set in the year 2312 when society has spread out across the Solar...
Liga Premier UkrainaNegara UkrainaKonfederasiUEFADibentuk1991; 33 tahun lalu (1991)sebagai Vyshcha Liha2008; 16 tahun lalu (2008)sebagai Ukrainska Premier LihaJumlah tim16 (2021–22)Tingkat pada piramida1Degradasi keLiga Pertama UkrainaPiala domestik Piala Ukraina Piala Super Ukraina Piala internasional UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League UEFA Europa Conference League Juara bertahan ligaShakhtar Donetsk (14 gelar) (2022–23)Klub tersuksesDynamo Kyiv (16 gelar)Pencetak gol ter...
Election in Indiana Main article: 1904 United States presidential election 1904 United States presidential election in Indiana ← 1900 November 8, 1904 1908 → Nominee Theodore Roosevelt Alton B. Parker Party Republican Democratic Home state New York New York Running mate Charles W. Fairbanks Henry G. Davis Electoral vote 15 0 Popular vote 368,289 274,345 Percentage 53.99% 40.22% County Results Roosevelt 40-50% 50-60% ...
Bausch & Lomb Championships 1998 Sport Tennis Data 6 aprile - 12 aprile Edizione 19a Superficie Terra verde Campioni Singolare Mary Pierce Doppio Sandra Cacic / Mary Pierce 1997 1999 Il Bausch & Lomb Championships 1998 è stato un torneo di tennis giocato sulla terra verde. È stata la 19ª edizione del torneo, che fa parte della categoria Tier II nell'ambito del WTA Tour 1998. Si è giocato all'Amelia Island Plantation di Amelia Island negli USA dal 6 al 12 aprile 1998. Indice 1 Cam...
State-sponsored exile for political dissidents in Greece 20,000 political prisoners were banished to Gyaros during and after the Greek Civil War.[1] Makronisos from a ferry Thousands of people were banished to Leros during the Greek junta Democracy Museum in Ai Stratis Political detainees were deported to Anafi since the 1910s Internal exile was used to punish political dissidents by various Greek governments, including the Pangalos and Metaxas regimes, the government during the Greek...
American baseball player (born 1987) Baseball player Danny FarquharFarquhar with the Tampa Bay Rays in 2017Seattle Mariners Relief pitcherBorn: (1987-02-17) February 17, 1987 (age 37)Pembroke Pines, Florida, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 13, 2011, for the Toronto Blue JaysLast MLB appearanceApril 20, 2018, for the Chicago White SoxMLB statisticsWin–loss record10–15Earned run average3.93Strikeouts309 TeamsAs player Toronto Blue Jays (201...
ميكروبوليس تقسيم إداري البلد اليونان [1] التقسيم الأعلى بروسوتساني إحداثيات 41°11′31″N 23°49′12″E / 41.191944444444°N 23.82°E / 41.191944444444; 23.82 السكان التعداد السكاني 618 (resident population of Greece) (2021)1038 (resident population of Greece) (2001)1057 (resident population of Greece) (1991)845 (resident population of Greece) (2011...
غوستافيا، سانت بارتيليمي Quartier and town View over Gustavia الاسم الرسمي City of Gustavia موقع غوستافيا، سانت بارتيليمي الإحداثيات 17°53′55″N 62°50′57″W / 17.898611111111°N 62.849166666667°W / 17.898611111111; -62.849166666667 [1] Founded 1785 سبب التسمية غوستاف الثالث تقسيم إداري البلد فرنسا جماعية فرنس...
Selección de fútbol de Costa Rica Datos generalesPaís Costa RicaCódigo FIFA CRCFederación Federación Costarricense de FútbolConfederación CONCACAFSeudónimo(s) La sele La tricolor Los ticosSeleccionador Gustavo Alfaro (desde 2023)Capitán Francisco Calvo Más goles Rolando Fonseca (47)Más partidos Celso Borges (163)Clasificación FIFA 52.º (junio de 2024)Estadio(s) Nacional, San JoséEquipaciones Primera Segunda Primer partido Costa Rica 7-0 El SalvadorCiudad de Guatemala — ...
قهم عصبي Anorexia nervosa الجزء الخلفي من شخص مصاب بفقدان الشهية.الجزء الخلفي من شخص مصاب بفقدان الشهية. معلومات عامة الاختصاص طب نفسي، علم نفس سريري من أنواع اضطراب الأكل، ومرض الأسباب الأسباب غير معروف المظهر السريري الأعراض فقدان الوزن، خوف من زيادة الوزن، رغبة قوية في �...
Cet article est une ébauche concernant les Jeux olympiques et les États-Unis. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. États-Unis aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1900 Code CIO USA Lieu Paris Participation 2e Athlètes 75 MédaillesRang : 2 Or19 Arg.14 Bron.15 Total48 États-Unis aux Jeux olympiques d'été États-Unis aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1896 États-Unis aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 19...
Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Unione Sportiva Catanzaro. Unione Sportiva CatanzaroStagione 1948-1949Sport calcio Squadra Catanzaro Allenatore Luciano Robotti Presidente Aldo Ferrara Serie C14º posto nel girone D. 1947-1948 1949-1950 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccogli...
Condado de Zaldívar Corona de condePrimer titular José Manuel de Zaldívar y MurguiaConcesión Carlos IV8 de agosto de 1796 por real decreto. 21 de abril de 1798 por real despacho.Actual titular Alejandro Luis de Larisch-Mönnich y Salamanca[editar datos en Wikidata] El condado de Zaldívar es un título nobiliario español creado por el monarca Carlos IV en 1798 a favor de José Manuel Zaldívar y Murguía,[1] natural de La Habana, Coronel Graduado y Capitán de Milicias d...
La Haye-Pesnel La mairie. Blason Administration Pays France Région Normandie Département Manche Arrondissement Avranches Intercommunalité Communauté de communes de Granville, Terre et Mer Maire Mandat Alain Navarret 2020-2026 Code postal 50320 Code commune 50237 Démographie Gentilé Hayland Populationmunicipale 1 262 hab. (2021 ) Densité 201 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 48° 47′ 44″ nord, 1° 23′ 48″ ouest Altitude Min. 62 ...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع انتفاضة (توضيح). انتفاضة وارسو جزء من عملية العاصفة، الجبهة الشرقية للحرب العالمية الثانية الأجزاء الواقعة تحت تصرف الجيش الوطني بعد اليوم الرابع للانتفاضة معلومات عامة التاريخ 1 أغسطس - 2 أكتوبر 1944 من أسبابها نازية الموقع وارسو، بولندا52°13′48″N 2...