The 4th Tank Regiment (Italian: 4° Reggimento Carri) is a tank regiment of the Italian Army based in Persano in Campania. The regiment is equipped with Arietemain battle tanks and assigned to the Bersaglieri Brigade "Garibaldi".[3] The regiment was formed in 1936 as a training and administrative formation. During World War II the regimental command was sent to Libya, where it fought in the Western Desert campaign. The regimental command, and the battalions assigned to it, were destroyed during the British Operation Compass. For its conduct in North Africa the regiment was awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valor.[4][5] In March 1941, the regiment was reformed, but it remained in Rome for the rest of the war as a training command. The regiment was disbanded by German forces after the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943.[4][5]
In 1953 the regiment was reformed and assigned to the Armored Division "Pozzuolo del Friuli". In 1958 the regiment was transferred to the Infantry Division "Legnano". In 1976 the regiment's flag and traditions were assigned to the 20th Tank Battalion "M.O. Pentimalli", which had become an autonomous unit on 30 October 1975. The battalion was disbanded in 1991. In 1992 the regiment was reformed by reorganizing the 11th Tank Battalion "M.O. Calzecchi". One year later the regiment swapped name and flags with the 33rd Tank Regiment. In 1995 the regiment transferred its name and flag to Bellinzago Novarese, where it replaced the 31st Tank Regiment. In 2013 the regiment transferred its name and flag to Persano, where it replaced the 131st Tank Regiment. Originally the unit, like all Italian tank units, was part of the army's infantry arm, but on 1 June 1999 the tankers specialty was transferred from the infantry arm to the cavalry arm. The regiment's anniversary falls on 21 January, in memory of the British capture of Tobruk, during which the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment continued to fight until total annihilation.[4][5]
History
Interwar years
Italian troops and L3/35 tankettes from the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment in Durrës, Albania on 7 April 1939
On 1 October 1927, the Royal Italian Army reorganized its Armed Tanks Formation Center in Rome and formed the Armed Tanks Regiment (Italian: Reggimento carri armati) as central training unit for the army's tank battalions. In 1931 the regimental headquarter moved from Rome to Bologna. On 15 September 1936, the Armed Tanks Regiment was split into four tank infantry regiments, which had training and administrative functions only:[4][5]
The 4th Tank Infantry Regiment received six battalions from the disbanded regiment and formed a depot, which included training and maintenance units. The six battalions, like all tank battalions at the time, were named for infantry officers, who had served in World War I and been awarded posthumously Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valor. The regiment consisted of the following units after its founding:[4][5]
XII Assault Tanks Battalion "Cangialosi", in Palermo
4th Training Center, in Rome
4th Maintenance Workshop, in Rome
The assault tanks battalions fielded initially L3/33 tankettes, which were then replaced by slightly improved L3/35, while the breach tanks battalion fielded Fiat 3000 light tanks. On 15 July 1937, the II Breach Tanks Battalion "Alessi" was transferred to the newly formed 31st Tank Infantry Regiment. On 5 June 1937, the regiment formed a new XX Assault Tanks Battalion, as the XX Assault Tanks Battalion "Randaccio" had been disbanded after it returned from fighting in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, and on 1 October of the same year the regiment formed a new XXI Assault Tanks Battalion, as the XXI Assault Tanks Battalion "Trombi" had been disbanded after it returned from Libya. The two new tank battalions were sent to Libya, where they were assigned to the XX Army Corps, respectively the XXI Army Corps.[4][5]
In 1938, all Assault Tank Battalions were renamed Tank Battalion L (with L standing for Italian: "Leggero" or Light), while Breach Tanks Battalions were renamed Tank Battalion M (with M standing for Italian: "Medio" or Medium). On 30 November 1938, the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment transferred its V Tank Battalion M to the 2nd Tank Infantry Regiment, which the next day was reorganized as 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment and then joined the II Armored Brigade. On the same date, 30 November 1938, the 3rd Tank Infantry Regiment transferred the Tank Company L Sardinia to the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment.[4][5]
On 7 April 1939, the VIII Tank Battalion L and X Tank Battalion L participated in the Italian invasion of Albania. The two battalions were assigned to the landing force, which went ashore in Durrës and occupied the city after the Battle of Durrës. Both battalions remained in Albania and on 20 May 1939 joined the 31st Tank Infantry Regiment, which had moved from Siena to Tirana in Albania. On the same date, the 31st Tank Infantry Regiment ceded its CCCXI Tank Battalion M in Siena and CCCXII Tank Battalion M in Massa to the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment. During 1939, the IX Tank Battalion L moved to Libya, where it joined the XXII Army Corps and the Tank Company L Sardinia was expanded to Tank Battalion Sardinia.[4][5]
World War II
In early 1940 the regiment consisted of the following units:[4][5]
On 30 March 1940, the CCCXII Tank Battalion M was assigned to the Aegean troops to Rhodes, the main island of the Italian Islands of the Aegean. The battalion arrived in Rhodes in September of the same year and was attached to the 50th Infantry Division "Regina". On 1 April 1940, the CCCXI Tank Battalion M was disbanded and its personnel used to form a new VIII Tank Battalion L. During 1940, the Tank Battalion Sardinia was renamed XIII Tank Battalion L.[4][5]
Western Desert campaign
On 11 June 1940, the day after Italy's entry into World War II, the regimental command and the regiment's command company were sent to Libya, where the regiment received the I Tank Battalion M11/39 and II Tank Battalion M11/39 from the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment. The two battalions had been formed by the depot of the 32nd Tank Infantry Regiment with the personnel of the disbanded III and IV breach tanks battalions. In July 1940, the regiment received the LXIII Tank Battalion L from the 63rd Infantry Division "Cirene". On 5 August 1940, the regiment's tanks clashed with British units for the first time near Sidi Azeiz.[4][5]
On 29 August 1940, the tank battalions in Libya were used to form the Babini Group, which consisted of three formations:[6]
On 9 September 1940, the I Tank Grouping participated in the Italian invasion of Egypt, which initiated the Western Desert campaign. The Italian forces stopped after one week at Sidi Barrani in Egypt and dug in. On 9 December 1940, the British Eighth Army commenced Operation Compass and the Italian tank units were deployed piecemeal and thus easily defeated by the more numerous and more powerful British tank formations. The first two battalions to be annihilated were the II Tank Battalion M11/39 during an early morning surprise Attack on Nibeiwa and the IX Tank Battalion L in the early afternoon of the same day as prelude to the Battle of Sidi Barrani.[7]
With the Italian forces retreating from Sidi Barrani to Bardia the tanks of the I Tank Battalion M11/39 were sent forward to Sollum and the Halfaya Pass to delay the British advance. By 15 December both locations were in British hands and the remnants I Tank Battalion M11/39 retreated to Tobruk, while the LX Tank Battalion L was destroyed at Buq Buq.[7] The III Tank Battalion M13/40, with the improved M13/40 tanks withdrew to Mechili, while the XXI Tank Battalion L left its tankettes at Tobruk and moved to Benghazi to mount on M13/40 tanks that had arrived along with the V Tank Battalion M13/40 and the V Tank Battalion L with L3/35.[7]
Between 3 and 5 January 1941, the V, XX, LXI, and LXII tank battalions L were destroyed in the Battle of Bardia. On 7 January 1941, the regimental command of the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment with the remnants of the I Tank Battalion M11/39 and the LXIII Tank Battalion L were surrounded with other Italian forces at Tobruk. On 20 January, during the British capture of Tobruk the position of the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment was overrun by the 19th Australian Brigade with such ferocity that 70% of the remaining officers, including both battalion commanders, and 50% of the remaining troops of the regiment were killed in action. On 13 January, the VI Tank Battalion M13/40 arrived from Italy and joined the rest of the Babini Group, which now consisted of the V and XXI tank battalions M13/40. On 24 January the Babini Group clashed inconclusively with the 7th British Armoured Division at Mechili. After Mechili the remnants of the Italian 10th Army retreated further East to Beda Fomm, where the British successfully cut off the line of retreat and destroyed the Italian 10th Army and with it the III, V, VI, and XXI tank battalions M13/40 on 6-7 February during the Battle of Beda Fomm.[7]
Between 10 June 1940 and 21 January 1941 the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment and the III and V tank battalions' casualties were: 15 officers killed and 14 wounded out of 34, and 148 soldiers killed and 244 wounded out of 538.[8] On 25 January 1941, the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment was declared lost due to war time events. For its conduct between 8 July 1940 and 21 January 1941 in Bardia, Sollum, at Halfaya Pass, and in Sidi Barrani, and its and sacrifice at Tobruk the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment was awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag and added to the regiment's coat of arms.[1][2][4][5] For their service and sacrifice during Operation Compass, the XX and XXI tank battalions L, which had been formed by the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment's depot in 1937, were each awarded a Bronze Medal of Military Valor, which were affixed to the flag of the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment and added to the regiment's coat of arms.[2][4][5]
Italy
On 30 December 1940, Germany had offered Italy to 360 R35light tanks, which German forces had captured in France. On 15 January 1941, the Germans increased their offer to 140 R35 for immediate delivery, 360 R35 to be delivered later, 50 SOMUA S35cavalry tanks, and 103 Char B1heavy tanks. On 15 March 1941, the regimental command was reformed in Rome by renaming the command of the depot. In expectation of the arrival of the R35 light tanks the regiment split its two recruits battalions into six tank battalions and by 15 April 1941 the regiment consisted of the following units:[4][5]
I Tank Battalion R35 (formed with the recruits of the 1st Recruits Company, I Recruits Battalion)
II Tank Battalion R35 (formed with the recruits of the 2nd Recruits Company, I Recruits Battalion)
III Tank Battalion R35 (formed with the recruits of the 3rd Recruits Company, I Recruits Battalion)
IV Tank Battalion R35 (formed with the recruits of the 4th Recruits Company, I Recruits Battalion)
V Tank Battalion R35 (formed with the recruits of the 7th and 8th recruits companies, II Recruits Battalion)
VI Tank Battalion R35 (formed with the recruits of the 5th and 6th recruits companies, II Recruits Battalion)
VIII Tank Battalion L
4th Training Center, in Rome
4th Maintenance Workshop, in Rome
On 24 April 1941, the first train with R35 light tanks arrived in Italy. On 30 April 1941, the VIII Tank Battalion L was disbanded and its personnel used to form the XI Tank Battalion M13/40. On 17 May 1941, the regimental command of the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment embarked in Naples on the troop shipSS Conte Rosso, which was torpedoed and sunk on 24 May off Capo Murro di Porco by the Royal Navy submarine HMS Upholder. In May 1941 the Germans reduced their offer of available tanks to 124 R35 and 32 SOMUA S35. Consequently on 15 June 1941, the I and II tank battalions R35 were renamed CI Tank Battalion R35 and CII Tank Battalion R35, while the III Tank Battalion R35 was reorganized as III Recruits Battalion. At the same time the IV and V tank battalions R35 were merged to form the CC Tank Battalion SOMUA, while the personnel of the VI Tank Battalion R35 was used to reform the VIII Tank Battalion L. Also on 15 June 1941, the regiment's depot formed the command and the command company of the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment, which was immediately transferred to Libya, where it joined to the 132nd Armored Division "Ariete". Late in June 1941, the XI Tank Battalion M13/40 was transferred to Libya as reinforcement for the 132nd Tank Infantry Regiment. On 27 July 1941, the CI and CII tank battalions R35, and the CC Tank Battalion SOMUA were transferred to the newly formed 131st Tank Infantry Regiment.[4][5]
In summer 1941, the regimental command of the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment was reformed for a second time. In December 1941, the regiment's depot formed the II Tank Battalion Lf (with Lf standing for Italian: "Lanciafiamme" or Flamethrower), with two companies, which were soon joined by a third company, which had been raised by the 1st Tank Infantry Regiment. On 1 February 1942, the personnel of the VIII Tank Battalion L was used to form the XVII Tank Battalion M13/40, which was assigned in August of the same year to the 31st Tank Infantry Regiment. On 15 March 1942, the depot formed the 50th Auto Group, which on 15 October 1942 was merged into the newly formed M Tanks and Special Vehicles Training Battalion. On the same date, 15 October 1942, the regiment transferred its anti-aircraft company with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns to the 33rd Tank Infantry Regiment.[4][5]
Coat of arms of the 20th Tank Battalion "M.O. Pentimalli"
On 1 January 1953, the regimental command was reformed in Rome and designated 4th Tankers Regiment. The reformed regiment was assigned to the Armored Division "Pozzuolo del Friuli", which had been formed on the same date. On 1 February 1953, the regiment formed the I and II tank battalions, and on 15 February the III Tank Battalion. The three battalions were equipped with M26 Pershing tanks. In 1955 the regiment moved from Rome to Civitavecchia. In 1958 the Italian Army disbanded the Armored Division "Pozzuolo del Friuli". Consequently the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment moved from Viterbo to Civitavecchia, where it transferred on 1 May 1958 its IX Bersaglieri Battalion to the 4th Tankers Regiment, which in turn transferred on the same date its I and III tank battalions to the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment. Afterwards the 4th Tankers Regiment was renamed 4th Armored Infantry Regiment and moved from Civitavecchia to Legnano, where it joined the Infantry Division "Legnano". On 24 May 1961, the IX Bersaglieri Battalion was renamed II Bersaglieri Battalion. The regiment consisted now of the following units:[4][5]
XX Tank Battalion (former II Tank Battalion, 4th Tankers Regiment)
During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions were granted for the first time their own flags. On 29 October 1975, the 4th Armored Infantry Regiment was disbanded and the next day the regiment's XX Tank Battalion in Legnano became an autonomous unit and was renamed 20th Tank Battalion "M.O. Pentimalli". Tank and armored battalions created during the 1975 army reform were named for officers, soldiers and partisans of the tank speciality, who had served in World War II and been awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valor. The 20th Tank Battalion was named for Second Lieutenant Livio Pentimalli, who, while serving as commander of III Platoon, 1st Company, XI Tank Battalion M13/40, had distinguished himself on 26 May 1942 during the Battle of Gazala and been killed in action on 21 June 1942 during the Axis capture of Tobruk.[4][5][9]
On the same date, 30 October 1975, the regiment's II Bersaglieri Battalion became an autonomous unit and was renamed 2nd Bersaglieri Battalion "Governolo". The two battalions were assigned to the Mechanized Brigade "Legnano", which had been formed on the same day by splitting the Infantry Division "Legnano" into the Mechanized Brigade "Brescia" and Mechanized Brigade "Legnano". The tank battalion consisted now of a command, a command and services company, and three tank companies with Leopard 1A2main battle tanks. The battalion fielded now 434 men (32 officers, 82 non-commissioned officers, and 320 soldiers).[5][10] On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian RepublicGiovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 4th Armored Infantry Regiment to the 20th Tank Battalion "M.O. Pentimalli".[5][11]
Recent times
After the end of the Cold War Italian Army began to draw down its forces and on 30 January 1991, the 20th Tank Battalion "M.O. Pentimalli" was disbanded and the flag of the 4th Armored Infantry Regiment transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome. However, as the 4th Tank Regiment is the Italian Army's highest and most decorated tank unit, the army decided to reform the regiment. On 18 September 1992, the 11th Tank Regiment "M.O. Calzecchi" in Ozzano dell'Emilia was redesignated as 4th Tank Regiment. On 21 September the flag of the 11th Tank Regiment "M.O. Calzecchi" was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano. The 4th Tank Regiment was now assigned to the Mechanized Brigade "Friuli".[4][5]
On 31 August 1993, the 6th Tank Battalion "M.O. Scapuzzi" in Civitavecchia lost its autonomy and transferred the flag of the 33rd Tank Regiment, which had been assigned to the battalion in 1976, to Ozzano dell'Emilia, while on the same day the flag of the 4th Tank Regiment was transferred from Ozzano dell'Emilia to Civitavecchia. The next day, on 1 September 1993, the 11th Tank Battalion "M.O. Calzecchi" in Ozzano dell'Emilia entered the reformed 33rd Tank Regiment, while the 6th Tank Battalion "M.O. Scapuzzi" entered the 4th Tank Regiment, which on the same date was assigned to the Mechanized Brigade "Granatieri di Sardegna".[4][5]
On 8 October 1995, the 4th Tank Regiment disbanded its companies in Civitavecchia and the next day, on 9 October 1995, the flag of the 4th Tank Regiment arrived in Bellinzago Novarese, where it replaced the flag of the 31st Tank Regiment. The 4th Tank Regiment was now assigned to the Armored Brigade "Centauro". In 1996 the 4th Tank Regiment's battalion was redesignated 20th Tank Battalion "M.O. Pentimalli". On 5 October 2002, the Armored Brigade "Centauro" was disbanded and the 4th Tank Regiment was assigned to the 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete".[4][5]
On 30 June 2013, the 4th Tank Regiment disbanded its companies in Bellinzago Novarese and the next day, on 1 July 2013, the flag of the 4th Tank Regiment arrived in Persano, where it replaced the flag of the 131st Tank Regiment. Afterwards the flag of the 131st Tank Regiment was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano.[4][12]
Organization
4th Tank Regiment Ariete tank during a training exercise in Latvia in March 2024
As of 2024 the 4th Tank Regiment is organized as follows:[3][13]
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabF. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Primo - Tomo I. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 535.
^Stefani, Filippo (1989). La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito Italiano - Vol. III - Tomo 2°. Rome: Ufficio Storico - Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. pp. 1190–1192.
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