ATACMS

MGM-140 Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS)
ATACMS launch by HIMARS
TypeRocket artillery
Tactical ballistic missile
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1991–present[1]
Used by
  • Australia
  • United States
  • South Korea
  • Morocco
  • Romania
  • Greece
  • Turkey
  • Poland
  • Ukraine
  • United Arab Emirates
Wars
Production history
DesignerLing-Temco-Vought
Designed1986
ManufacturerLockheed Martin
Unit costM39: $820,000 (FY1998)[2] (or ~$1,476,000 FY2022)
M57: ~$1,700,000 (FY2021)[3]
No. built3,700[4][5]
Specifications ([7][8])
Mass3,690 pounds (1,670 kg)
Length13 feet (4.0 m)
Diameter24 inches (610 mm)
Wingspan55 inches (1.4 m)
Maximum firing range190 mi (300 km)
WarheadM74 bomblets (M39) or
214 kg (472 lb) WAU-23/B unitary warhead (M48, M57)
Flight ceiling160,000 ft (50 km)[6]
Maximum speed Supersonic, in excess of Mach 3 (0.6 mi/s; 1.0 km/s)[6]
Guidance
system
GPS-aided inertial navigation guidance
Launch
platform
M270, HIMARS

The MGM-140 Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS /əˈtækəmz/) is a supersonic tactical ballistic missile designed and manufactured by the US defense company Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV), and later Lockheed Martin through acquisitions.

It uses solid propellant and is 13 feet (4.0 m) long and 24 inches (610 mm) in diameter, and the longest-range variants can fly up to 190 miles (300 km).[9] The missiles can be fired from the tracked M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) and the wheeled M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS).

An ATACMS launch container (pod) has one rocket but a lid patterned with six circles like a standard MLRS rocket lid to prevent an enemy from discerning what type of missile is loaded.[1]

History

Pre-development

The concept of a conventional tactical ballistic missile was made possible by the doctrinal shift of the late Cold War, which rejected the indispensability of an early nuclear strike on the Warsaw Pact forces in the event the Cold War went hot.[10] The AirLand Battle and Follow-on Forces Attack doctrines, which emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, necessitated a conventional-armed (hence much more accurate) missile to strike enemy reserves, so the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command sponsored the Simplified Inertial Guidance Demonstrator (SIG-D) program.[10]

Within this program, Ling-Temco-Vought developed a solid-fuel analog of the MGM-52 Lance missile, designated T-22,[11] with a new RLG-based inertial guidance package, which demonstrated unprecedented accuracy.[10] In 1978, DARPA started the Assault Breaker technology demonstration program to attack armor formations with many mobile hard targets at standoff ranges. It used the T-22 missile and the Patriot-based Martin Marietta T-16 missile with cluster warheads.

In March 1980 the U.S. Army decided to replace the Lance with a similar nuclear, but also chemical or biological, tipped solid-fuel missile with simplified usability dubbed the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS). In a year, concerned about the fact Army started to develop the weapon with a similar objectives to interdict the second-echelon massed targets to already developing by USAF's Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) program with only difference of surface/air-launched and both positioned as the part of same Short Range Nuclear Forces of Non-Strategic Nuclear Force Program, the Department of Defense subdued CSWS Project Office (Provisional) to MICOM renaming it to the System Development Office. That new office acquired the Assault Breaker effort thus started to manage the Assault Breaker and CSWS efforts together, that way slowly summing up and moving forward the weapon development progress for the JTACMS program to be сreated.[12][13]

Development

Development of the missile now known as ATACMS started in 1980, when the U.S. Army decided to replace the Lance with a similar nuclear, but also chemical or biological, tipped solid-fuel missile dubbed the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS). Concerned that two branches were developing too many similar missiles with different warheads, the Department of Defense merged the program with DARPA's Assault Breaker in 1981, and with United States Air Force (USAF)'s Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) in 1982–1983.[12]

The new missile system, designated Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS), soon encountered USAF resistance to the idea of an air-launched ballistic missile. As a result, in 1984 the USAF ended its participation in the non-cruise missile portion of the program, leading to the missile being redesignated as the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS).[12]

Detailed

In fiscal year 1982, the United States House Committee on Appropriations approved the Corps Support Weapon System (CSWS) program, which was the successor to the US Army Assault Breaker program in cooperation with DARPA, was merged with the Conventional Standoff Weapon (CSW) US Air Force and renamed the Joint Tactical Missile System (JTACMS), the goal of which was to create a weapon that meets the combined requirements of both programs, namely, that it can attack and destroy the second-echelon of enemy forces, in particular armored vehicles, and scatter submunitions against such vehicles. In this project, it was planned to use the technologies of Assault Breaker to develop a surface-to-surface weapon system, which should be used for the so-called "deep interdiction" (some sort of preventive measure, the prototype of which is air interdiction when airforce only have been used) – by which is meant the destruction or causing significant damage by the joint activity of air and ground forces to the specific distant from the front line targets, such as buildings, bridges, oil refineries and other industry, that way slowing down logistics and/or providing and/or supporting and, therefore, advancing enemy troops with the aim of tactical, even albeit short-term, superiority of allied troops, which can significantly affect the military theater in a positive way,[14][15][16][17][18] – using conventional or nuclear weapons on the battlefield. Although both services were to participate in the development of the weapon, it was the US Army who led the JTACMS program.[19][20]

As of personalities the program initially was led by Colonel James B. Lincoln, who was a full-time and continuous student at numerous military schools (from 1960, when he graduated from the United States Military Academy, until 1980, when he graduated from Industrial College of the Armed Forces),[21] in 1977 on the basis of Defense Systems Management College graduated with a thesis of "Managing Total Acquisition Time: A New Priority for Major Weapon Systems", where, in particular, he focused on the significant decrease in the pace of procurement of the main missile complexes compared to 1971[22] and in 1980, heading the TRADOC program at Fort Sill in the direction of MLRS, spoke rather defiantly about field army systems, where, in particular, he compared the struggle of the US Army for limited resources during the development of new systems with bow wave, which prevents the ship from accelerating, and military projects are either canceled or refinanced by the state, with waves diverging from it,[23] and was noticed by DARCOM.[24] In April 1984, he was transferred to be the head of the TOW project, and in the current project he was replaced by Colonel William J. Fiorentino, who by that time had already been the head of the Pershing Project Manager's Office for more than 5 years, which during his leadership developed two-stage solid fuel mobile-launched ballistic missiles with a nuclear warhead both short (Pershing) and medium (Pershing II) ranged.[25] Dr. Billy Tidwell who was program manager during JTACMS while and Acting Program Manager for a short period.[26]

In FY 1984 Congress prohibited the development of a nuclear warhead for JTACMS, despite the Army claiming it could place US forces at a disadvantage if it became necessary to make the system nuclear-capable. In FY 1985 the Army denied having R&D funds programmed for the development of a JTACMS nuclear warhead.[27]

On May, 22th, 1984 the U.S. Army and USAF signed an agreeing on a list of 31 initiatives. Item 18 on that list states about services will develop a different types of same rocket for each of it – preferences for Army was a development of shorter-ranged ground-launched system, for air-force – air-launched system.[28]

JTACMS was intended to be a jointly funded program with NATO allies; the United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and Italy were initially contacted about joining the program, with the British and Germans expressing interest, while the others declined due to lacking adequate funds.[28]

Starting from at least the end of year 1986 ATACMS program was led by Colonel Thomas J. Kunhart.[29]

Production

In March 1986, Ling-Temco-Vought won the contract for the missile design. The system was assigned the MGM-140 designation. The first test launch came two years later, thanks to earlier experience of the company with previous programs.

In 2007, the U.S. Army terminated the ATACMS program due to cost, ending the ability to replenish stocks. To sustain the remaining inventory, the ATACMS Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) was launched, which refurbishes or replaces propulsion and navigation systems, replaces cluster munition warheads with the unitary blast fragmentation warhead, and adds a proximity fuze option to obtain area effects. Deliveries were projected to start in 2018. The ATACMS SLEP is a bridging initiative to provide time to complete analysis and development of a successor capability to the aging ATACMS stockpile, which could be ready around 2022.[needs update][30]

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 authorized the production and procurement of up to 1,700 additional ATACMS, but this was not funded by the 2023 Defense Appropriations Act.[31][32][needs update]

Stockpile upgrades

In January 2015, Lockheed Martin received a contract to develop and test new hardware for Block I ATACMS missiles to eliminate the risk of unexploded ordnance by 2016.[4][5] The first modernized Tactical Missile System (TACMS) was delivered in September 2016 with updated guidance electronics and added capability to defeat area targets using a unitary warhead, without leaving behind unexploded ordnance.[33][34] Lockheed was awarded a production contract for launch assemblies as part of the SLEP in August 2017.[35] In 2021, Lockheed Martin was contracted to upgrade existing M39 munitions to the M57 variant with a WDU-18/B warhead from the Harpoon missile by 2024.[36]

A plan announced in October 2016 to add an existing seeker to enable the ATACMS to strike moving targets on land and at sea[37] was terminated in December 2020 to pursue other missile efforts.[38]

Replacement

Starting in 2016, in view of some lagging in the world arms race, where ATACMS had become outdated, Long-Range Precision Fires (LRPF) began to be developed,[39] which was later renamed Precision Strike Missile (PrSM), with the idea of replacing ATACMS missiles with the "Increment 1" phase (version) of PrSM.[40][41][42] That exact replacement began to fill the U.S. Army in late 2023.[43]

Versions

  • M39 (Block I) – missile with inertial guidance. It carries 950 M74 anti-personnel and anti‑materiel (APAM[44]) bomblets, each about the size of a baseball[45] and weighing 1.3 lb (0.59 kg),[2] which are dispersed across a circular area approximately 677 feet (206 m) in diameter, and effective against parked aircraft, ammunition dumps, air defense systems, and gatherings of personnel, but not against armored vehicles.[46] The size of the affected area can be changed by modifying the height at which the payload is released.[47] Range of Block I is 25–165 km (15-100 mi).[48] The M74 has a reported failure rate of 2%.[49]
  • M39A1 (Block IA) – missile with GPS-aided guidance. It carries 300 M74 bomblets. There were 610 produced between 1997 and 2003. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, 74 were expended.[40][50] As of 2021, the remaining ones were being updated to M57E1 standard.[51][52] Range: 20–300 kilometres (12–186 mi).[53][54]
  • M39A2 (Block II) missile used to dispense Brilliant Anti-armour Technology (BAT) submunitions. Has the same INS/GPS guidance system as the M39A1 and carries 13 BAT submunitions in the enlarged warhead section.[55][3]
  • M48 (Block I/Block 1 Unitary) is a variant of ATACMS Block IA, containing the Quick Reaction Unitary (QRU) warhead.[56] It carries the 500-pound (230 kg) WDU-18/B penetrating high explosive blast fragmentation warhead of the Harpoon anti-ship missile, which was packaged into the newly designed WAU-23/B warhead section. There were 176 produced between 2001 and 2004, when production ceased in favor of the M57. Operational since 2002.[57] During Operation Iraqi Freedom, 16 were launched, and a further 42 during Operation Enduring Freedom.[40][50] The remaining ones are in the US Army and US Marine Corps' arsenal. Range: 70–300 km (43–186 mi).
  • M57 (Block IA/Block 1A Quick Reaction Unitary, TACMS 2000 or T2K) – is, in fact, same missile as M48, with production costs reduced by up to $100,000 per missile via the "TACMS 2000" program.[58] M39A1-based upgraded missile with GPS-aided guidance. It carries the same WAU-23/B warhead section as the M48. There were 513 produced between 2004 and 2013.[40][50] Accuracy is 9 m (30 ft) CEP (Circular Error Probable). Range: 70–300 km (43–186 mi).[59]
  • M57E1 (ATACMS MOD or MOD [modification, modified]) – upgraded M39 and M39A1 with re-grained motor, updated navigation and guidance software and hardware, and a WAU-23/B warhead section instead of the M74 bomblets. This variant includes a proximity sensor for airburst detonation.[51] Production commenced in 2017 with an initial order for 220.[40][50]
  • NATACMS – a ship-launched ATACMS variant for the U.S. Navy, was under development in the 1990s and was tested twice in early 1995: first from the ground at the White Sands Missile Range, and then from the flight deck of USS Mount Vernon (LSD-39) using a modified Army M270 tracked vehicle at a target 75 nautical miles (86 mi) distant on San Clemente Island off Southern California. The last testing missile carried 730 Mk 74 (probably meaning M74 munition) submunitions. Despite all test objectives being met, or even exceeded, development was later cancelled for unknown reasons.[60][61][62]
  • SLATACMS – A projected Sea-Launched ATACMS variant of the Army Block IA missile for undersea operations with a maximum launch depth limit of 175 feet, identical warhead,[63] same diameter and only dimensional changes of length from 156.5" to 199", for fins to be folded within a smaller envelope and the addition of a fin module, which had to be jettisoned after broach and before motor ignition, behind the boattail for stability during underwater flight, – to fit primarily within the most advanced (688i, FLTIII/Flight III) design of Los Angeles-class submarine vertical launching system (VLS) capsules, having 12 of such ones onboard. Its history began when USN Strategic System Program Office authorized a study in June 1995[63] to evaluate undersea cold launch capability of MGM-140A from submarines. However, on the Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 held on March, 1996, become known that USN plan to use not only APAM but also a BAT (Brilliant Anti-Tank) munitions payload,[44] and when Lockheed Martin presented SLATACMS press-release at August, 1996, there was already described Block IA missile as a base modification specimen for the SLATACMS. Choosing a submarine VLS as the appropriate launcher, that was designed by default for Tomahawk missile, which have ~x1,5 length of SLATACMS, exclusively, had led to the creation of a unique combined missile and launch capsule as an all-up-round (AUR) or SLATACMS AUR, which with SLATACMS inside fits the submarine's Tomahawk-designed VLS.[64]

Comparison

Specifications[65][66]
M39 Block I M39A1 Block I M48 QRU M57 Block IA Unitary
Mass 1,667 kg (3,675 lb) 1,318 kg (2,906 lb) (est) Unknown Unknown
Length 3.975 m (13 ft 0.5 in)
Diameter 610 mm (24 in)
Guidance
type 		INS GPS aided INS
Warhead 950 x M74 bomblets[note 1] 300 x M74 bomblets WAU-23/B unitary warhead
Warhead
weight 		591 kg (1,303 lb) 174 kg (384 lb) 214 kg (472 lb)
Fuze M74 APAM bomblets each initiated by an M219A1E1 fuze FMU 141/B point detonating fuze Tri-mode (point detonating, proximity, and delay) fuze
Motor Solid-propellant rocket motor
Max speed Mach 3 (1,000 m/s; 3,300 ft/s) Unknown Unknown Unknown
Min range 25 km (16 mi) 70 km (43 mi)
Max range 165 km (103 mi) 300 km (190 mi) 270 km (170 mi) 300 km (190 mi)

Operation

The ATACMS was first used in combat in 1991: 32 were fired from the M270 MLRS during Operation Desert Storm.[68] In 2003, more than 450 were fired in Operation Iraqi Freedom.[69] As of early 2015, more than 560 ATACMS missiles had been used in combat.[4][5]

Starting from October 2023 Ukraine began using the earliest (short-ranged) versions of ATACMS during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[70] These missiles were meant to threaten the Russian-occupied "land corridor" to Crimea in the southern part of Ukraine[71] as well as the vast majority of the Russian-operated air bases in the north of Crimea, which would theoretically complicate the use of attack helicopters, previously[citation needed] based there, by Russia against Ukrainian targets.[46][72]

Starting from 19 February 2024 there were rumors about possible near-future use of later (longer-ranged) versions of ATACMS by Ukraine,[73] which were shortly proven correct, when an ATACMS missile attack on the Russian-occupied Dzhankoi air base, positioned much further from the nearest Ukraine-controlled territory than earlier versions of ATACMS' strike range, resulting in six main explosions and several reported secondary explosions.[74] It was then officially confirmed when U.S. officials revealed Ukraine had already received and deployed the missiles to a combat ready status a month prior.[75][76][77][78][79][80]

On 23 June 2024 an incident occurred during an attack on Sevastopol, where Russian air defense missiles were fired at multiple ATACMS missiles resulting in explosions that caused 2 to 4 deaths and more than 150 injuries on Uchkiivka Beach, where locals reported that no air raid warning had taken place and therefore people on the beach were not able to evacuate.[81][82]

In September 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin threatened retaliation for attacks on Russian territory.[83] Experts said Putin's threats are aimed at dissuading the United States, the United Kingdom and France from allowing Ukraine to use Western-supplied long-range missiles such as the Storm Shadow and ATACMS in strikes against Russia.[84]

On 17 November 2024, the United States changed policy, allowing the use of ATACMS for military targets inside mainland Russia.[85][86]

On 19 November 2024, ATACMS were for the first time fired at a target within the internationally recognized borders of Russia. An ammunition storage facility was destroyed in the Bryansk region of Russia, with videos of explosions and fires on the ground at the site emerging.[87]

On 25 November 2024, ATACMS were used to hit a Russian S-400 air defense system at an airbase in the Kursk region of Russia. Video emerged of ATACMS cluster munitions hitting the airbase, and imagery emerged of a destroyed 92N6E radar station of the S-400 system.[88]

EW vs usability

The ATACMS uses multiple inertial navigation units knitted together with software, so it is reportedly able to maintain accuracy when GPS is lost due to electronic warfare better than other GPS-guided weapons.[89]

Reverse engineering

On July 1, 2024, Russia claimed to have recovered an ATACMS missile guidance system intact, and stated that Russian officials are studying the guidance system to "identify any weak spots".[90]

Operators

Operators:
  Current
  Future

Contracted

  •  Australia: In May 2022, Australia ordered 20 M142 HIMARS launchers for the Australian Army with 10 M57 ATACMS unitary rockets and other MLRS munitions in an AU$545m (US$385m) contract.[113][needs update]
  •  Estonia: A request to buy up to 18 M57 ATACMS was approved in July 2022.[114]
  •  Latvia: A request to buy 10 M57 ATACMS missile pods was approved in October 2023.[115]
  •  Lithuania: A request to buy 18 M57 ATACMS missile pods was approved in November 2022.[116]
  •  Morocco: Ordered 18 M142 HIMARS launchers with 40 M57 ATACMS missile pods along with other MLRS munitions (M30A2, M31A2) for an estimated cost of US$524 million in April 2023.[117]

Discarded

See also

Comparable missiles

Notes

  1. ^ The M74 APAM (Anti‐Personnel Anti‐Matériel) bomblet weighs 590 g (21 oz) and is 58.9 mm (2.32 in) in diameter. It has a Composition B High‐Explosive shaped charge. It is initiated by an M219A1E1 fuze with a booster pellet which also creates an incendiary effect, and is surrounded by a tungsten fragmenting wall.[65][67]

References

  1. ^ a b "MGM-140 ATACMS". Military Today. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ a b "M39 Army Tactical Missile System (Army TACMS)". Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Joe Biden is Probably About to Send These Deep-Strike Missiles to Ukraine". 20 September 2023.
  4. ^ a b c "U.S. army awards Lockheed Martin $78 million contract for ATACMS guided missile modernization". Armyrecognition.com. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b c "Lockheed Martin Tactical Missile System Upgrades". Armedforces-Int.com. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015.
  6. ^ a b Hasik, James (2 November 2016). "Third Offset Breakthrough: U.S. Army Using Existing Technology to Develop 'Warship-Killer' Missiles". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  7. ^ "ATACMS Long-Range Precision Tactical Missile System" (PDF). lockheedmartin.com. 30 July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  8. ^ "Lockheed Martin MGM-140 ATACMS". Designation-systems.net. 19 September 2006. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  9. ^ "Army Tactical Missile System Block IA Unitary". Lockheed Martin. 25 March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Romanczuk, Glenn E. (11 August 2002). Lessons From Army System Developments. Volume 2: Case Studies: Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) (Report). Huntsville, Alabama: Alabama Univ in Huntsville Research Inst. pp. B-1–B-23. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  11. ^ "T-22 (SIG-D, Assault Bereaker) SRBM". Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  12. ^ a b c "The United States Army| Redstone Arsenal Historical Information". history.redstone.army.mil. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  13. ^ Defense Department Authorization and Oversight: Research, development, test, and evaluation. United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983., p. 158, at Google Books
  14. ^ Kopp, Carlo (April 1999). "AH-64D Apache Longbow Flight Report". Australian Aviation. 1999.
  15. ^ "Al-Tariq | Denel Dynamics".
  16. ^ Baumann, Robert (November 2021). "Deep Operations: Theoretical Approaches to Fighting Deep" (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  17. ^ Laughbaum, R. Kent (January 1999). "Synchronizing Airpower and Firepower in the Deep Battle" (PDF). media.defense.gov. Air University Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  18. ^ Wolver, Gary (12 February 1996). "Command, Control, and Coordination of the Joint Battlefield Interdiction Area" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Naval War College. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  19. ^ Department of Defense Appropriations for 1984. Part 1 (1983). United States of America: U.S. Government Printing Office., p. 125, at Google Books
  20. ^ Department of Defense Appropriations for 1984. Part 5 (1983). United States of America: U.S. Government Printing Office., p. 610, at Google Books
  21. ^ "Colonel James Lincoln". Archived from the original on 20 August 2024.
  22. ^ Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States, Defense Systems Management College, 1980., p. 19, at Google Books
  23. ^ Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1980., p. 20, at Google Books
  24. ^ Concepts: The Journal of Defense Systems Acquisition Management. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1980., p. 118, at Google Books
  25. ^ Program Manager: The Defense Systems Management College Newsletter. United States of America, Defense Systems Management College, 1981. at Google Books
  26. ^ Lucas, William; Rhoades, Richard (June 2004). "Lessons from army system developments | Volume II Case Studies" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. University of Alabama in Huntsville | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  27. ^ Department of Defense appropriations for fiscal year 1985: Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1984. pp. 422–425.
  28. ^ a b Department of Defense appropriations for fiscal year 1985: Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1984.
  29. ^ Army RD & A Magazine. United States, HQ, U.S. Army Materiel Command, 1986. at Google Books
  30. ^ "ARCIC / Exclusive / Capabilities Development for Long Range Precision Fires". ARCIC.Army.mil. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015.
  31. ^ Altman, Howard (22 June 2023). "Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb Won't Make Ukraine Combat Debut Till Fall". The Drive. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  32. ^ "National Defense Authorization Act 2023" (PDF). rules.house.gov. 23 December 2022. p. 452. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  33. ^ "Lockheed Martin Delivers First Modernized TACMS Missile to US Army". armyrecognition.com. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  34. ^ "Precision fires milestone for US Army". www.military1.com. 18 October 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  35. ^ "Lockheed Martin contracted to provide new launch system for the ATACMS missile". armyrecognition.com. 4 August 2017. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  36. ^ "StackPath". 30 July 2021. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  37. ^ Freedberg, Sydney J. Jr. (28 October 2016). "Carter, Roper Unveil Army's New Ship-Killer Missile: ATACMS Upgrade". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  38. ^ Judson, Jen (23 December 2020). "US Army's cross-domain tactical missile dies in FY21 defense spending bill". Defense News.
  39. ^ "Winning the Missile Wars: Army & Navy Tech in HASC NDAA". 26 April 2016.
  40. ^ a b c d e Engineering Director & Chief Engineer, Paul E. Turner. "Precision Fires Rocket and Missile Systems" (PDF). US Army Precision Fires Rocket & Missile Systems Project Office. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  41. ^ Hoehn, John (11 June 2021). "Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  42. ^ "Precision Strike Missile (PRSM)".
  43. ^ "Lockheed begins delivering long-range PRSM Increment 1 to Army". 8 December 2023.
  44. ^ a b Hearings on National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 – H.R. 3230 and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs Before the Committee on National Security, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session: Military Procurement Subcommittee Hearings on Title I – procurement : Hearings Held March 19, 21, 22, 29, 1996. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1997. ISBN 978-0-16-054241-1.
  45. ^ "Ukraine Said to Use ATACMS, a Powerful Weapon System, for First Time". The New York Times. 17 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  46. ^ a b Trevithick, Joseph; Rogoway, Tyler (18 October 2023). "Destruction From Ukraine's First ATACMS Strike Now Apparent". The Drive. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  47. ^ Newdick, Thomas (17 October 2023). "ATACMS Hits Battlefield Ukraine In Spectacular Fashion (Updated)". The Drive. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  48. ^ "US-supplied ATACMS enter the Ukraine war". Reuters. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  49. ^ "U.S. Using Cluster Munitions In Iraq". Human Rights Watch. 1 April 2003. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  50. ^ a b c d Russo, Joe (May 2018). "Long-Range Precision Fires" (PDF). Marine Corps Gazette: 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  51. ^ a b "Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) Modification (MOD)" (PDF). The Office of the Director, Operational Test and Evaluation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  52. ^ Keller, John (30 July 2021). "Lockheed Martin to upgrade weapons payloads and navigation and guidance on ATACMS battlefield munitions". Military+Aerospace Electronics. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  53. ^ "US-supplied ATACMS enter the Ukraine war". Reuters. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  54. ^ "CAT-UXO – MGM 140b m39a1 atacms missile".
  55. ^ "CAT-UXO – MGM 140c m39a2 atacms missile".
  56. ^ "CAT-UXO – MGM 140e atacms qru missile".
  57. ^ "MGM-140 Atacms".
  58. ^ "Lockheed Martin MGM-168 ATACMS Block IVA".
  59. ^ Pincoski, Mark (24 April 2007). "Precision Guided Missiles and Rockets Program Review" (PDF). Precision Strike Annual Programs Review. US Army Precision Fires Rocket & Missile Systems unit- Redstone Arsenal. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  60. ^ "Spesifikasi Rudal Balistik MGM-140 ATACMS yang Bikin Rusia Ketar-ketir".
  61. ^ "Lockheed Martin MGM-140 ATACMS".
  62. ^ T. Morgan, Clarence (October 1996). "The Fix Is In: Fire Support Returns". usni.org.
  63. ^ a b Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1997 and the Future Years Defense Program: Hearings Before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, on S. 1745, Authorizing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1997 for Military Activities of the Department of Defense, for Military Construction, and for Defense Activities of the Department of Energy, to Prescribe Personnel Strengths for Such Fiscal Year for the Armed Forces, and for Other Purposes. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1997.
  64. ^ Laughlin, J.P.; Brooks, W.B. (2 December 1956). "Adaption of the Army Tactical Missile System to Undersea Operations" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Lockheed Martin. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  65. ^ a b Janes (31 October 2023), "610 mm Army Tactical Missile System rockets", Janes Weapons: Ammunition, Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Group UK Limited., retrieved 4 November 2023
  66. ^ Ibbetson, Connor James; Emanuel, Louis; Scott-Geddes, Arthur; Nicholls, Dominic. "ATACMS (M39)". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  67. ^ "CAT-UXO – M74 submunition".
  68. ^ [Source, DoD, Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, April 1992, p. 753.]
  69. ^ "Lockheed Martin – Army Tactical Missile System" (PDF). Lockheed Martin. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011.
  70. ^ Court, Elsa (18 October 2023). "NYT: US delivered 20 ATACMS to Ukraine". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  71. ^ Brennan, David (26 August 2023). "Ukraine cluster rockets can "shut down" Putin's Crimea bridges: Ex-Adviser". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  72. ^ David Axe (17 October 2023). "Ukraine's New M39 Missiles Each Scatters A Thousand Submunitions. Now Every Russian Base in Ukraine Is A Target". Forbes.
  73. ^ "Biden administration is leaning toward supplying Ukraine with long-range missiles". NBC News. 19 February 2024. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  74. ^ Stefan Korshak (17 April 2024). "ANALYSIS: Ukrainian Long-Range Missile Strike Hammers Russian Airfield in Crimea, Maybe ATACMS". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 17 April 2024.
  75. ^ "H.R. 8035 – Ukraine Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024". House of Representatives Committee on Rules. 16 April 2024.
  76. ^ tagesschau.de 21. April 2024: Waffen könnten nun schnell geliefert werden
  77. ^ a b "Ukraine uses long-range missiles secretly provided by US to hit Russian-held areas, officials say". AP News. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  78. ^ "US quietly shipped long-range ATACMS missiles Ukraine". Reuters. 24 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024.
  79. ^ US will ‘continue to provide' ATACMS to Ukraine, national security advisor says. Defense One. 25 April 2024.
  80. ^ Sullivan says Ukraine supplemental should cover all of 2024, long-range ATACMS now in Ukraine. Breaking Defense. 24 April 2024.
  81. ^ "Russia promises retaliation against US for Ukraine strike on Crimea". Reuters.
  82. ^ "Під Севастополем ракета ППО РФ впала на людей на пляжі — відео". 23 June 2024.
  83. ^ "Putin's nuclear red line: Does he actually mean it?". Euractiv. 27 September 2024.
  84. ^ "Putin lowers bar for nuclear strike amid Ukraine attacks: Why it matters". Al Jazeera. 26 September 2024.
  85. ^ Nakashima, Ellen (17 November 2024). "Biden approves Ukraine's use of long-range U.S. weapons inside Russia, reversing policy". Washington Post. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  86. ^ "Trump allies make WW3 warning over Biden missile move in Ukraine". BBc News. 18 November 2024.
  87. ^ Newdick, Thomas (19 November 2024). "U.S.-Supplied ATACMS Missile Strike Inside Russia Have Begun". The War Zone.
  88. ^ Altman, Howard (25 November 2024). "ATACMS Hit Airfield In Russia For The First Time". The War Zone.
  89. ^ Taking aim: Army leaders ponder mix of precision munitions vs conventional. Breaking Defense. 10 May 2024.
  90. ^ Andrew Osborn (1 July 2024). "Russia is studying an intact U.S. ATACMS missile guidance system, says RIA". Reuters. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  91. ^ "Bahrain Purchases Lockheed Martin's ATACMS Missiles". Lockheed Martin. 20 December 2000. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012.
  92. ^ "Arms Sales Notification Bahrain". Defense Security Cooperation Agency, Department of Defense. 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  93. ^ "Worldwide Ballistic Missile Inventories". www.armscontrol.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  94. ^ "Greece". Lockheed Martin. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  95. ^ Survey of Cluster Munition Policy and Practice (Report). Human Rights Watch. pp. 37–38. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  96. ^ Cordesman, Anthony H.; Lin, Aaron (7 July 2015). The Changing Military Balance in the Koreas and Northeast Asia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4422-4111-4.
  97. ^ "Armata română a efectuat în premieră trageri cu sistemul HIMARS". defenseromania.ro (in Romanian). 10 June 2022. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  98. ^ "FOTO/VIDEO România a executat primele trageri reale cu sistemul de rachete HIMARS: A simulat atacarea unor nave în Marea Neagră". HotNews (in Romanian). 10 June 2022. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  99. ^ "Arms Sales Notification Romania". Defense Security Cooperation Agency, Department of Defense. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  100. ^ "Arms Sales Notification Poland". Defense Security Cooperation Agency, Department of Defense. 6 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  101. ^ "Poland – M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS)| Defense Security Cooperation Agency". Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  102. ^ "Turkey will join USA in fielding Army Tactical Missile System". Flight Global. 6 November 1996. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  103. ^ "Lockheed Martin Successfully Validates ATACMS Missile Long-Term Reliability". Lockheed Martin. 26 February 2009. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010.
  104. ^ "MGM-140A Block 1". MissileThreat.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  105. ^ "Arms Sales Notification Qatar". Defense Security Cooperation Agency, Department of Defense. 4 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  106. ^ "Arms Sales Notification UAE". Defense Security Cooperation Agency, Department of Defense. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  107. ^ "US-supplied ATACMS enter the Ukraine war". Reuters. 19 October 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  108. ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Youssef, Nancy A.; Luxmoore, Matthew. "WSJ News Exclusive | Ukraine Fires ATACMS Missiles at Russian Forces for the First Time". WSJ. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  109. ^ Arhirova, Hanna; Novikov, Illia (19 November 2024). "Ukraine fires several US-made longer-range missiles into Russia for the first time". apnews.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 19 November 2024.
  110. ^ "Arms Sales Notification Taiwan". Defense Security Cooperation Agency, Department of Defense. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  111. ^ Dangwal, Ashish (12 November 2024). "1st Batch Of Donald Trump 'Approved' ATACMS Reach Taiwan; Follows 'Notorious' HIMARS: Reports". EurAsian Times.
  112. ^ Su-wei, Wu; Yeh, Joseph (10 November 2024). "1st batch of 300-km range U.S. missile system arrive in Taiwan: Source". Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency (Taiwan).
  113. ^ "Australia cleared for purchase of HIMARS MLRS for $545 million". 28 May 2022. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  114. ^ "Estonia – M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS)". US Defense Security Cooperation Agency. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  115. ^ "U.S. moves forward with 220-million-dollar HIMARS sale to Latvia". eng.lsm.lv. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  116. ^ "Lithuania – M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS)". US Defense Security Cooperation Agency. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  117. ^ "Morocco – High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS) | Defense Security Cooperation Agency". Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  118. ^ "Long Reach: Finlands Long-Range Rocket Launchers". defenseindustrydaily.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  119. ^ "The Netherlands – M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS)| Defense Security Cooperation Agency". www.dsca.mil. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  120. ^ "Netherlands to purchase HIMARS and ATACMS missile systems". ВПК.name. 20 February 2023. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  121. ^ "Netherlands poised to order South Arkansas-made missiles". Magnolia Reporter – Magnolia, Arkansas News. 21 February 2023. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  122. ^ Revell, Eric (16 February 2023). "US agrees to sell 20 HIMARS to Netherlands for $670 million". FOXBusiness. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  123. ^ "Elbit Systems Awarded $305 Million Contract to Supply PULS Rocket Artillery Systems to the Royal Netherlands Army". Elbit Systems. 18 May 2023. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ATACMS missiles.